Within the catalysis community, the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction is a crucial route for converting two key greenhouse gases, CH4 and CO2, and Ni-supported alumina (5Ni/Al) is a conventional catalyst. In the current study, the promotional addition of Sm (0.5-2 wt%) over 5Ni/Al is investigated, and the reaction conditions are optimized over the best catalyst by using a set of reactions and statistical models under response surface methodology. The catalyst underwent comprehensive characterization through various techniques: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for elemental composition, chemical state, and crystalline structure Raman spectroscopy for molecular structure and bonding adsorption isotherms to assess surface area and porosity (BET), temperature programmed reduction/desorption (TPR/TPD) for redox properties and base sites, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphology and particle size. Addition of 1.5 wt % Sm increased the concentrations of surface hydroxide and oxygen vacancies, increased Al-O bond covalency, and to stabilize the octahedral environment around Ni+2. Most of the active sites are produced by the reduction of "NiO under moderate interaction with the support". The CH4 conversion over the 5Ni1.5Sm/Al catalyst is found to be 56 % at 700 degrees C during 400-minute time on stream (TOS). Under optimized reaction conditions, 1.12 CH4/CO2, 836 degrees C reaction temperature, and 22,000cc g- 1h- 1 gas hour space velocity more than 87 % CH4 conversion was achieved during more than 50 h of reaction. The marked coke resistance in long TOS enables 5Ni1.5Sm/Al for consistent catalytic activity in DRM.

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction utilizes greenhouse gas, CH4 and CO2 for yielding syngas, a crucial synthetic feedstock. Herein, Ni-catalyst supported over silica-zirconia (Ni/SZ) and the role of promoters like Ga, Gd, La, Sm, and Sr are investigated towards the DRM reaction. Catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron/Raman spectroscopy, adsorption isotherm, and thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Temperature-programmed reduction/desorption (TPR/TPD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic activity of the Ga-promoted catalyst is limited due to its high crystallinity and lowest surface area. Gd-promoted catalyst is additionally facilitated by strong basic sites, resulting in less coke deposition and improved catalytic activity than the La-promoted catalyst. Sr-promoted catalyst is enriched with basic sites and acquires an equal concentration of NiO under weak, moderate and strong interaction. The CH4 conversion capacity of the Sr-promoted catalyst is impressive and second highest after the Sm-promoted catalyst. The Sm-promoted catalysts acquire the least crystallinity and the highest concentration of NiO under moderate interaction. Moderate interaction of NiO over the support facilitates good reducibility while maintaining the stability of active sites. In long time on stream over Sm-promoted catalyst, the coke nature is changed to amorphous, which is easily gasified, making the catalyst coke resistant and leaving the catalyst surface exposed for consistent high performance. The 5Ni1Sm/SZ catalyst attains the highest catalytic activity; it achieves 87% H2 yield over 30 h time on stream at 844 degrees C, a WHSV of 22892 cc g-1h-1, and a CH4/CO2 ratio of 0.667. The thorough study of promoted catalyst systems, selection of the best promoted catalyst, and optimization of reaction conditions by response surface methodology over the best catalyst evolves the 5Ni1Sm/ SZ catalyst as a high-performance catalyst for a long time on stream.

Development of a catalyst for partial oxidation of methane (POM) is preferred over total oxidation of methane (TOM), as the POM yielded hydrogen-rich syngas, which is a typical precursor in chemical synthesis. The 5Ni/8YZr catalyst exhibits 51 % H-2 yield and 25 % CO2 conversion at 600 degrees C showing more selectivity to POM than total combustion. An H-2/CO ratio of >2.75 further suggests the participation of indirect pathways of POM. The promotional effect of 0.5-2 wt.% Sm is studied over 5Ni/8YZr. The catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction study, temperature programmed reduction/oxidation experiment, surface area and porosity results, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and Raman spectroscopy. Sm promotion significantly enhances the oxide concentration over the catalyst surface, whereas 0.5-1 wt.% Sm brings a noticeable change in the electronic environment that is a negative charge deficit in the vicinity of Ni and negative charge enrichment about Zr and Y. At 600 degrees C, 0.5 wt.% Sm-promoted catalyst achieves 67-69 % H-2 yield at 14,400 mL h(-)& sup1; g(-)& sup1; GHSV during 300 min time on stream (TOS) and >75 % H-2 yield at 5400 mL h(-)& sup1; g(-)& sup1;, GHSV up to 24 h TOS. The current finding puts the Sm-Ni system at the centre of research for achieving hydrogen-rich syngas through the POM reaction.

