Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Crop ScienceVolume 45, Issue 4 p. 1673-1674 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of S01-9269 Soybean Germplasm Line Resistant to Soybean Cyst Nematode with Seed Oil Low in Saturates J.G. Shannon, Corresponding Author J.G. Shannon [email protected] Univ. of Missouri-Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO, 63873 Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorD.A. Sleper, D.A. Sleper Dep. of Agronomy, 210 Waters Hall, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211Search for more papers by this authorP.R. Arelli, P.R. Arelli USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd., Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorJ.W. Burton, J.W. Burton USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorR.F. Wilson, R.F. Wilson USDA-ARS, 5601 Sunnyside Ave, Room 4-2214, Beltsville, MD, 20705-5139Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Anand, S.C. Anand Dep. of Agronomy, 210 Waters Hall, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211Search for more papers by this author J.G. Shannon, Corresponding Author J.G. Shannon [email protected] Univ. of Missouri-Delta Center, P.O. Box 160, Portageville, MO, 63873 Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorD.A. Sleper, D.A. Sleper Dep. of Agronomy, 210 Waters Hall, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211Search for more papers by this authorP.R. Arelli, P.R. Arelli USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd., Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorJ.W. Burton, J.W. Burton USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7631Search for more papers by this authorR.F. Wilson, R.F. Wilson USDA-ARS, 5601 Sunnyside Ave, Room 4-2214, Beltsville, MD, 20705-5139Search for more papers by this authorS.C. Anand, S.C. Anand Dep. of Agronomy, 210 Waters Hall, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2005 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.005 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume45, Issue4July–August 2005Pages 1673-1674 RelatedInformation

Crop ScienceVolume 44, Issue 2 p. 687-688 Registration of Cultivar Registration of ‘Soyola’ Soybean J.W. Burton, Corresponding Author J.W. Burton jburton@cropserv1.cropsci.ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State University, 3127 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC, 27607Corresponding author (jburton@cropserv1.cropsci.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.F. Wilson, R.F. Wilson USDA-ARS-NPS-CPPVS, George Washington Carver Center, 5602 Sunnyside Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705-5139Search for more papers by this authorW. Novitzky, W. Novitzky USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State University, 3127 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorT.E. Carter, T.E. Carter USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State University, 3127 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this author J.W. Burton, Corresponding Author J.W. Burton jburton@cropserv1.cropsci.ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State University, 3127 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC, 27607Corresponding author (jburton@cropserv1.cropsci.ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorR.F. Wilson, R.F. Wilson USDA-ARS-NPS-CPPVS, George Washington Carver Center, 5602 Sunnyside Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705-5139Search for more papers by this authorW. Novitzky, W. Novitzky USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State University, 3127 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorT.E. Carter, T.E. Carter USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Science, N.C. State University, 3127 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2004 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.687aCitations: 7 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume44, Issue2March–April 2004Pages 687-688 RelatedInformation

This paper presents a perspective on the impact of biotechnology in meeting the World's demand for soybean and soybean products, both now and in the future. Following that theme, my comments will focus on the following points.First, there is overwhelming science-based evidence that genetically engineered soybeans on the market today are as safe to eat as their conventional counterparts.Second, the benefits of any new technology will be accompanied by risks. Finding and maintaining the appropriate balance between risk and benefit is a dynamic challenge.Third, National and International regulatory policies have profound impact on the rate of advancement in the biotechnological sciences, as well as the trade of biotechnological products. These policies may reassure consumers in the safety of biotech-foods, but also may be perceived to be barriers to trade.Beneficial innovation in the genetic sciences will be an outcome of the political and social debate on biotechnology. These innovations will embody breakthroughs that should significantly stimulate continued growth in soybean production and utilization.

