Improving wheat yield is essential to meet the increasing demand for food production. This study aims to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with grain traits and plant height (PH) in winter wheat, using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between Zhongke 331 and Nongda 399. The RIL population was genotyped using the 16K GenoBaits Wheat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A genetic linkage map was established, comprising 14,868 SNPs and spanning 3846.91 cM, with an average interval of 1.11 cM between markers. These SNPs were categorized into 3463 SNP bin markers, with 1653, 1508, and 302 located in the A, B, and D sub-genomes, respectively. QTL analysis for thousand-grain weight (TGW), grain length (GL), grain width (GW), and PH revealed 61 QTL influencing these traits across six environments. Loci qPH-4B.1 and qPH-4D.1 were consistently detected in five environments. QTL clusters with pleiotropic effects that regulate multiple grain traits were identified on chromosomes 4B and 4D. Furthermore, the combination of qPH-4B.1 and qPH-4D.1 resulted in a reduced plant height compared to the presence of either locus alone, indicating an additive effect between these loci.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops, with its grain serving as a predominant staple food source on a global scale. However, there are many biotic and abiotic stresses challenging the stability of wheat production. Among the abiotic stresses, drought is recognized as a significant stress and poses a substantial threat to food production and quality throughout the world. Raising drought tolerance of wheat varieties through genetic regulation is therefore considered as one of the most effective ways to combat the challenges caused by drought stress. Meta-QTL analysis has demonstrated its effectiveness in identifying consensus QTL regions in wheat drought resistance in numerous instances. In this study, we present a comprehensive meta-analysis aimed at unraveling the drought tolerance genetic basis associated with agronomic traits in bread wheat. Extracting data from 34 previously published studies, we aggregated a corpus of 1291 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) pertinent to wheat drought tolerance. Then, the translation of the consensus genetic map yielded a comprehensive compendium of 49 distinct MQTLs, each associated with diverse agronomic traits. Prominently featured among the MQTLs were MQTLs 1.1, 1.7, 1.8 (1D), 4.1 (4A), 4.6 (4D), 5.2 (5B), 6.6 (6B), and 7.2 (7B), distinguished as pivotal MQTLs offering significant potential for application in marker-assisted breeding endeavors. Altogether, a total of 66 putative candidate genes (CGs)-related drought tolerance were identified. This work illustrates a translational research approach in transferring information from published mapping studies to genomic regions hosting major QTLs governing key agronomical traits in wheat.

As one of the essential cereal crops, wheat provides 20% of the calories and proteins consumed by humans. Due to population expansion, dietary shift and climate change, it is challenging for wheat breeders to develop new varieties for meeting wheat production requirements. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has distinct advantages over conventional selection in plant breeding, such as being time-saving, cost-effective and goal-oriented. This review makes attempts to give a description of different molecular markers: sequence tagged site (STS), simple sequence repeat (SSR), genotyping by sequencing (GBS), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, exome capture, Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS), semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR (STARP) and genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS). We also summarize some quantitative trait loci (QTL)/genes as well as their linked markers, which are potentially useful in MAS. This paper provides updated information on some markers linked to critical traits and their potential applications in wheat breeding programs.

干旱是华北地区小麦生产的重要限制因素,从推广小麦品种中鉴定和筛选抗旱品种,对稳定小麦产量、降低区域水分消耗具有重要意义.本研究以近年来在河北省中北部审定、推广的13个小麦品种为材料,设置冬后浇2水(D2处理)、浇1水(D1处理)和不浇水(D0处理)3种处理方式,进行了大田条件下的抗旱品种筛选试验.结果表明,在D0处理时,各供试品种的株高、千粒重、穗粒数、亩穗数等农艺性状以及叶绿素含量、叶片离体失水速率等生理性状均显著下降,籽粒产量也极显著下降.在D1处理时,各小麦品种的农艺、生理和产量性状也发生不同程度下降.当分别以抗旱指数、加权抗旱指数和抗旱性综合度量值等指标度量品种抗旱性时,品种之间的抗旱性排序虽有差异,但仍能看出中麦1062、河农825等品种抗旱性较好.以节水指数对品种进行节水性评价时,发现河农130等3个品种节水性较好.在所测定的农艺、生理性状中,叶绿素含量、小穗数、株高、叶片离体失水速率、旗叶长和穗粒数等与抗旱性存在较高程度的相关性,本研究初步认为叶绿素含量、小穗数可作为抗旱性评价指标.

