Background: Surgical rib fixation for multiple rib fractures and flail chest has become more common in the 2000s with interesting results in selected patients. However, surgical rib fixation lacks a consensus on the delay to surgery and the benefits on postoperative clinical outcomes. Our goal was to determine if delay to surgery can affect postoperative outcomes. Methods: We analyzed a retrospective database including all consecutive patients referred for surgical rib fixation. All outcomes were explored according to trauma mechanism, associated lesions, initial ventilatory status, delay to surgery, surgical technique and a specific focus was made towards post-operative care and pulmonary complications. Logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the association between delay to surgery [before 48 hours (early group), 48 hours to 7 days (mid group), more than 7 days (late group)] and pneumonia and failure of extubating. Results: From 2010 to 2020, 159 patients underwent surgical rib fixation. The median hospital length of stay was 18 days (interquartile range, 13–30 days). Pulmonary infections were encountered in 67 patients (42.2%) with about two third of early pneumonia (<5 days). The one-month mortality rate was 1.9%. Delay to surgery was not associated with either pneumonia (P>0.05) or failure of extubating (P>0.05). Conclusions: Surgical rib fixation can be delayed without increasing the risk of pulmonary complications. Stabilizing other clinical situations can be safely prioritized if needed. A global evaluation including characteristics of trauma and lung evaluation must be considered before surgical stabilization of rib fracture.

Background Lungsco01 is the first study assessing the real benefits and the medico-economic impact of video-thoracoscopy versus open thoracotomy for non-small cell lung cancer in the French context. Methods Two hundred and fifty nine adult patients from 10 French centres were randomised in this prospective multicentre randomised controlled trial, between July 29, 2016, and November 24, 2020. Survival from surgical intervention to day 30 and later was compared with the log-rank test. Total quality-adjusted-life-years (QALYs) were calculated using the EQ-5D-3L®. For medico-economic analyses at 30 days and at 3 months after surgery, resources consumed were valorised (€ 2018) from a hospital perspective. First, since mortality was infrequent and not different between the two arms, cost-minimisation analyses were performed considering only the cost differential. Second, based on complete cases on QALYs, cost-utility analyses were performed taking into account cost and QALY differential. Acceptability curves and the 95% confidence intervals for the incremental ratios were then obtained using the non-parametric bootstrap method (10,000 replications). Sensitivity analyses were performed using multiple imputations with the chained equation method. Results The average cumulative costs of thoracotomy were lower than those of video-thoracoscopy at 30 days (€9,730 (SD = 3,597) vs. €11,290 (SD = 4,729)) and at 3 months (€9,863 (SD = 3,508) vs. €11,912 (SD = 5,159)). In the cost-utility analyses, the incremental cost-utility ratio was €19,162 per additional QALY gained at 30 days (€36,733 at 3 months). The acceptability curve revealed a 64% probability of efficiency at 30 days for video-thoracoscopy, at a widely-accepted willingness-to-pay threshold of €25,000 (34% at 3 months). Ratios increased after multiple imputations, implying a higher cost for video-thoracoscopy for an additional QALY gain (ratios: €26,015 at 30 days, €42,779 at 3 months). Conclusions Given our results, the economic efficiency of video-thoracoscopy at 30 days remains fragile at a willingness-to-pay threshold of €25,000/QALY. The economic efficiency is not established beyond that time horizon. The acceptability curves given will allow decision-makers to judge the probability of efficiency of this technology at other willingness-to-pay thresholds. Trial registration NCT02502318.