Incidence of Phomopsis seed decay is frequently high and quality low in seed from early-maturing maturity group III and IV soybean cultivars planted in early to mid-April in the southern United States. Cultivars resistant to this disease have not been available until the recent release of germ plasm lines SS 93-6012 and SS 93-6181. Our objective was to determine the effects of planting dates with these lines and one Phomopsis seed decay-susceptible soybean cultivar, Asgrow 3834, on seed infection by Phomopsis spp. and on yield and the correlation between percentage of Asgrow 3834 infected with Phomopsis spp. and seed quality. Generally, yields averaged over years were significantly greater for mid-April than mid-June plantings, and yields of cultivars were similar within a planting date. Soybean lines SS 93-6012 and SS 93-6181 were highly resistant to Phomopsis seed decay compared with the susceptible cultivar, Asgrow 3834. There was a significant, negative correlation between germination of seed from mid-April plantings of Asgrow 3834 and percentage of these seed infected with Phomopsis spp. Moreover, there were significant correlations between fatty acid composition of Asgrow 3834 seed and the percentage of these seed infected with Phomopsis spp. This altered composition of fatty acids may be responsible for reduced quality of oil derived from seed infected with this fungus. Phomopsis seed decay-resistant soybean lines SS 93-6012 and SS 93-6181 should be useful in breeding programs focused on developing high-yielding cultivars resistant to this disease.

Palmitic acid is one of the two major saturated fatty acids of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil that is closely related to nutritional quality of soybean oil. Reduction of palmitic acid content would lower the total saturated fatty acid content of soybean oil and improve the oil quality for human consumption. Several mutant lines with reduced palmitic acid content have been developed in which the genes conditioning palmitic acid content are located at different loci. The objective of this research was to map the genes conferring reduced palmitic acid from N87‐2122‐4 on the public soybean genetic linkage map with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Four near‐isogenic lines with normal and reduced palmitic acid content and the F2 and F2:3 generations of a population derived from the cross of ‘Cook’ × N87‐2122‐4 were used to perform the SSR mapping of the genes conditioning reduced palmitic acid. The results indicated that a major gene with an allele for reduced palmitic acid contributed by N87‐2122‐4 is located near the top of Linkage Group (LG) A1. A SSR marker, Satt684 in that region accounted for 38% of variation in palmitic acid content in the F2 generation and 31% of variation in the F2:3 generation. On LG‐M, Satt175 accounted for 8% of the variation in the F2 and 9% of the variation in the F2:3 generation. This minor gene on LG‐M had a significant interaction with the gene on LG‐A1 in the F2 generation. When combined in a multiple regression equation, these markers explained 51% of total phenotypic variation for palmitic acid content in the F2 and 43% of the variation in the F2:3 generations.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil from commercial cultivars typically contains ca. 3% stearic acid (18∶0). However, germplasm carrying different mutations at the locus governing stearic acid (Fas) may contain 3% to about 35% 18∶0. Among these germplasm, a newly developed line, FAM94-41 (9% 18∶0), carries a serendipitous natural mutation that is temporarily designated as the recessive fas nc allele, and the germplasm A6 (26% 18∶0) carries the recessive fas a allele. Mendelian genetic analysis of progeny from FAM94-41×A6 revealed that fas nc and fas a are allelic to each other and represent different mutations in the same structural gene. However, the gene products (enzymes) produced by these alleles are unknown. The observation that 18∶0 concentrations among progeny from FAM94-41×A6 increased primarily at the expense of unsaturated C18 FA suggests that fas alleles may reduce either 18∶0-acyl carrier protein (AcP) desaturase or 18∶1-ACP thioesterase activity. However, it also is conceivable that elevated 18∶0 concentrations may result from increased 3-keto-acyl-ACP synthetase (KAS) II activity. To test the latter possibility, a population was created that segregated for the fas nc and the fap 2 alleles (the latter of which is associated with reduced KAS-II activity). Mendelian genetic analysis showed that these alleles represent independent genes at different gene loci and interact in an additive genetic manner to increase the total saturate concentration in this population. Based on this finding, we speculate that fas alleles probably encode 18∶0-ACP desaturase or 18∶1-ACP thioesterase in soybeans.

Biotechnology often is regarded strictly sa transgenic research. In practice, it involves a team effort among plant breeders, genomicists, and molecular geneticists. Genetic improvement of soybean (Glycine max) began over 5000 years ago when wild soybeans (Glycine soja) were introduced into China. These ancestors of cultivated soybean exhibit a wide range of genetic diversity for traits that range from seed size and color to genes that govern oil composition. However, the ’gene pool’ for US varieties comes from less than 12 of the 18000 types of Glycine max. Thus, the genetic base for modern soybeans is rather narrow. For example, wild soybeans contain desaturase genes (FAD3) are not present in domesticated soybean that sontribute to elevated polyunsaturates in Glycine max. How can we extract and utilize untapped genetic diversity in soybean or any other crop? The answer is through biotechnology. Soybean breeders have an arsenal of natural gene mutations (resessive alleles) that influence fatty acid composition. Modern genetic technology helps identify the gene, gene product and the exact nature of the mutation in each allele. Transgenic research provides ’proof of concept’ and also may be used to create genetic diversity for novel traits. Gene markers, maps and micro-array technology help to locate selected genes in segregating populations. These tools accelerate breeding progress and enable variety development in a socially acceptable manner. These concepts are applied to the development of agronomic soybeans with lower-palmitic acid, higher oleic acid and lower-linolenic acid concentration. In the near future, the means to create natural mutations that fine-fune regulation of metabolic enzyme activities for specific traits will be in hand. Such technical advances may lesson social concern for biotechnology, through more effective use of natural genetic diversity to achieve goals now thought possible only by application of transgenes in commercial food/feed products.