麦红吸浆虫(Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin)是严重威胁小麦生产的重要害虫,其生活习性隐蔽,防治困难,筛选抗虫小麦种质及可用于抗虫性辅助选择的分子标记意义重大.本研究对我国不同麦区、不同时期的566份小麦种质资源进行了吸浆虫抗性鉴定,并尝试从抗虫性主效QTL所在基因组区段开发新的SSR标记.结果 表明,27.03％的供试小麦种质对吸浆虫高抗或免疫,那些早期选育的抗虫品种依然具有很好的吸浆虫抗性.同时,从前期定位的抗麦红吸浆虫主效位点Qsm.hbau-4A所在区段中开发出565个SSR标记,并以11个具有较好多态性的SSR标记,在566份小麦种质资源中对这些标记的检测效率进行了验证,其中标记Xhs87201bp的扩增效果好、检测效率较高(平均65.37％),可以用于抗虫种质资源筛选和分子标记辅助选择.

麦红吸浆虫(Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin)是影响我国小麦生产的重要害虫,选育抗虫小麦品种是控制虫害最为有效的措施,而利用通量高、成本低的抗虫相关标记对提高小麦抗虫种质资源筛选和分子育种效率具有重要意义.本研究根据前期挖掘到的抗虫候选基因TraesCS4A01G437800序列中存在的SNP位点开发了1个四引物ARMS-PCR标记T3-1-1,并在92个RIL株系和95个小麦品种中进行了标记有效性检测.结果表明:T3-1-1在RIL株系间的检测有效率在90％左右,在供试高抗、高感小麦品种中的检测有效率较高,分别为63.16％和96.43％,可用于小麦种质资源的抗虫性筛选和抗虫性分子标记辅助选择.进一步分析发现,在具有抗虫位点的14个抗虫小麦品种中,多为生产上很少使用的老品种,因此鉴定和创新小麦抗虫种质资源尤为重要.

白粉病是河北省小麦生产的重要常发病害,明确小麦审定品种和高代品系中所携带的抗病基因对合理利用和布局已知抗源、实现对小麦白粉病的有效防控具有重要意义.本研究结合人工接种白粉病菌株E09和E20与抗病基因连锁(或共分离)标记对1956-2018年间河北省371份小麦材料(含审定品种256份、高代品系115份)进行苗期抗白粉病鉴定和抗病基因检测.结果 表明:供试材料中,抗E09的材料占6.2％,抗E20的占11.9％,兼抗两个菌株的材料占4.9％;部分材料携带Pm1c、Pm2、Pm4b、Pm21、Pm24和Pm35基因,未检测到Pm12基因.Pm8基因在供试材料中所占比例较高,接近50％.供试材料中抗病审定品种比例远大于高代品系,说明小麦抗白粉病种质创新仍为当务之急,需要引起重视.在用连锁或共分离标记进行抗病基因检测时,通过计算某基因对两个菌株抗病反应型与标记检测结果一致的材料比例,发现Pm12、Pm21和Pm35等基因的标记检测效率较高,同时这些基因的标记也方便使用,可优先考虑用这些标记检测目的基因.

干旱缺水是制约河北省黑龙港流域小麦生产的首要环境因子,从适合该区域的小麦新品种中筛选和推广抗旱品种,对在该地区实现节水保粮和维持地下水红线具有重要意义.本研究以近年来河北省中南部审定的38个小麦品种为材料,设置冬后浇2水、1水和不浇水(0水)3个水分处理,于2017—2018、2018—2019年度在成安和辛集进行了大田条件下的抗旱品种筛选试验.结果表明:在大田生产中,可用以产量为基础的抗旱指数来评价品种的抗旱性;以抗旱指数结合高稳系数进行抗旱和稳定性协同评价时,筛选到轮选103、衡0628、衡9966、河农2063、衡5835、中信麦58等6个品种在多个环境中抗旱等级为抗及以上,且产量稳定性较好,石麦22、衡4399、衡观35、石麦15、鲁原502、泊麦7号等6个品种在多个环境中抗旱等级为抗及以上,且产量稳定性为中等.

