Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is a strategic cereal crop in Tunisia, where its productivity is strongly constrained by biotic stresses, particularly foliar fungal diseases. This review focuses exclusively on the three most widespread and economically important foliar diseases affecting durum wheat in Tunisia: septoria tritici blotch, rust diseases (stripe rust and leaf rust), and tan spot. The epidemiology of these diseases, their estimated yield losses, and their interaction with agronomic practices and climatic conditions are synthesized. Special emphasis is placed on host tolerance and resistance as sustainable management strategies, and the implications for breeding programs and integrated disease management are discussed.

Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is a staple crop in Tunisia and the Mediterranean region, where yield is strongly influenced by environmental variability. The present study evaluated 19 durum wheat lines over two cropping seasons (2021–2022 and 2022–2023) to assess genetic variability, heritability, and expected genetic advance for grain yield and its components. Variance analysis revealed significant effects of genotype, year and their interaction on most traits. Environmental conditions accounted for the largest proportion of variation in grain yield (77.91%), highlighting the dominant influence of year-to-year climatic differences. Significant genotypic variation was observed for number of plants per square meter, number of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike, thousand-kernel weight, and grain yield, identifying promising lines for further selection. A high broad-sense heritability for the number of grains per spike (83.04%) with a corresponding expected genetic gain of 9.18, indicating strong additive genetic control and potential for effective selection. Other traits exhibited lower heritability and genetic gains, reflecting a substantial environmental influence. These findings provide valuable information for durum wheat breeding programs aimed at enhancing grain yield and stress adaptation in Tunisia and similar environments.

Exploring crop performance and response across diverse conditions has become increasingly strenuous due to the combined effects of climate change and genotype-by-environment interaction. In this regard, evidence concerning the extent of genotype × environment pattern on the grain yield of the released Tunisian durum wheat varieties amid the changing climate is still scarce. This investigation sought to assess the grain yield stability of nine durum wheat varieties using multi-environment trials (13 environments), combining two locations namely Kef and Beja across six and seven cropping seasons, respectively. To this end, a holistic approach integrating the Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI), Weighed Average Absolute Scores of BLUPs (WAASB) and the Genotype + Genotype × Environment interaction (GGE) was adopted. The combined analysis revealed significant effects of genotypes (P < 0.01), environments (P < 0.001), and their interaction (P < 0.001) on grain yield. Among all sources of variance, environment accounted for the largest proportion of variation (92.08%), followed by the genotype × environment interaction (6.43%), and genotype (1.48%). Through the investigation of specific interactions, four distinct mega-environments with four winning varieties Dhahbi, INRAT100, Om Rabiaa and Maali were uncovered. The results further identified Salim and Razzak as exhibiting the highest stability. By giving insight into the performance and stability of the released Tunisian varieties, this study lay the groundwork for the development of guidelines and varietal recommendations under varying climate scenarios.

Silicon (Si) and selenium (Se) are recognized as beneficial elements that may significantly improve plant’s tolerance to drought stress. However, their action and efficiency on germination, biometric and physiological attributes are rarely compared on durum wheat under water-deficit conditions. This study highlights the effect of Si (15 mg L−1) and Se (1 and 2 mg L−1) seed priming on germination kinetic of four durum wheat varieties (‘Karim’, ‘Maali’, ‘INRAT100’, and ‘Dhahbi’) under osmotic stress (150 g L−1 PEG6000). In addition, a pot experiment was undertaken in the year 2019/2020 to examine the fertigation benefits of these elements on growth and physiological durum wheat performance, using the same concentrations under two water regimes (70 and 30

Fusarium foot and root rot is one of the most important soilborne diseases of cereals, specifically on durum wheat which is the main cultivated species in the Mediterranean regions. This work aimed to evaluate the response of durum wheat and bread wheat to this disease under different climatic conditions. The disease parameters, grain yield loss as well as thousand kernel weight (TKW), heading date and height of plant were evaluated on 29 durum and bread wheat genotypes during two years. Overall, durum wheat grain yield was strongly and negatively correlated with disease parameters, heading date, and positively with plant height and TKW compared to bread wheat. In the drier year, the 24 durum wheat genotypes were more susceptible to the disease than the five bread wheat varieties while some of them showed less disease during the wetter year. Bread wheat maintained the same behavior in both years vs. durum wheat. Grain yield loss was higher on durum wheat compared to bread wheat. It was the same in both years (56 and 51