Greenhouse gases like CO2 and CH4 are surmounted into the atmosphere and make global warming fatal day by day. Offsetting this challenge, the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction over Ni-based catalysts capitalizes the hope of converting CO2 and CH4 into an important synthetic feedstock, known as syngas, for industries. Herein, 5 wt% Ni catalysts and 1-3 wt% samarium as promoter is dispersed over tungsten-zirconia support (10WZr) by impregnation method. Catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman, surface area- porosity, temperature programmed reduction/desorption techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. Sm addition increases the covalency among metal oxide matrixes. 2 wt% Sm promoted 5Ni/10WZr catalyst attains the highest oxide enrichment and conquers the highest concentration of moderate strength basic sites. It achieves 56% CH4 conversion, 65% CO2 conversion and 0.88 H-2/CO at 42,000 mlg(-1)h(-1) GHSV and 360-minute TOS. Upon decreasing GHSV to 5250 ml g(-1)h(-1), the contact time between reactant and catalyst is increased and more than 80% conversion of CH4 and CO2 and similar to 0.9H(2)/CO ratio is achieved up to 77 h reaction. Interestingly, the surface oxide's concentration, moderate-strength-basic sites' concentration, and catalyst's crystallinity break down at higher loading of Sm (3 wt%) which resulting into inferior catalytic activity.

The work systematically investigated the promotional effects of La2O3, CeO2, and WO3 on 5 wt.

Methane decomposition is a COx-free process for hydrogen generation that also produces valuable carbon nanostructures. The work herein focused on Fe-based catalysts supported on some common supports (Al2O3, ZrO2, SiO2) and on alumina modified by metal oxides (10SiAl, 10ZrAl, 10YAl, 10CeAl). The prepared catalysts were characterized in detail by XRD, BET, TEM, TPR, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy. Among the single-component supports, the 20Fe/Al2O3 (Fe-Al) catalyst exhibited the highest initial activity, with 69.4% CH4 conversion. Among all the catalysts studied, Fe-10ZrAl showed the best catalytic activity with a maximum CH4 conversion (76.5%) and H2 yield (74.1%). Furthermore, during regeneration cycles, the catalyst maintained CH4 conversion (90%) without detrimental carbon encapsulation. The performance of Fe-10ZrAl is attributed to the synergistic effect of the ZrO2 modifier which improves strong metal-support interactions, stabilizes active iron nanoparticles from thermal sintering, and allows a highly reversible in-situ carbide cycle. The Fe-10ZrAl catalyst is the most active, followed by the Fe-10YAl catalyst, owing to its improved reducibility. Our work demonstrates the key role of modified alumina structures for sustainable co-production of hydrogen and nanomaterials.