Key message Two novel midge resistance QTL were mapped to a 4.9-Mb interval on chromosome arm 4AL based on the genetic maps constructed with SNP markers. Orange wheat blossom midge (OWBM) is a devastating insect pest affecting wheat production. In order to detect OWBM resistance genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for wheat breeding, two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were established and used for molecular mapping. A total of seven QTL were detected on chromosomes 2D, 4A, 4D and 7D, respectively, of which positive alleles were all from the resistant parents except for the QTL on 7D. Two stable QTL (QSm.hbau-4A.2-1 and QSm.hbau-4A.2-2) were detected in both populations with the LOD scores ranging from 5.58 to 29.22 under all three environments, and they explained a combined phenotypic variation of 24.4-44.8%. These two novel QTL were mapped to a 4.9-Mb physical interval. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers AX-109543456, AX-108942696 and AX-110928325 were closely linked to the QTL and could be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) for OWBM resistance in wheat breeding programs.

麦红吸浆虫严重影响小麦产量和品质,不同抗性小麦品种对虫害反应的差异显著.为了解不同小麦品种对人工接种下虫害反应的差异,本研究以高抗和高感吸浆虫小麦品种为材料,用吸浆虫幼虫存活率为指标,比较了不同抗性小麦品种对人工接种虫卵、初期幼虫和中龄幼虫的反应.结果表明:吸浆虫被人工接种至不同小麦品种穗部时,能够以不同比率存活下来,但感虫小麦品种中的幼虫存活率较高;当以不同虫龄(卵)进行接种时,以直接接虫卵的效果较好,该方法能够较准确地鉴定小麦不同品种对吸浆虫的抗性.

Key message Five putative candidate genes for OWBM resistance in Chinese winter wheat ‘Jimai 24’ were identified via BSR-seq and differential expression analyses. Abstract Orange wheat blossom midge (OWBM), Sitodiplosis mosellana , is one of the most serious threats to wheat production worldwide. Conventional gene mapping methods to identify genes require significant amounts of financial support and time. Here, bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) was applied to profile candidate genes and develop associated markers for OWBM resistance. Previously, we identified a major QTL ( QSm.hebau-4A ) for OWBM resistance on the long arm of chromosome 4A. In this study, we aimed at screening differentially expressed resistance genes associated with this QTL. Twelve differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained based on BSR-seq and differential expression analyses. Among them, four were confirmed to be associated with OWBM resistance via quantitative reverse transcription PCR, using an additional set of wheat samples subjected to OWBM invasion. One SPI-like gene and one Malectin-like gene were revealed by gene annotation, respectively. Sequencing results confirmed that the four DEGs and the SPI gene had SNP polymorphisms between wheat parents. All these five resistance-related genes for OWBM were located in the same genomic region with QSm.hebau-4A . Furthermore, six new markers developed based on sequences of the five genes were also mapped in the same genomic region using genetic population. These five genes may be the candidate genes for OWBM resistance in Chinese wheat ‘Jimai 24’ and should be the targets for further positional isolation.

通过同源克隆技术首次克隆了硒富集模式植物印度芥菜的硒代谢关键酶(硒代半胱氨酸甲基转移酶)基因,命名为BjSMT.该基因全长1865 bp,包含5个内含子序列和6个外显子序列,共编码346个氨基酸.系统发育树分析显示该基因与芸薹属甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)亲缘关系最近.qPCR分析发现,在低浓度硒处理下,Bj SMT基因转录水平迅速提升后达到平稳,在12h达到峰值,约是对照的2.62倍.对转BjSMT烟草Na2 SeO3胁迫研究发现,在0～240μmol/L不同Na2 SeO3浓度胁迫下,BjSMT过表达烟草的长势明显优于转空载体烟草,在120 μmol/L胁迫浓度下差异最大,株高、鲜重、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性等差异最显著.表明,BjSMT可迅速增强表达响应环境硒胁迫,在植物中过表达BjSMT可显著提高其耐硒能力,为更深入研究印度芥菜富硒机理及转基因应用奠定了基础.