The functionality of a commercially prepared soy isolate from Prolina was studied in both model and comminuted meat systems. The stress and strain at fracture of Prolina soy gels were most affected by pH, whereas water retention capacity was not. Salt lowered stress and strain at fracture for Prolina soy gels when gels were prepared at 70degreesC. When soy isolate was substituted for meat protein at various levels, the water retention capacity of meat-soy gels increased as soy protein substitution increased. The results suggested that soy protein was distributed within the meat protein network as discrete gel pockets that enhanced the water-holding capacity and strength of the gels. The gelling behavior of soy isolate dispersions prepared from Prolina was also studied using small-deformation theology. Upon heating to 90degreesC, isolate dispersions were found to weaken, as evidenced by a decreasing G' (storage modulus). However, subsequent holding at 90degreesC for 30 min induced a slight increase in G' for the other soybean cultivar but not for Prolina. G' of gels from these isolates increased sharply upon cooling to 25degreesC. Prolina consistently exhibited a lower G' value despite the presence of a higher number of oxidizable sulfhydryl groups in its protein.

Dietary concerns over high saturates contained in edible vegetable oils has stimulated development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with reduced palmitate content. Little is known of factors that might influence phenotypic expression of palmitate content among soybean populations varying for presence of a major reduced palmitate allele. The objective of this study was to investigate how environment and genetic background influence palmitate content when introducing the reduced palmitate trait into adapted backgrounds. Crosses were made between reduced palmitate germplasm, N87‐2122‐4 (53 g kg−1 palmitate) and normal palmitate cultivars, A3733, Burlison, Kenwood, P9273, and P9341 (103–123 g kg−1 palmitate). For each cross, F4:6 lines homozygous for major reduced or normal palmitate alleles were bulked separately into Maturity Groups (MG) II, III, IV, and V, and evaluated in 10 contrasting field environments during 1993. Palmitate content varied between 82 and 90 g kg−1 across southern U.S. and Puerto Rican environments. Much of this environmental variation was associated with changes in minimum temperature during the growing season. Genetic background effects were highly significant (P < 0.01) with cross means for palmitate content ranging between 81 and 93 g kg−1 Across different maturity groups, palmitate content of the progeny was correlated (r = 0.94–0.99, P < 0.05) with mean content of the normal palmitate parent, such that for every 1 g kg−1 palmitate increase in the normal palmitate parent there was a 0.32 to 0.51 g kg−1 palmitate increase in the progeny. Genetic background effects were presumed to be associated with action of minor alleles transmitted from the normal palmitate parent. Presence of the reduced palmitate allele was associated with significantly (P < 0.01) lower stearate (−6 to −13%) and higher oleate (+4 to +10%) contents across all maturity groups. Selection of low palmitate, high‐yielding parents should further decrease palmitate content and produce correlated improvements in stearate and oleate contents to improve overall oil quality in progeny containing reduced palmitate alleles.

Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil typically contains 11% palmitic acid, but germplasm with recessive alleles at Fap gene loci exhibit from less than 4% to about 35% 16:0, Although these alleles are used to develop new cultivars, little is known about how they influence palmitic acid concentration. One theory suggests that fap alleles may mediate differences in triacylglycerol composition through genetic effects on the activity or substrate specificity of acyltransferases, such as diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20). Based on logistic function analysis of developing seed, differences in fag allele expression are evident in the rate of palmitic acid accumulation in triacylglycerol, with peak deposition near mid-seed fill. Acetate saturation kinetics also reveal a strong positive relation between the relative amount of de novo palmitic acid synthesis and the indigenous palmitic acid concentration in triacylglycerol among fap genotypes. However, no differences appear in the kinetics of palmitoyl-CoA metabolism in developing seed of these genotypes. Therefore, the fap alleles apparently do not encode or regulate the activities of glycerolipid acyltransferase enzymes. Rather, major genetic effects on triacylglycerol composition accrue through regulation of palmitic acid production in the plastids of developing soybean cotyledons.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil typically contains ca. 11% palmitic acid, but germplasm has been developed with less than 4% to about 35% 16∶0, A number of recessive alleles associated with these phenotypes have been described thattrepresent different mutations at Fap loci, however, the gene products (enzymes) produced by these alleles are unknown. This work attempts to define the metabolic activities that are regulated by the fap 1, fap 2, and fap nc alleles in soybean. Observation of de novo synthesis and metabolic turnover of fatty acids esterified to phospholipids in cotyledons during the period of peak oil accumulation revealed genotypic differences in the supply of 16∶0-CoA from plastids. These metabolic studies narrowed the identification of fap 1, fap 2, and fap nc alleles to the genes that encode or regulate the 3-keto-acyl-ACP synthetase II (where ACP is acyl carrier protein), 16∶0-ACP thioesterase, 18∶0-ACP desaturase, or 18∶1-ACP thioesterase enzymes. Kinetic analyses suggested that the fap 2 mutation results in a decreased 3-keto-acyl-ACP synthetase II activity. Deficiencies in 16∶0-ACP thioesterase activity represented the most likely explanation of fap 1 and fap nc gene function. This hypothesis was strongly supported by Northern blot assays that revealed a significant reduction in the accumulation of transcripts corresponding to the 16∶0-ACP thioesterase in germplasm homozygous for the fap nc allele.

The physiological and biochemical basis for increased seed protein concentrations (SPC) observed in restriction‐index, recurrent‐selection breeding programs with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are poorly understood. The hypothesis that soybean SPC is regulated by the supply of nitrogenous substrates available to the seed was evaluated. Effects of supra‐optimal external N on seed storage protein accumulation, amino acid concentration and composition in leaves and seeds at R5, and levels of specific storage protein subunits were measured. Genotypes with different SPC (NC 107, normal; N87‐984‐16, intermediate; and NC 111, high) were grown in controlled‐environment chambers and supplied with 30 mM N as NH4NO3 from V5 to maturity or from R5 to maturity. Control plants received 10 mM N throughout the growth cycle. Relative to control, supra‐optimal N increased SPC of NC 107 and N87‐984‐16 by an average of 28%. Greater enhancement of protein accumulation than of dry matter accumulation in the seed resulted in SPCs of 460 to 470 g kg−1, which are appreciably greater than concentrations observed for these cultivars grown in the field. Supra‐optimal N also increased SPC of the high protein line (NC 111) by 15%, but this increase resulted entirely from a decrease in yield. Supra‐optimal N supplied to NC 107 and N87‐984‐16 from V5 until R5 increased total free amino acid concentrations in seeds and leaves at R5 by an average of 21 and 46%, respectively. Enhanced accumulation of the β subunit of β conglycinin which does not contain methionine and cysteine accounted for the increase in SPC. While enhanced N availability increased the SPC of a normal protein line into the high range, availability of sulfur amino acids in the developing seed determined which storage protein subunits were synthesized from the extra N.

Crop ScienceVolume 39, Issue 1 cropsci1999.0011183X003900010066x p. 294-295 Registration of Cultivars Registration of 'Prolina' Soybean J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton joe_burton@ncsu USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Corresponding author (joe_burton@ncsu).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Carter Jr., T. E. Carter Jr. USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorR. F. Wilson, R. F. Wilson USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this author J. W. Burton, Corresponding Author J. W. Burton joe_burton@ncsu USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Corresponding author (joe_burton@ncsu).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Carter Jr., T. E. Carter Jr. USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this authorR. F. Wilson, R. F. Wilson USDA-ARS, 3127 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC, 27607Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1999 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900010066xCitations: 26AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume39, Issue1January–February 1999Pages 294-295 RelatedInformation

