The European Food Safety Authority concluded in February 2018 that “most uses of neonicotinoid insecticides represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees”. In 2016, the French government passed a law banning the use of the five neonicotinoids previously authorized: clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid and thiacloprid. In the framework of an expert assessment conducted by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety to identify possible derogations, we performed a thorough assessment of the available alternatives to the five banned neonicotinoids. For each pest targeted by neonicotinoids use, we identified the main alternative pest management methods, which we then ranked for (i) efficacy for controlling the target pest, (ii) applicability (whether directly useable by farmers or in need of further research and development), (iii) durability (risk of resistance in targeted pests), and (iv) practicability (ease of implementation by farmers). We identified 152 authorized uses of neonicotinoids in France, encompassing 120 crops and 279 pest insect species (or genera). An effective alternative to neonicotinoids use was available in 96% of the 2968 case studies analyzed from the literature (single combinations of one alternative pest control method or product × one target crop plant × one target pest insect). The most common alternative to neonicotinoids (89% of cases) was the use of another chemical insecticide (mostly pyrethroids). However, in 78% of cases, at least one non-chemical alternative method could replace neonicotinoids (e.g. microorganisms, semiochemicals or surface coating). The relevance of non-chemical alternatives to neonicotinoids depends on pest feeding habits. Leaf and flower feeders are easier to control with non-chemical methods, whereas wood and root feeders are more difficult to manage by such methods. We also found that further field studies were required for many promising non-chemical methods before their introduction into routine use by farmers. Our findings, transmitted to policymakers, indicate that non-chemical alternatives to neonicotinoids do exist. Furthermore, they highlight the need to promote these methods through regulation and funding, with a view to reducing pesticide use in agriculture.

A field population of Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) tolerant to mancozeb was selected in the laboratory. After 10 mancozeb selections the LC50 value for mancozeb was 73 times higher in the selected-10 strain compared to the standard susceptible strain. A genetic analysis using reciprocal crosses and backcrosses of female F1 progeny found no maternal effect. Resistance in the selected-10 strain was codominant in expression, dominance value was about -0.1. Backcrosses between F1 females and the susceptible strain indicate that the resistance to mancozeb could be principally conferred by a predominant gene, but additional factors would also be involved.

Pesticide ScienceVolume 55, Issue 2 p. 206-208 Extended Summary Antifungal activity of resveratrol oligomers from Cyphostemma crotalarioides Adil E Bala, Adil E Bala Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorAlbert Kollmann, Albert Kollmann Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorPaul-Henri Ducrot, Corresponding Author Paul-Henri Ducrot [email protected] Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceUnité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorAmel Majira, Amel Majira Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorLucien Kerhoas, Lucien Kerhoas Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorRobert Delorme, Robert Delorme Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorJacques Einhorn, Jacques Einhorn Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this author Adil E Bala, Adil E Bala Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorAlbert Kollmann, Albert Kollmann Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorPaul-Henri Ducrot, Corresponding Author Paul-Henri Ducrot [email protected] Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceUnité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorAmel Majira, Amel Majira Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorLucien Kerhoas, Lucien Kerhoas Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorRobert Delorme, Robert Delorme Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorJacques Einhorn, Jacques Einhorn Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, 78026 FranceSearch for more papers by this author First published: 26 March 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199902)55:2<206::AID-PS871>3.0.CO;2-ZCitations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Resveratrol and its oligomers: ε-viniferine, gnetin C, Pallidol and gnetin E, as well as three new dehydrodimers, cyphostemmines A–C, have been isolated from the roots of Cyphostemma crotalarioides (Ampelidaceae). Such compounds have not been reported previously in the family Ampelidaceae. Cis ε-viniferin has also been characterized as a minor component of the extract; it may have undergone partial transformation in solution into trans ε-viniferin. ©1999 Society of Chemical Industry REFERENCES 1Andrews FW, Family Ampelidaceae, in The flowering plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, II, T Buncle and Co Ltd. p 309 (1951). Google Scholar 2Wickens GE, Ampelidaceae, in The flora of Jebel Marra (Sudan Republic) and its geographical affinities, HMSO, London. p 121 (1976). Google Scholar 3Sotheeswaran S and Pasupathy V, Phytochemistry 32(5): 1083–1092 (1993) and references cited therein. 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95070-2 Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume55, Issue2February 1999Pages 206-208 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Oviposition of three strains of Drosophila melanogaster in the presence of deltamethrin was observed. These strains had different levels of physiological susceptibility to deltamethrin. Two-choice tests were conducted with couples of flies in petri-dish arenas containing two oviposition dishes. On the first day of the experiment, females were given a choice between a treated oviposition dish and an untreated control dish. On the second day of the experiment, two control oviposition dishes were given to females. Although individual females showed a tendency to aggregate their eggs in one of the dishes, control experiments demonstrated an overall equal distribution of eggs between the dishes. When one of the two oviposition dishes in the arena was treated with deltamethrin, the percentage of females ovipositing and the mean number of eggs laid by females were reduced, compared with control arenas. Females avoided the treated oviposition dish and laid significantly more eggs on the control dish. Furthermore, when the deltamethrin concentration was increased on the first day, female flies postponed their oviposition and laid significantly more eggs on the second day. The resistant strain, SR, demonstrated the same capacity to select the untreated site for oviposition as the susceptible strain, but it showed a smaller oviposition reduction and egg retention. The relationship between physiological and behavioural susceptibility to deltamethrin is discussed.