Utilization of greenhouse gas methane (CH4) to obtain hydrogen-rich syngas using partial oxidation of methane (POM) plays a noteworthy role in view of the reduction of methane emissions and the production of sustainable energy. Sm (0-3wt.%) promoted tungsten-zirconia (10W+Zr) supported Ni-based catalysts are prepared by using the impregnation method, and these prepared catalysts are characterized by PXRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, H2-TPR-O2-TPO-H2-TPR cycle experiment, and Raman study. Along with the POM, the current catalysts also get amorphous carbon deposit which is oxidized easily and does not hinder the active sites. The carbon deposit over samarium promoted catalyst has relatively higher degree of graphitization. Samarium addition up to 2wt.% over 5Ni-10W+Zr limits the size of Ni to minimum, acquires highest surface area and improves the population of terminal W delta+=O2-. Over 5Ni+2Sm-10W+Zr catalyst, the active sites Ni are in close contact with WOx-Sm2O3ZrO2 matrix. Smallest crystallites of Ni in accompany with terminal W delta+=O2- bring most effective C-H's dissociation and its subsequent oxidation through POM reaction over 5Ni+2Sm-10W+Zr catalyst. Amongst catalysts, the 5Ni+2Sm-10W+Zr catalyst outperforms and attains an H2/CO ratio of 2.7 with a 61.7-56.7% H2 yield at 600 degrees C during 275 min on stream. In long time-on-stream test (24 h) over 5Ni+2Sm-10W+Zr catalyst, the nature of carbon deposit is changed to more oxidisable and degree of graphitization of carbon is also dropped. Such carbon deposits are more easily oxidized and left the active sites exposed and 5Ni+2Sm-10W+Zr retains about 50% H2 yield (H2/CO ratio of 2.8) at 600 degrees C during 24 h time-on-stream. This study paves the path for achieving hydrogen-rich syngas over Sm promoted tungsten-zirconia supported Ni catalyst at low reaction temperature through POM reaction.

The catalytic conversion of CH4 by O2 into syngas (known as partial oxidation of methane; POM) is a practical approach for depleting CH4 concentration as well as achieving excellent H2 yield with high H2/CO ratio. The pentasil zeolite family having different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios 10, 20, 25, and 30 (abbreviated as CBV10A, CBV20A, CP810E, and CBV3024E) is found to be an excellent carrier for Ni. These Ni-containing molecular sieves are investigated for POM and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman-infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, temperature-programmed techniques, and transmission electron microscopy. 5Ni/CBV3024E catalyst has smaller number of active sites, 5Ni/CP810E contains unstable active site and mordenite-based Ni catalysts (5Ni/CBV10A and 5Ni/CBV20A) attain higher metal-support interaction. 5Ni/CBV20A outperforms others due to the presence of reducible NiO under moderate and strong interaction. It shows an initial 40

CH4 is a potential greenhouse gas, and its fast-catalytic transformation into hydrogen-rich syngas by molecular oxygen escalates both environmental and industrial benefits. Herein, Mordenite-based molecular sieve (SiO2/Al2O3 = 13) is investigated for supporting Ni and various promoters like In, Cs, and Ga for the partial oxidation of methane reaction (POM). Catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, surface area-porosity, temperature programmed studies, thermogravimetry analysis, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photo electron spectroscopy. The stability of major active sites (metallic Ni) under oxidizing gas (O-2 and CO2) is checked by Cyclic H2TPR-CO2TPD-H2TPR and Cyclic H2TPR-O2TPOH2TPR experiment where metallic Ni was found more susceptible to oxidize under oxygen. So, active sites should be deactivated but the current catalysts are found promising for achieving hydrogen rich syngas (H-2/CO > 2) with high H-2 yield through direct pathways and indirect pathways of POM. The co-presence of hydrogen (from hydrogen rich syngas) must stabilize the metallic state of Ni during POM. 1 wt.% Ga promotional addition over 5Ni-MOR13 brings the least crystallinity, highest surface area, and adequate population of active sites derived from NiO which is interacted with support with moderate to strong interaction. 5Ni+1Ga-MOR13 becomes coke resistance and outperforms than others. It attains 70 % CH4 conversion, a 69 % H-2 yield, and a 2.5 H-2/CO ratio up to 240 min time on stream.

CH4 is a powerful greenhouse gas that is thought to be one of the main causes of global warming. The catalytic conversion of methane in the presence of oxygen into hydrogen-rich syngas, known as the partial oxidation of methane (POM), is highly appealing for environmental and synthetic concerns. In search of a cheap catalytic system, the Ni-supported MgO-based (5Ni/MgO) catalyst and the promotional supplement of 1–3 wt.% Sr over 5Ni/MgO are investigated for the POM reaction. Catalysts are characterized by N2 sorption isotherm analysis, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption techniques, and thermogravimetry. Increasing the loading of strontium over Ni/MgO induced a strong interaction of NiO with the support, pronouncedly. In the presence of oxygen during the POM, the moderate-level interaction of NiO with the support grows markedly. Overall, at a 600 °C reaction temperature, the 5Ni2Sr/MgO catalyst shows 72% CH4 conversion (~67% H2 yield) at 14,400 mL/h/gcat GHSV and ~86% CH4 conversion (84% H2 yield) at 3600 mL/h/gcat GHSV. Achieving a higher activity towards the POM over cheap Ni, Sr, and MgO-based catalysts might draw the attention of environmentalists and industrialists as a low-cost and high-yield system.