More than twenty reduced-height(Rht)(or dwarfing) genes have been designated in wheat by far,however,only few Rht genes were successfully used in wheat breeding programs,thus making the genetic diversity of Rht genes in wheat very narrow.Therefore,it is of great importance to screen and make use of new Rht genetic resources for future necessity of wheat breeding programs.A dwarf wheat mutant ('Ai 128') was analyzed in present study with gibberellin treatment,genetic analysis,allelism test and molecular marker assay to determine the nature and putative origin of the Rht gene in'Ai 128'.The results showed that the dwarfing mutant is gibberellin-insensitive,and the dwarfing phenotype was controlled by one pair of recessive genes.Allelism test confirmed that the gene conferring the dwarfing trait in 'Ai 128'was not allelic to Rht8,Rht9,Rht13,RhtB1b (Rht1),RhtD1b (Rht2),RhtD1c (Rht10)and Rht16,and was also different to Rht4,Rht5,Rht8,Rht9,Rht12 and Rht13,assayed usingDNA markers linked with these known Rht genes.Nevertheless,whether the Rht gene in'Ai 128'is a new gene or not needs to be determined by further genetic analysis,such as construction of high-density molecular map using segregant populations derived from crosses of'Ai 128'with other taller-height wheat lines.

Wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin) is one of the most important insect pests in wheat,which has caused large losses for wheat production and its grain quality.However,for the invisible habitat of midge in soil and its accurate invasion into wheat just before wheat heading,it is difficult to lower or preclude the wheat losses incurred by midge using agronomic measures.Though the application of pesticide to kill midge is helpful in midge control,the effect is limited for the difficulties of midge monitoring and the risk of environment-balance destroy under field conditions.Using midge-resistant wheat lines or varieties has been documented an effective or environment-friendly way to control midge number in the field,thus reducing midge-caused wheat losses.But,breeding such wheat varieties needs introducing midges into wheat field to evaluate the resistance of different breeding lines,as will bring forth bad effects for assessing agronomic traits in wheat lines.The advent of molecular DNA markers and the introduction of marker-assisted selection (MAS) approach into wheat breeding help to circumvent such embarrassment.Therefore,characterization of wheat resistance to midge based on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping and linked markers has important implications for improving the selection efficiency in breeding midgeresistant wheat varieties using genetic populations such as recombinant inbreeding lines(RILs).In present study,with recombinant inbred lines (RILs)derived from the susceptible and resistant wheat lines,mapped the QTLs of midge resistance and characterized the relevant inheritance in wheat cultivar Jimai 24 using SSR markers and artificial midge nursery.The results showed that the resistance between lines 6218 (the susceptible wheat parent) and Jimai 24 were significantly different,and the resistance scales among RIL lines were genetically stable during the two consecutive years.A linkage map was constructed with 112 SSR loci,which comprised 26 linkage groups.The total length of the map was 835.7 cM,and the average distance was 7.5 cM between any two SSR markers.Using the IciMapping package for inclusive composite interval QTL mapping,a QTL,QSm.hbau-4A,and its additive effects was identified on chromosome 4A.The phenotypic variance explained (PVE) of this locus in the two testing years were 9.67％ and 10.57％,respectively.The mapping of this QTL and the identification of its linked SSR markers will facilitate the improvement of the selection efficiency for breeding midge-resistant wheat lines or varieties and fine-mapping of the midge-resistant QTL in the future.

丰富的遗传变异对于提高作物的环境适应性和遗传改良进度至关重要.小麦是重要的粮食作物,河北省作为我国第三大小麦产区,在保障国家粮食安全中占有重要地位.建国以来,河北省审定了大量小麦品种,然而有关其遗传基础的研究却相对缺乏.本研究以1949年至2012年的169份河北省小麦品种为材料,利用覆盖小麦全基因组的SSR标记分析了供试小麦品种的遗传多样性.结果表明,供试河北省小麦品种的3个染色体组中,以B染色体组具有最高的遗传多样性,A组最低;7个同源群中,以第5、4群具有最高的多样性水平,而第7群最低;在21条染色体上的遗传多样性变化较大,以4A、2D具有较高的多样性水平,1A染色体最低.从品种的更新换代角度看,自1949年以来,尽管品种的等位基因频率在下降,河北省小麦品种的多样性水平基本呈现上升趋势.在此基础上,根据遗传相似系数,供试品种可聚为5大类,聚类结果既反映出河北省小麦品种多样性水平的复杂多样,也反映出品种的地域性分布特征.