A strain (R) of Aphis gossypii from Southern France was found to be resistant to several insecticides, particularly to pirimicarb, as compared to a susceptible strain (S). Resistance levels were determined by biological tests, and the highest resistance factor (1350) was for pirimicarb. Resistance was mainly restricted to anticholinesterase inhibitors. Use of synergists, DEF and PB, suggested that resistance mechanisms based on detoxification were involved to a minor extent, since a good correlation was observed between I-50 values and k(1) values of AChE and in-vivo bioassay data. The two strains differed in esterase activity, with a 27.7-fold increase in the R strain. Resolution of esterases by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed different patterns in the S and R strains, and two isozymes were less sensitive to pirimicarb in the S strain; however, no in-vitro degradation of [C-14]pirimicarb was observed. These data suggest that the main mechanism of resistance was through a decrease in the sensitivity of the target, AChE, to the insecticides.

A strain (R) of Aphis gossypii from Southern France was found to be resistant to several insecticides, particularly to pirimicarb, as compared to a susceptible strain (S). Resistance levels were determined by biological tests, and the highest resistance factor (1350) was for pirimicarb. Resistance was mainly restricted to anticholinesterase inhibitors. Use of synergists, DEF and PB, suggested that resistance mechanisms based on detoxification were involved to a minor extent, since a good correlation was observed between I 50 values and k i values of AChE and in-vivo bioassay data. The two strains differed in esterase activity, with a 27.7-fold increase in the R strain. Resolution of esterases by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed different patterns in the S and R strains, and two isozymes were less sensitive to pirimicarb in the S strain; however, no in-vitro degradation of [ 14 C]pirimicarb was observed. These data suggest that the main mechanism of resistance was through a decrease in the sensitivity of the target, AChE, to the insecticides.

The resistance to insecticides of three Sudanese strains of A. gossypii (Glov.) collected from cotton fields in the Sudan Gezira Scheme over three seasons (1988, 1989, 1990) and that of two French strains was studied in the laboratory. When compared with a known susceptible strain, the aphids were found to be resistant to the eight insecticides tested. Evolution of resistance in Sudanese strains during the three crop seasons was observed. Assay of aphid homogenate for carboxylesterase activity towards the substrates alpha-naphthyl acetate and beta-naphthyl acetate showed that there was no enhancement of this class of enzyme and thus it was not a cause of resistance in this species. A study of interaction between the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and pirimicarb established the kinetics of the inhibition process. I50 values were found to be much higher for the Sudanese strains than for the susceptible strain. First-order inhibition kinetics revealed that resistance towards pirimicarb in Sudanese strains was caused by a modified AchE which had a reduced affinity (higher K(d) value) and poor carbamylation ability (lower k2 value) for pirimicarb. The resistance mechanisms for the other insecticides remain to be studied.

AbstractThe toxicity of bioresmethrin and deltamethrin has been studied on the host‐parasite couple Trialeurodes vaporariorum‐Encarsia formosa. Long term trials were used under laboratory conditions. The insecticides were applied to the plant at all stages of host and parasite development. The two products studied showed some toxicity to E. formosa. Bioresmethrin, a poorly persistent insecticide, could be used with care in integrated control; deltamethrin, a highly persistent product, must be excluded. Attempts to obtain strains of E. formosa resistant to deltamethrin were made. The selection pressure applied during 21 successive generations failed to produce a significant and stable resistance level.

Selection de 2 lignees resistantes au parathion-ethyl ou a la deltamethrine. Etude de l'heritabilite, et de la variation de l'activite esterasique

La toxicité de 20 pesticides est étudiée sur le couple hôte-parasite Trialeurodes vaporariorum -Encarsia formosa.La méthode de laboratoire utilisée fait appel à des essais de longue durée, les produits étant appliqués sur tous les stades de l'hôte et du parasite.La plupart des fongicides testés sont utilisables en lutte intégrée, certains avec réserve (imazalil, triforine) ; seul le pyrazophos détruisant plus de 80 p. 100 des populations d'E.formosa est à exclure formellement.Le cyhexatin, plus toxique pour l'hôte que pour le parasite, semble être un bon acaricide dans l'optique de la lutte intégrée.Tous les insecticides étudiés présentent une certaine toxicité pour E. formosa : la bioresméthrine et le dichlorvos, peu persistants, sont utilisables selon certaines modalités, de même que le pyrimicarbe l aphicide considéré comme spécifique qui est toxique pour les adultes du parasite.Les insecticides très persistants tels la deltaméthrine, le parathion éthyl et le pyrimiphos-méthyl sont absolument à proscrire (populations d'E.formosa réduites de plus de 95 p. 100).L'étude des facteurs de toxicité de ces pesticides montre le danger de trop simplifier les méthodes d'appréciation de l'effet toxique des produits vis-à-vis des entomophages, des méthodes simples étant le plus souvent peu fiables.L'accent est également mis sur la nécessité de raisonner en termes d'équilibre de population et non de toxicité absolue lorsqu'on a affaire comme ici à un entomophage lié spécifiquement à un hôte en milieu clos.