Hermetia illucens L. known as Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is gaining worldwide interest as the most prevalent species in insect farming. In the current study, we evaluated under greenhouse conditions, the comparative performance of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) frass as an organic fertilizer and a traditional organic amendment: cow manure (CM), on soil rhizosphere properties and durum wheat agro-morphological, physiological, and yield parameters. Both organic fertilizers were applied at doses of 7.5 t/ha (BSFL7.5 and CM7.5), 15 t/ha (BSFL15 and CM15) and 30 t/ha (BSFL30 and CM30). The results showed that applying BSFL frass with 7.5 and 15 t/ha had an acidifying as well as a desalination effect on soil compared to CM. The highest mineral nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents were recorded in soils receiving 30 t/ha of BSFL frass. Microbial biomass was found to be improved by applying the lowest doses of BSFL frass. Durum wheat plants grown in pots treated with BSFL frass had the highest height, dry root weight, and chlorophyll indicators. The PCA analysis identified grain yield, yield component, and soil nutrients as major drivers for the variability among samples. Our results highlight the potential of BSFL frass to improve soil health and wheat yields in an environmentelly-friendly way.

Water stress prevents all cropping systems from reaching their production potential. This stress is likely to be amplified by increased climate variability. Cereals, food crops and staple foods for most of the world's population are significantly affected by drought. By 2050, grain production must increase by about 70% to meet global food needs. However, current studies of adaptive strategies to mitigate the effects of water stress remain limited. Varietal adaptation and the development of new ones, as well as the adoption of appropriate cropping practices, are among the solutions being considered. To reinforce and support these approaches, new ecological and natural methods, including the use of biostimulants, could be adopted for efficient management of production systems and to limit yield losses under stress conditions. In this context, this review focuses on the main cereal adaptation strategies to drought.

In the literature, little information is available on the effect of Selenium (Se) on durum wheat yield and grain quality performances. A field investigation was conducted to explore the effect of exogenous Se foliar supply on two types of durum wheat germplasm; i.e., 16 advanced lines and nine modern varieties. The Se effect was assessed on grain yield as well as on technological quality traits (moisture, protein and gluten contents, Zeleny sedimentation index, and deformation energy) in two contrasting environments in Tunisia, namely Kef–Boulifa (semi-arid region) and Beja (sub-humid region). The results displayed significant effects of environments, Se foliar application, and cultivars on grain yield and quality attributes. For grain yield performance, the beneficial effect of Se was more pronounced under the Kef–Boulifa environment, and conversely for the grain quality. A genetic variation was observed within and among the two environments under both Se treatments (with and without Se). Notably, the Se-treated advanced lines displayed the highest grain yield under Kef–Boulifa and Beja conditions. Although these cultivars showed better grain quality in both sites, the modern varieties valorized the Se foliar application better. Cultivars that recorded the highest values for the studies attributes were not necessarily those that valorized the Se supply better. Interestingly, some advanced lines have noted superiority compared to the modern varieties. In this study, cultivars that combine both good yield and good grain quality were determined for semi-arid (L11, L1, Dhahbi, and Maali) and sub-humid (L2, L14, L6, L3, Salim, and INRAT 100) zones. The screening results provide genetic material that could be exploited in breeding programs to improve Se use efficiency.