Introduction: Stage IVa thymoma is a rare disease without a standard of care. Subtotal pleurectomy and HITHOC introduced in highly selected patients may provide interesting oncologic results. The purpose of this study was to distinguish de novo stage IVa tumors (DNT) from distant relapse (DR) with respect to post-operative and long-term outcomes to provide the procedure efficacy. Methods: From July 1997–December 2021, 40 patients with IVa pleural involvement were retrospectively analyzed. The surgical procedure was subtotal pleurectomy and HITHOC (cisplatin 50 mg/m2, mitomycin 25 mg/m2, 42 °C, 90 min). The post-operative outcome, disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Results: Mean age was 52 ± 12 years. B2 and B3 thymomas were preponderant (27; 67.5%). The median number of pleural nodes were nine (4–81) vs. five (1–36); p = 0.004 * in DNT and DR, respectively. Hospital mortality rate was 2.5%. There were four specific HITHOC complications (10%). DFI were 49 and 85 months (p = 0.02 *), OS were 94 and 118 months (NS), in DNT and DR, respectively. Conclusions: Subtotal pleurectomy with HITHOC in IVa offers satisfying results in highly selected patients, for both DNT and DR. Due to the disease rarity, multicentric studies are needed to define HITHOC as a standard of care.

Background:Lung cancer screening is correlated with an increase in detection of small indeterminate pulmonary nodules and these nodules often require operative resection to obtain the diagnosis. In suspected early-stage lung cancer, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has become the preferred option. In this context of minimally invasive surgery, diagnostic wedge resection is sometimes difficult to perform for small deep impalpable nodules. So, our purpose was to determine whether performing VATS for indeterminate pulmonary nodule increases the risk of lobectomy for benign lesions.Methods:A retrospective analysis was carried out in our center from January 2013 to January 2019 on patients who underwent resection for a solitary pulmonary nodule suspicious for cancer. Resection method, frozen section analysis, post-operative outcomes, operative and pathology reports were reviewed.Results:Six hundred fifty-one patients underwent surgical exploration for a solitary pulmonary nodule. Thirty hundred and forty-five patients underwent VATS and 306 patients underwent thoracotomy. Patients in the VATS group underwent significantly more wedge resections (P=0.012) and diagnosis of lung cancer was significantly more frequent in the thoracotomy group (P<0.001). One hundred and thirty-two patients (38.3%) in the VATS group and 60 patients (19.6%) in the thoracotomy group underwent lobectomy without frozen section analysis of the pulmonary nodule. There was no significant difference in terms of lobectomy performed for a benign lesion between the two groups.Conclusions:VATS was associated with a higher rate of benign lesion resection but was not associated with a higher rate of lobectomies for benign lesion in our study.

For patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer invading the spine, induction chemoradiotherapy combined with radical en bloc resection is the key to obtaining long-term survival. With time, our operative technique evolved to a two-step surgery as we experienced numerous perioperative complications during one step surgery. The aim of our study was to assess postoperative morbimortality and long-term survival of both techniques. We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent en bloc resection for lung cancer invading the spine between October 2012 and June 2020. Every patient underwent induction therapy. Sixteen patients were included: nine patients were operated on with one step surgery, seven patients were operated on with two step interventions. Twenty-five percent of patients had major perioperative complications and 56.2% of patients had major post-operative complications. Patients in the "one step" group tended to have more perioperative complications whereas patients in the "two step" group tended to have more post-operative complications. Overall 3-year survival was 40% in the one-step and 86% in the two-step surgery group. Although our practice has been improved by two-step interventions, post-operative morbidity remains significant. As long term survivals are encouraging, this type of treatment should still be proposed for highly selected patients, in specialized centers.

Background: Video-assisted surgical lung biopsy (SLB) is performed in 10–30% of cases to establish the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of SLB on lung function in patients eventually diagnosed with IPF. Methods: This is an observational, retrospective, monocentric study of all consecutive patients eventually diagnosed with IPF in multidisciplinary discussion who underwent SLB over 10 years in a specialized center. The primary end point was the variation in forced vital capacity (FVC) before and after the SLB. The secondary end points were the variations in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), total lung capacity (TLC), carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO), and morbidity and mortality associated with the SLB. Results: In 118 patients who underwent SLB and were diagnosed with IPF, a relative decrease in FVC of 4.8% (p < 0.001) was found between measurements performed before and after the procedure. The mean FVC decrease was 156 ± 386 mL in an average period of 185 days, representing an annualized decline of 363 ± 764 mL/year. A significant decrease was also observed after SLB in FEV1, TLC, and DLCO. Complications within 30 days of SLB occurred in 14.4% of patients. Two patients (1.7%) died within 30 days, where one of them had poor lung function. Survival at 1 year was significantly poorer in patients with FVC <50% at baseline. Conclusion: In this uncontrolled study in patients ultimately diagnosed with IPF, SLB was followed by a significant decline in FVC, which appears to be numerically greater than the average decline in the absence of treatment in the literature. Summary at a Glance: This study evaluated the change in lung function in 118 consecutive patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by surgical lung biopsy. Forced vital capacity decreased by 156 ± 386 mL in a mean of 185 days between the last measurement before and first measurement after biopsy, representing an annualized decline of 363 ± 764 mL/year.