In order to improve the innovation ability of Crop Science majors,and strengthen the level of university laboratory management,this paper explores the laboratory management measures applied to the cultivation of the students with innovative ability by analyzing the laboratory management status of agricultural colleges,which are supposed to strengthen the basic condition construction of laboratory,improve the laboratory opening management,emphasis on practice teaching team construction,reform practice teaching mode,and improve incentive reward,etc.

【Objective】 Embryogenic somaclone induced from immature embryos is of great importance in transgenic and traditional breeding of wheat due to its higher totipotency than that of other explants.However,decrease or loss in embryogeny of somaclone during subculture has prevented the further application of such clones.Therefore,the objective of present study is to explore the reason using POD activity measurement and histochemistry methods.【Method】 Histo-and bio-chemistry methods were employed to invstigate the changes of somaclone during subculture,and to compare the differences among embryogenic-(EC)and nonembryogenic calli(NEC),induced from twelve wheat cultivars(lines).【Result】 Compared to non-embryogenic calli(NEC),embryogenic calli(EC)expressed higher peroxidase activity(POD)than that of NEC.Under microscopy observation,cells of EC with small cellular volume,big nuclei and thick cytoplasm,arranged in order,while cells of NEC arranged loosely with big cellular volume,small or no nuclei and thin cytoplasm.Some cells in EC emerged as thickened cell walls and ingrowed,even aggregate to form embryoid or embryoid-like structures.In NEC,cells showed somewhat vacuolization tendency and parenchyma cells occupied most ratio.Also,lignified trachea appeared in NEC.During subculture,cells of embryogenic calli,derived from and represented by wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 22,aggregate to form embryoid or embryoid-like structures from the external or internal of calli.Also,there appeared ring vessels in embryogenic calli during subculture.For non-embryogenic calli,little or no embryogenic cells aggregation and embryoid can be observed during the course of subculture.【Conclusion】 Compared to NEC,cells in EC organized in better order and has higer POD activity and higher ratio of embryogenic cells.During the course of subculture,the decrease of embryogeny in EC was ascribed to the cell organization.

In order to research the wheat apical merited and tillering node of Agrobacterium tumefactions-mediated transformation for the receptors of feasibility,genetic transformation of OsDREB gene from rice(Oryza sativa) into two wheat varieties mediated by Agrobacterium tumefactions was studied with wheat apical merited and tillering node as explants.The results showed that,both methods could obtain the PCR-positive transgenic plants:survival rate for T0 generation with apical merited was lower(30.02%) than that(100%) of T0 generation with tillering node injection,but transformation ratio(13.79) for the apical merited method was higher than that(3.25%) of tillering node method.The optimum concentration for kanamycin treatment was 90 mg/L by the wild-type kanamycin-resistance screening.The optimum carbenicillin was 300 mg/L to inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium tumefactions during the co-culture by bud growing point infection method,and it not only ensured low contaminated rate,but also improved bud regeneration rate.

Subunit compositon of high molecular weight glutenins(HMW-GS) in seed kernels is of great importance for wheat quality improvements.In this study,one hundred and forty-eight accessions of bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) released during 1965-2008 in Hebei,China,were analyzed with SDS-PAGE methods.The results showed that a total of 16 HMW-GS and 43 subunit combinations were detected in the cultivars studied.Of the 16 subunits,null,'7+9' and '2+12' were predominant types encoded by genes located in Glu-A1,Glu-B1 and Glu-D1,respectively.Of the 43 HMW-GS subunit combinations,'null/7+9/2+12' occurred predominantly.HMW-GS and corresponding combinations for quality were poor in the cultivars analyzed.Though the historical changes of HMW-GS in Hebei wheat cultivars implied frequencies of some good subunits and their combinations increased to some extent,enancement of such good subunits in future breeding programs need to be strenthened.