In the race for industrialization and urbanization, the concentration of greenhouse gases like CO2 and CH4 is growing rapidly and ultimately resulting in global warming. An Ni-based catalyst over MgO support (Ni/MgO) offers a catalytic method for the conversion of these gases into hydrogen and carbon monoxide through the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction. In the current research work, 1–4 wt% strontium is investigated as a cheap promoter over a 5Ni/MgO catalyst to modify the reducibility and basicity for the goal of excelling the H2 yield and H2/CO ratio through the DRM reaction. The fine catalytic activities’ correlations with characterization results (like X-ray diffraction, surface area porosity, photoelectron–Raman–infrared spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction/desorption (TPR/TPD)) are established. The 5Ni/MgO catalyst with a 3 wt.% Sr loading attained the highest concentration of stable active sites and the maximum population of very strong basic sites. 5Ni3Sr/MgO surpassed 53% H2 yield (H2/CO ~0.8) at 700 °C and 85% H2 yield (H2/CO ratio ~0.9) at 800 °C. These outcomes demonstrate the catalyst’s effectiveness and affordability. Higher Sr loading (>3 wt%) resulted in a weaker metal–support contact, the production of free NiO, and a lower level of catalytic activity for the DRM reaction. The practical and cheap 5Ni3Sr/MgO catalyst is scalable in industries to achieve hydrogen energy goals while mitigating greenhouse gas concentrations.

This research paper examines the performance of strontium (Sr) promoted nickel (Ni) catalysts supported on magnesium oxide (MgO) in the dry reforming of methane (DRM) into syngas. The characterization of these catalysts is carried out using a range of analytical techniques, including measurements of surface area and porosity, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) and desorption (TPD) studies. The concentration of active sites, as well as the presence of acid and basic sites on the catalyst surface, are the primary factors influencing the catalytic activity of the 5Ni + xSr-MgO catalysts (where x = 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt

The partial oxidation of methane into syngas may protect the environment by consuming potential greenhouse gas, CH4, and yield hydrogen-rich synthetic feedstock to industries. Herein, in the target of developing POM catalyst, silica-zirconia (SZ) is used as support, 5 wt.

Developing cost-effective and high-performance catalyst systems for dry reforming of methane (DRM) is crucial for producing hydrogen (H2) sustainably. Herein, we investigate using iron (Fe) as a promoter and major alumina support in Ni-based catalysts to improve their DRM performance. The addition of iron as a promotor was found to add reducible iron species along with reducible NiO species, enhance the basicity and induce the deposition of oxidizable carbon. By incorporating 1 wt.% Fe into a 5Ni/10ZrAl catalyst, a higher CO2 interaction and formation of reducible "NiO-species having strong interaction with support" was observed, which led to an ∼80% H2 yield in 420 min of Time on Stream (TOS). Further increasing the Fe content to 2wt% led to the formation of additional reducible iron oxide species and a noticeable rise in H2 yield up to 84%. Despite the severe weight loss on Fe-promoted catalysts, high H2 yield was maintained due to the proper balance between the rate of CH4 decomposition and the rate of carbon deposit diffusion. Finally, incorporating 3 wt.% Fe into the 5Ni/10ZrAl catalyst resulted in the highest CO2 interaction, wide presence of reducible NiO-species, minimum graphitic deposit and an 87% H2 yield. Our findings suggest that iron-promoted zirconia-alumina-supported Ni catalysts can be a cheap and excellent catalytic system for H2 production via DRM.