Background: After lung transplantation (LT), between 2% and 25% of bronchial anastomoses develop complications requiring therapeutic intervention. The status of healing of both bronchial anastomoses and downhill airways are well described by the French consensual MDS standardized grading system (Macroscopic, Diameter, Suture). We analyzed risks factors for airway complications (AC) after transplantation and the way we managed them. We report here our challenging method of early rigid bronchoscopic intervention with airway stenting on bronchial healing. Methods: All single center consecutives LTs were retrospectively analyzed between 2010-2016. Patient-level data (demographic, peri-operative data) and anastomosis-level data (surgical parameters, bronchoscopy findings) were monitored. The incidence and contributive factors of ACs are reported. We also reported modalities of the conservative treatment and outcome. Results: A total of 121 LTs were performed, 39 single-lung and 82 bilateral sequential LT. Main indication for LT were cystic fibrosis (45%) and emphysema (25%) and 58 were male patients (n=70). After a waiting period of healing, 28 patients presented AC on 41 anastomoses (prevalence: 23%). A multivariate analysis found as contributive factors of ACs, post-operative infection by Aspergillus [odds ratio (OR) 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-6.75; P=0.033] at the patient level, and at the anastomasis level, emphysema (OR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.02-5.6; P=0.045), early dehiscence (OR 11.2, 95% CI: 1.7-76; P=0.01) and cold ischemia time >264 min (OR 2.45, 95% CI: 1.08-5.6; P=0.03). All the 41 ACs were managed conservatively with rigid bronchoscopy (range, 1-10), 41 stents (21 in silicone and 20 fully-covered Silicone Expandable Metallic Stents) without major complication. 717wo AC were still under regular bronchoscopic care and silicone stenting for long left bronchus reason. No surgical intervention was needed. The 2-years overall survival rate where not different between AC group and controls, respectively 85% and 81%. Conclusions: Airway healing after transplantation remains a scalable process and the French consensual MDS classification helped us for therapeutic decisions. Rigid bronchoscopy and safety use of current stenting devices may have the pivotal role in the conservative management of ACs, avoiding perilous situation of surgery for AC. Despite a high rate of AC, their favorable evolution may be explained by the cautious care of airway healing and maybe by the use of the Celsior antioxidant solution.

Several surgical procedures, from debulking to extrapleural pneumonectomy, may be applied for stage IVa Masaoka thymomas, but their efficiency is still controversial. Case studies have favored R-0 resection as the cornerstone of multimodal therapy for locoregional metastatic extension. This report describes a standardized procedure combining a cytoreductive surgical procedure and intrathoracic chemohyperthermia on a 46-year-old patient presenting with B2 thymoma and synchronous unilateral pleural metastasis. (C) 2019 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Objectives: Solid organ transplantation is an accepted treatment for end-stage organ failure. Long-lasting immunosuppressive therapy may increase the risk of de novo malignancies in transplant recipients. Increased risk of bronchogenic carcinoma in this population is controversial but prolonged transplant recipients' survival (obtained in modern transplantation era) may increase the need for lung cancer surgical resection in immunosuppressed patients. Our aim was to assess morbidity, mortality and long-term survival after lung cancer surgical treatment in this population. Materials and methods: In an observational study, the medical charts of all consecutive patients who had undergone surgical treatment for lung cancer after solid organ transplantation were reviewed. These medical records were extracted from the University of Lyon (France) Transplantation database and Thoracic Surgery database. From 1986-2016, 61 patients underwent a surgical treatment for lung cancer after solid organ transplantation. Results: The surgical procedures consisted of 52 lobectomies, 7 pneumonectomies and 2 wedge-resections. 90-day post-operative complications, most of which were pneumonias, affected 31 patients (50.8 %). 90-day postoperative mortality was 9.8 %. Overall survival was 40.6 % at 5 years and 18 % at 10 years. Conclusion: Despite a higher rate of infectious complications and 90-day postoperative mortality, surgical treatment for lung cancer must be offered to these patients as it offers a chance to cure earlier-stage disease. Long-term survival rate is satisfactory and similar to that of the general population. In transplant recipients with former smoking history, close follow-up is mandatory to increase early lung cancer diagnosis.

