Experiments spread over a period of 24 years create a model for sonofusion. An explanation of results will influence new paths for its further development. Cavitation produced z-pinch target-foil implanting jets produce SEM photos of single event ejecta sites equal to the binding energy differences, E-b, for alpha production. (C) 2015 ISCMNS. All rights reserved.

D2O cavitation produces Z-pinch jets implanting a target lattice. Measurements, data interpretations, and FE SEM photos explain products heat and 4He produced in target foils. The picosecond dynamics of a deuteron electron plasma charge separation and pressure pulse produce alpha particles and heat.

Sonofusion experiments, which incorporate transient Bose Einstein condensates, BEC, have recently focused on related sono- superconductivity. Cavitation jets implant high-density deuteron clusters into a target foil. Clusters are then squeezed by accelerated charges that form dense transient EM pulses. Cavitation and the associated sonoluminescence phenomena, used as a measuring tool, helps develop and explain related experimental results. Two outcomes, sonofusion and sono-superconductivity both produce D+ clusters in reactors of different geometries. MHz reactor No. 1 is driven by a disk piezo and has produced excess heat, Qx, using the foil target and other products, including 4He. The new MHz reactor No. 2 is driven by a cylindrical piezo low power with a concentric wire target with transient cluster steady state concentration near the wire surface. The target’s steady state cluster coverage may satisfy a sono-superconductivity subsurface cluster connectivity during the MHz’s 100 ns collective sonoluminescence pulse. It was anticipated that ambient sono-superconductivity was possible but so far has proved difficult to measure. Cavitation D2O bubbles in both reactors were controlled by three main parameters for the two reactors: temperature, pressure of Ar gas over D2O, and acoustic watt input; Ti, Pi, and Qa. The z-pinch jets’ contents of deuterons and electrons were implanted, with an induced picosecond transient charge separation. This charge separation produced an electromagnetic, EM, cluster compression pulse that formed a high-density BEC environment, as the EM pulse pressure overwhelmed repulsive deuteron cluster pressure for that picosecond. This model used unique attributes of the high-density transient deuterons to produce sonofusion in reactor No. 1 and sono-superconductivity in reactor No. 2 near ambient temperature. The measurements showed the presence of sonoluminescence pulses, implanted plasma, and heat pulse ejecta sites.

Experimental cavitation sonofusion results needed a mechanism to explain the measured 4He and heat produced. A model is introduced based on high-density low-energy transient astrophysical behavior, creating an environment for fusion events by forming electron free clusters. The cluster’s low temperature and high density are shown to be essential to the fusion environment.

Experimentally, heat and He-4 are generally the byproducts of sonofusion. Sonofusion uses the leverage of argon-saturated cavitation-induced D2O bubbles and their collapse to transient high-energy density jets to implant deuteron clusters into a target lattice matrix. The coherent electromagnetic environment within these transient clusters produces deuteron fusion events. Mass spectra and calorimetric measurements of the fusion products are described. What has been increasingly evident in sonofusion is the parallel that exists between sonofusion and high-density experiments of inertial confined fusion (1), Bose-Einstein condensates, astrophysical phenomena, and muon fusion. All of these help to explain our ecological fusion results.

xperimentally, excess heat, Qx, and 4He are the measured fusion products of transient high-density sonofusion, SF. A possible path to DD fusion is explained by piezo driven cavitation bubbles, where the critical parameters are temperature, pressure, acoustic input, and frequency that control, for a picosecond, the low-energy nuclear reactions that produce DD fusion events. The electromagnetic, EM, pulse compressed deuteron clusters squeezing them into a Bose Einstein Condensate. The BEC cluster environment provides for the direct conversion of fusion energy into heat and 4He. The continuous production of 1016 bubbles/sec produces radiation free usable heat as observed via ejecta site surveys.

Natural cavitation phenomena in D2O using piezo devices, is now amplified initiating DID fusion events that produce heat and helium. The transient cavitation bubble produces micro accelerators in the form of jets containing high densities of deuterons, 10(24-25)/cc from the cavitating D2O. An electrically driven piezo device in a reactor filled with D2O produces jets that implant deuterons into a target foil producing He-4 and T plus heat. There is no long range radiation associated with this process. We are moving in the direction of utilizing smaller systems by gaining faster and less expensive technology growth moving from successes at 0.2 and 0.4 MHz to 1.7 MHz. One of the results of our low frequency studies is a 1 to 3 MHz induced standing wave in our target foils. We are using sonoluminescence intensity as a tool to guide us in finding highest plasma density in the adiabatic bubble collapse process in the jet plasma formation. The generation of these sonoluminescence photons relates to conditions for the target implantation process. These experiments and the analytical methods have concentrated on the mass spectroscopy of reactor gases, calorimetry of the reactor and power supply, and the scanning electron microscope photographs of target foils. This work provides a path for an ecological and hydrocarbon-free energy source for all energy applications.

The collapse of a transient cavitation bubble in deuteriumoxide produces a high density plasma jet containing 10 deuterons. The inertial compression of a jet via an electron induced magnetic field pinch effect on its plasma contents produces high to even higher deuteron densities in the order of 10 gm/cc before implanting into a foil target. This model is parallel to the systems found in the hot plasmas of inertial systems. During the initial period of implantation of a few picoseconds, the high density deuterons in the target lattice experience reduced coulomb repulsion due to the high density charge screening. In this environment it is possible that some DD fusion events occur as evidenced by photos of the metal target foils and by the evidence of helium four and tritium production. Making some basic assumptions the smallest diameter and highest population of vent sites in the target foils are produced by events in the order of 20 Mev. When experiments were monitored there was no long range radiation detected.

Ultrasound was applied to low molecular weight organic compounds in dilute aqueous solutions. The transformation of these dilute methanol, acetone, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde solutions under static sonolysis at ambient condition was found to form acetate and formate products, which were measured by ion chromatography. These chromatograms were deduced from the ion chromatograms of known standards prior to and after the sonolysis of the sample runs.Under static sonolysis, the dilute methanol solutions yielded more acetate than formate and the formaldehyde solutions also produced a substantial amount of acetate besides the formate product. The redox transformation mechanism of the one carbon compounds as CH3OH and HCHO solutions to form the two carbon containing acetate product was presented.

This study reports the use of ultrasound in destructing low molecular weight organic compounds (alcohols, ketones and aldehydes) in dilute concentrations and bacterial decontamination in water at ambient temperature. An aqueous flow cell system was assembled to measure the formate and acetate products by an on-line ion chromatograph. The formation of formate and acetate supports an oxidative mechanism and increases with decreasing flow rates. The bactericidal effect of sonication in static water was found to increase with increasing sonolysis times and volumes of the headspace (argon atmosphere over atmospheric air) above the liquid in the enclosed vessel.

The sonolysis transformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in water at ambient temperature can be a potential digestion process for CCl3CH3. As the volume capacity of the same concentration of CCl3CH3 increases, the sonolysis digestion efficiency decreases. The increase of sonolysis transformation increases with sonolysis time. The compound decomposes into gases, volatile organic compounds and ionic species. The ionic species are removable by ion-exchange resins, while the gases and volatiles are easily degassed under sonolysis.