The solution of global warming may come from dry reforming of methane (DRM), which converts both greenhouse gases, CH4 and CO2, into syngas, a crucial synthetic feedstock. Herein, 5 wt% Ni and 0.5 wt% to 2 wt% Gd are promoted to stabilize over a channel-like ordered meso-porous silicates (KIT-6). The catalytic outcomes are supported by different studies, such as diffraction, spectroscopic, and adsorption/desorption techniques. Gd incorporation into 5Ni/ICIT-6 is found to impart stability to the KIT-6's framework against the reduction treatment. The promotional addition of 1 wt% Gd enhances the surface area, restricts the size of Ni to a minimum, improves the concentration of basic sites, and achieves maximum conversion towards DRM. At a reaction temperature of 850 degrees C and GHSV to 35,000 cc g-11-1, 5Ni1Gd/KIT-6 achieved 87-89 % CH4 conversion, 91-93 % CO2 conversion, and 83-84 % H2 yield during 20 h time on stream. At higher Gd-loading (2 wt%); low surface area, poor dispersion of active sites, and graphitic carbon deposit caused inferior catalytic activity.

Background Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas and one of the major culprits of global warming. Partial oxidation of methane (POM) is a catalytic route for getting hydrogen-rich syngas upon mitigation of methane. However, achieving > 80 % H-2 yield at low temperatures as 600 degrees C remains challenging. Methods Herein, 5 wt. % Ni supported over MCM-41 (an ordered mesoporous silicate) and 0.5-2 wt. % Gd promoted 5Ni/MCM-41 are prepared by impregnation method and investigated for POM at 600 degrees C. To validate activity results, catalysts are characterized by surface area and porosity, X-ray diffraction, Temperature programmed techniques, thermogravimetric analysis, Transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photo electron microscopy. Significant findings Increasing loading of Gd over 5Ni/MCM-41catalysts is found to optimize the size of Ni crystallite as low as 7.6 nm (than 22.2 nm in 5Ni/MCM-41), to enhance the surface area up to 25 % and to expand the pore volume up to 28 %. At optimum Gd loading (1 wt. %), all active sites are generated, and similar to 85 % H-2 yield with 2.3 H-2/CO ratio is achieved constantly up to 240 min on stream. The low reaction temperature requirement (600 degrees C) and achieving consistently high H-2 yield make the 5Ni1Gd/MCM-41 catalyst reasonable for the next level of catalytic development for industrial applications.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the catalytic efficiency of Ni catalysts for the dry reforming of methane, utilizing different metal oxides (CeO₂, SiO₂, SmO₃, and YO₃) support. The impact of the support material on the conversion of CH₄ and CO₂, as well as the resulting H₂/CO ratio, is investigated at 700°C and 800°C. The Ni/CeO₂ showed the most promising performance at 700°C, converting around 99% of the CH₄ and CO₂. Nevertheless, out of all the catalysts evaluated, its syngas selectivity was the lowest. On the other hand, at 700°C, Ni/Sm₂O₃ and Ni/Y₂O₃ showed comparable CH₄ conversion rates of 40% and a H₂/CO ratio of about 1. The CH₄ conversion over Ni/Y₂O₃ doubled with an increase in reaction temperature, but its syngas selectivity stayed as low as that of Ni/CeO₂. Based on a temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) study, it can be said that the metal‐support interaction over a catalyst is modified by the extent of reduction of NiO over a specified support. The existence of NiO and the crystalline phases of the supports were verified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The basic and acidic characteristics of CO₂ (TPD‐CO₂) and NH₃ (TPD‐NH₃) were clarified by temperature‐programmed desorption, respectively, demonstrating that the support material has a major influence on the distribution and strength of these sites. According to nitrogen physisorption studies, all catalysts had mesoporous structures, with differences in pore size and distribution of carbonaceous deposits found on used catalysts using Raman spectroscopy; the greatest graphitic carbon was found in Ni/CeO₂. The morphology and dispersion of Ni particles changed during the reaction, including sintering and the production of carbon nanotubes, as shown by transmission electron microscope images. The study emphasizes the crucial role that support material plays in adjusting the catalytic characteristics of Ni‐based catalysts for DRM.