Objectives: Thoracoplasty has lost much of its popularity and is being supplanted by space-reduction operations using muscle flaps. Our purpose is to retrospectively study the remaining indications and the evolving modifications of this ancient technique in our current surgical practice. Patients and methods: From 1994 to 2008, 35 patients underwent a thoracoplasty procedure in a single thoracic surgery centre for treatment of infectious complications of previous thoracic surgery. The number and length of ribs excised were dictated by the size and location of the thoracic cavity to obliterate. Muscle flaps were used to buttress bronchial fistulas and to fill out residual spaces. We reviewed the immediate and long-term results concerning infection control and procedure tolerance. Results: The infectious complications of previous thoracic surgery were related to cancer in 25, tuberculosis in six, oesophageo-pleural fistula in two, ruptured lung abscess and pleural thickening in one each. The thoracoplasty procedure was performed for: (1) post-pneumonectomy empyema, n = 20 (bronchial fistula, n = 11; open window thoracostomy, n = 14; mean number of resected ribs, n = 7.5; associated intrathoracic muscle transposition, n = 12; postoperative death, n = 3); (2) post-lobectomy empyema, n = 8 (bronchial fistula n = 8; open window thoracostomy n = 1; mean number of resected ribs n = 3.6; associated intrathoracic muscle transposition n = 7; no death); (3) other indications, n = 7 (mean number of resected ribs n = 4.8; associated intrathoracic muscle transposition n = 3; no death). All patients discharged from the hospital except one were cured and did not complain of symptoms of secondary lung function and shoulder impairment. Conclusion: Although thoracoplasty is rarely indicated nowadays, this does not imply that the procedure should be avoided. Thoracoplasty may be associated with myoplasty, which permits achieving complete space obliteration by combining resection of a few rib segments and limited intrathoracic muscle transposition.

Objective: Lung resection for complex aspergilloma (CA) carries high morbidity and mortality and remains controversial in high-risk patients. Cavernostomy followed by muscle-flap plombage has been recommended for patients considered unfit for resection, but subsequent muscle-flap atrophy may be a main cause of failure. We reviewed the place of a limited thoracoplasty in association with that procedure. Methods: Five patients complaining of haemoptysis related to CA were denied lung resection because of bilateral lung destruction (n = 1), and required completion pneumonectomy (previous lobectomy for cancer followed by adjuvant radiation therapy, n = 4). We analysed the data concerning the alternative surgical procedures performed and their immediate and late results. Results: The surgery consisted in cavernostomy, removal of the fungus ball, cavity obliteration with the most directly available muscle flaps (rhomboid muscle n = 2, trapezius and rhomboid n = 2, serratus major and subscapular n = 1). A limited thoracoplasty ranging from 2 to 5 portions of rib (mean resected rib portions n = 3.4) was performed in addition to this procedure. The postoperative course was uneventful. All patients are stilt alive (mean follow-up 3 years; range: 1-6 years) and faring well without thoracoplasty-related aftereffect, complication related to muscle-flap disuse atrophy nor recurrence of the disease. Conclusion: Cavernostomy followed by muscle transposition has been reported to provide encouraging results. Combining a limited thoracoplasty during the same operation is a simple, safe and well-tolerated procedure regularly achieving good results, and thus deserving consideration. (C) 2009 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.