Tocopherol, a natural antioxidant, typically accounts for a small percentage of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) oil. Alleles that govern the expression of polyunsaturated fatty acids in soybean germplasm are influenced by temperature. However, little is known about the environmental influences on tocopherol expression. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of temperature on tocopherol composition in soybean germplasm that exhibit homozygous recessive and dominant alleles that govern the predominant ω-6 and ω-3 desaturases. The control cv. Dare and three low-18:3 genotypes (N78-2245, PI-123440, N85-2176) were grown under controlled-temperature environments during reproductive growth. Analysis of crude oil composition at various stages of seed development revealed a strong negative correlation between total tocopherol content and growth temperature. The relative strength of this correlation was greater in the germplasm that exhibited homozygous alleles governing the ω-6 desaturase than those governing the ω-3 desaturase. The decline in total tocopherol with reduced temperature was attributed predominantly to loss of γ-tocopherol. However, γ-tocopherol concentration also was directly related to 18:3 concentration in all genotypes. Thus, low-18:3 oils contained both a lower content and a lower concentration of γ-tocopherol. Although the biochemical basis for this observation is unknown, the antioxidant capacity of γ-tocopherol appeared to be directly associated with changes in oil quality that were mediated more by genetic than by environmental influences on 18:3 concentration. Another aspect of this work showed that low-18:3 soybean varieties should be expected to contain more α-tocopherol, especially when grown under normal commercial production environments. This condition should be regarded as another beneficial aspect of plant breeding approaches to the improvement of soybean oil quality.

Development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with reduced saturated fatty acid content is an important goal of soybean breeders. The objective of this study was to determine if genes for reduced palmitic acid content in the fatty acid germplasm N87-2122-4 were associated with changes in agronomic and seed quality characteristics. Approximately 22 reduced (54–72 g kg⁻¹) and 22 normal (90–119 g kg⁻¹) palmitic acid F₅:₇ lines were sampled from each of two crosses, N87-2122-4 × ‘Kenwood’ and N87-2122-4 × ‘P9273’ and grown in replicated tests at four North Carolina locations. Lines homozygous for the major reduced palmitic acid gene produced significantly (P 0.05) effect on linoleic and seed protein contents. Seed oil content was significantly (P < 0.05) greater among reduced palmitic acid lines in the N87- 2122-4 × Kenwood cross only. Genetic correlations were estimated among lines to examine the influence of selection for palmitic acid genetic modifiers on agronomic traits. Palmitic acid content was significantly (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with changes in oleic acid, and significantly (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with changes linolenic acid contents. Genetic modifiers conditioning palmitic acid content seemed independent of genes controlling seed yield, suggesting that selection for reduced palmitic acid content among lines homozygous for the reduced palmitic acid gene may be achieved without a reduction in seed yield. Efforts to further reduce palmitic acid content in populations fixed for the major palmitic acid gene should improve the quality of soybean oils produced for food processing markets. Cooperative investigations of the USDA-ARS, and North Carolina Agric. Res. Serv., Raleigh, NC. Mention of propriety products are included for the benefit of the reader and do not imply endorsement by the USDA or North Carolina State University.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm lines N94-2575 (Reg. no. GP-261, PI 602455) and C1943 (Reg. no. GP-262, PI 599811) were developed by the USDA-ARS (Raleigh, NC, and West Lafayette, IN) in cooperation with the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service and the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station and were released in July 1996 because of reduced concentration of palmitic acid in seed oil. Both lines have palmitic acid concentrations of approximately 40 g kg", which is 60 to 70 g kg" lower than soybean cultivars, and 20 g kg"' lower than other publicly released germplasm. Total saturated fatty acid (palmitic plus stearic acids) concentration in seed oil of the two germplasm lines is approximately 70 g kg". The two lines will be useful genetic resources for breeding low-saturated-fat soybean varieties. The germplasm N94-2575 is an F2.4 line from the cross (N902013 x C1726) sel. x N88-431 (2). N90-2013 was a low palmitic (60 g kg") line derived from a cross between PI 123440 andN792077-12. N79-2077-12 was a low palmitic selection from a recurrent selection population (1). C1726 was a low palmitic (80 g kg~') line developed by mutagenesis of the cultivar Century (2,3). N88-431 is a breeding line with good productivity, above-average protein content, and was selected from N84-1299 x N82-2037. The parentage of N82-2037 is N73-1102 x 330-26-294. N73-1102 is a selection from Tracy x Ransom (4,5). The paternal parent, 330-2629-4, is a selection from the third cycle of a recurrent selection population designated YC3 (6). N84-1299 is a selection from the first cycle of a recurrent selection population designated RS4 (7). N94-2575 was selected for release as germplasm because of its low palmitic and total saturated fatty acid concentrations in the seed oil. Averaged over 1993 to 1995 at Clayton, NC, seed oil of N942575 had a palmitic acid concentration of 39 g kg" and a total saturated fatty acid concentration of 66 g kg" (Table 1). Average total saturated fatty acid concentration of the cultivar Dare was 141 g kg". N94-2575 is late maturing (Maturity Group VII) and has very good seed quality. The germplasm C1943 is a Maturity Group III F4.6 line from the cross N79-2077-12 x C1726 (8). An F2 plant from this cross was identified that had 42 g kg" palmitic acid in the seed oil. The low palmitic acid concentration was confirmed in an F4.5 line progeny row derived from this plant and grown at West Lafayette, IN, in 1994. The F4:6 line was evaluated in a three-replicate test that included the cultivar Macon at West Lafayette in 1995. In this test, C1943 averaged 38 g kg" palmitic acid, compared with 102 g kg" for Macon (Table 2). C1943 matured at the same time and was similar in plant height and lodging resistance as Macon, but yielded less (2630 kg ha", compared with 3190 kg ha" for Table 2. Fatty acid concentration in seed oil of C1943 soybean and the check cultivar, Macon, grown at West Lafayette, IN.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oils with reduced palmitic acid concentrations should comply with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for vegetable oils with lower saturated fatty acid contents. This study was designed to investigate the genetic basis for reduced palmitic and stearic acid contents in the seed oil of reduced palmitic acid germplasm, N87-2122-4. Crosses between N87-2122-4 and Midwest-adapted cultivars, Kenwood and P9273, revealed frequencies of reduced and normal palmitic acid among F-2 progeny consistent with segregation at a single major locus. There was a large phenotypic variation (15-30 g kg(-1)) for palmitic acid content measured on progeny homozygous for either reduced or normal palmitic acid alleles, however. Repeatability of this variation was examined in 87 reduced and normal palmitic F-5:7 lines randomly sampled from each cross. Reduced palmitic acid lines ranged between 54 and 72 g kg(-1), and normal palmitic acid Lines between 90 and 119 g kg(-1) for both crosses. No line produced significantly less palmitic acid than N87-2122-4 but approximate to 55% of the reduced palmitic acid lines were significantly greater (P < 0.01). The large genotypic ranges observed for both F-2 and F-5:7 generations may be explained by an undetermined number of genetic modifiers associated with the major palmitic acid Locus. Across both populations, the major reduced palmitic acid allele was associated with a 15% reduction in stearic acid content. However, genetic correlations for palmitic and stearic acid contents among lines homozygous for the major palmitic acid alleles were nonsignificant (r(g) = -0.30-0.18), enabling simultaneous selection of inbred lines producing both reduced palmitic and stearic acid contents. High narrow-sense heritabilities (>80%) for palmitic and stearic acid contents suggest that total saturates may be reduced by selection in few environments for major and modifier genes controlling reduced palmitic acid content.