ABSTRACT Natural emissions of the highly potent greenhouse gas methane cannot be completely prevented, but in the presence of O2, methane can be catalytically converted to hydrogen‐rich syngas. This reaction is specified as partial oxidation of methane (POM). Herein, Ni dispersed over “scandia‐stabilized‐zirconia” (5Ni/DSZ) and the promotional effect of Pd (0.01 to 0.1 wt%) are investigated for POM and characterized with surface area and porosity measurements, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed studies, and thermogravimetry. During the POM, the initial population of active Ni sites decreases in non‐promoted catalysts due to oxidation under oxygen, upon loading of 0.02 wt.% Pd over 5Ni/DSZ, the active site population is preserved against oxygen during the POM due to improved metal support interaction between Ni and long‐range order crystallites of support (like cubic ZrO2 and orthorhombic Sc2Zr5O13). 5Ni0.02 Pd/DSZ catalyst acquired more than 80% catalytic activity (CH4 conversion and H2 yield) with 2.5 H2/CO ratio at 600°C during 240 min on stream. The 5Ni0.02 Pd/DSZ catalyst also maintained more than 70% H2 yield with H2/CO ratio ~2 during 30 h time on stream. The thermostable 5Ni0.02 Pd/DSZ catalyst may be recommended for hydrogen‐rich syngas production with high H2‐yield through POM.

Our planet is currently facing dual challenges of global warming and energy crisis. The heavy reliance of the energy sector on fossil fuels significantly contributes to the accumulation of greenhouse gases, such as CH4 and CO2, in the environment atmosphere, exacerbating global warming. Stabilized zirconia-based material offer a promising solutions to address both challenges. As a catalytic support material, active sites incorporated stabilized-zirconia can facilitate the conversions of greenhouse gases like CH4 and CO2 into syngas (H2 and CO). This reaction is popularly known as dry reforming of methane (DRM). Additionally, stabilized zirconia-based materials act as solid-state electrolyte in fuel cells enabling the electrochemical conversion of H2 and O2 to generate electricity. Both processes require high-temperature stability and oxide ionic conductivity, making “Ca, Mg, Sc, Y-stabilized zirconia” an optimal choice. In DRM, the key factors influencing catalytic efficiency include metal–support interaction, reducibility, and basicity. Meanwhile, for solid oxide fuel cells, performance is governed by factors such as size-fit, charge imbalance, dopant miscibility, ion conducting phases, densification, electrolyte thickness, and grain boundary volume. This compressive review explores the dual functionality of “Ca, Mg, Sc, Y-stabilized zirconia” as a catalyst’support for DRM and as an solid electrolyte for fuel cells. The most promising research outcomes are highlighted, and future research directions are outlined. By bringing together the catalytic and fuel cell research communities, this study aims to advance sustainable energy technologies and contribute to mitigating environmental and energy crisis through the development of stabilized zirconia-based materials.

COx-free H2, along with uniform carbon nanotubes, can be achieved together in high yield by CH4 decomposition. It only needs a proper catalyst and reaction condition. Herein, Fe-based catalyst dispersed over titania-incorporated-alumina (Fe/Ti-Al), with the promotional addition of lanthanides, like CeO2 and La2O3, over it, is investigated for a methane decomposition reaction at 800 °C with GHSV 6 L/(g·h) in a fixed-bed reactor. The catalysts are characterized by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The promoted catalysts are facilitated with higher surface area and enhanced dispersion and concentration of active sites, resulting in higher H2 and carbon yields than unpromoted catalysts. Ceria-promoted 20Fe/Ti-Al catalyst had the highest concentration of active sites and always attained the highest activity in the initial hours. The 20Fe-2.5Ce/Ti-Al catalyst attains >90% CH4 conversion, >80% H2-yield, and 92% carbon yield up to 480 min time on stream. The carbon nanotube over this catalyst is highly uniform, consistent, and has the highest degree of crystallinity. The supremacy of ceria-promoted catalyst attained >90% CH4 conversion even after the second cycle of regeneration studies (against 87% in lanthanum-promoted catalyst), up to 240 min time on stream. This study plots the path of achieving catalytic and carbon excellence over Fe-based catalysts through CH4 decomposition.