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) is a leguminous weed species that has become a severe problem in soybean production throughout the Southern United States. Economic incentives, such as premiums for low levels of foreign matter from cleaning soybeans prior to sale, could generate a large source of sicklepod seed in that area. This study was undertaken to evaluate C. obtusifolia seed for potential applications. As much as 41% of the seed was extractable. Some extracts were strong inhibitors of wheat, velvetleaf and sicklepod root growth, causing discoloration of the root meristems in a manner similar to that caused by naphthoquinones such as juglone and plumbagin. Some extracts increased weight gain in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) causing them to grow to 50–100% larger than controls in a 7-day trial. Survival of Columbia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in the soil was inversely correlated to the amount of ground whole sicklepod amendment. No phytotoxic effects of the meal amendment on tomato plants or inhibition of germination for several crop seeds was observed at the levels tested.

Resolution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by thin-layer chromatography often is complicated by co-migration of certain acyl-isomers in heterogeneous mixtures. However, a novel reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography method which employs 10% (wt/vol) silver nitrate in a mobile phase containing acetonitrile/1,4-dioxane/acetic acid (80:20:1, vol/vol/vol) allows one-dimensional resolution of a wide range of acyl-methyl esters. This innovation enables improved separation of saturated FAME ranging from C12 to C22, and geometric isomers of C14 to C22 unsaturated FAME by thin-layer chromatography.