Soil salinization requires developing genetically salt-tolerant and high-yielding genotypes, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. In this study, two new Tunisian durum wheat cultivars, INRAT100 and Dhahbi, were tested for the first time in a semi-closed environment against salinity (0, 6 and 12 dS m-1). Dry weight of aerial and root parts, plant height, number of tillers per plant, spike and awn length, grain yield and its components, relative water content, relative membrane permeability, chlorophyll content, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, i.e., initial fluorescence (F0) and the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) accumulation and the ratio K+/Na+ were assessed. Overall, most of growth and yield performance, physiological and biochemical attributes were affected by salinity. Notably, INRAT100 was characterized by a higher K+ content, K+/Na+ ion selectivity, relative water content and Fv/Fm, grain yield and lower membrane permeability than that of Dhahbi under saline conditions. However, Dhahbi exhibited higher spike and awn length and a number of spikelets per spike. These findings suggest that INRAT100 is more tolerant to salinity than Dhahbi and might be recommended to farmers of marginal environments.

The use of biostimulant (BS) holds a promising and environmental-friendly innovation to address current needs of sustainable agriculture. The aim of the present study is twofold: (i) assess the potential of durum wheat seed coating with microbial BS (‘Panoramix’, Koppert), a mix of Bacillus spp., Trichoderma spp., and endomycorrhiza, compared to two chemical products (‘Spectro’ and ‘Mycoseeds’) through germination bioassay, pot and field trials under semi-arid conditions, and (ii) identify the most effective method of BS supply (‘seed coating’, ‘foliar spray’, and ‘seed coating + foliar spray’) under field conditions. For this purpose, three modern durum wheat cultivars were tested. ‘Panoramix’ was the most efficient treatment and enhanced all germination (germination rate, and coleoptile and radicle length), physiological (relative water content, chlorophyll content, and leaf area), and agro-morphological (plant height, biomass, seed number per spike, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield) attributes. Unexpectedly, the individual application of ‘Panoramix’ showed better performance than the combined treatment ‘Panoramix + Spectro’. Considering the physiological and agro-morphological traits, the combined method ‘seed coating + foliar spray’ displayed the best results. Principal component analysis confirmed the superiority of ‘Panoramix’ treatment or ‘seed coating + foliar spray’ method. Among tested durum wheat cultivars, ‘Salim’ performed better especially under ‘Panoramix’ treatment, but in some case ‘Karim’ valorized better this BS showing the highest increase rates. Based on these study outcomes, ‘Panoramix’ might be used as promising sustainable approach to stimulate durum wheat performance.

In Mediterranean regions, the performance of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) yield often varies due to significant genotype × environment interaction (GEI); therefore, yield stability is an important consideration in breeding programs. The aim of this research was to explore the GEI pattern and yield stability of 24 promising durum wheat lines, selected by ICARDA in several African countries (seven elites, four commercial varieties, and 13 durum wheat wide crosses, generated by hybridization of elites and Triticum dicoccoides Koern. ex Schweinf., Triticum araraticum Jakubz, and Aegilops speltoides Tausch) against a Tunisian local check variety ‘Salim’. Yield assessment was conducted across six environments under rainfed conditions, at the field station of Kef in a semi-arid region during four cropping seasons (2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018) and in a sub-humid region at the station of Beja during two cropping seasons (2015–2016 and 2018–2019). The analysis of variance showed that the environment is the main source of variation of grain yield (72.05%), followed by the interaction environments × genotypes (25.33%) and genotypes (2.62%). The genotype × genotype by environment model (PC) based on grain yield identified a mega-environment including Kef (2016–2017 and 2017–2018) and Beja (2015–2016 and 2018–2019) and elite line 22 as a widely adapted genotype. Combined analysis, computed using the average grain yield of lines and the yield stability wide adaptation index (AWAI), showed that elite lines 9 and 23 (2.41 and 2.34 t·ha−1, respectively), and wild relative-derived lines, 5, 1, and 10 (2.37, 2.31, and 2.28 t·ha−1, respectively) were more stable and better yielding than the national reference (2.21 t·ha−1). This finding supports the good yield potential of wild relative-derived lines. The five selections are recommended to be developed in multi-environments in several regions of Tunisia, especially in semi-arid area.

Durum wheat is the most widely grown cereal in Tunisia, but its production is threatened by drought, which is exacerbated by climate change. This study aimed to identify drought-tolerant durum wheat genotypes from five modern varieties and six landraces in a multi-environment trial at two sites (Kef and Siliana, Tunisia) during three growing seasons under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Six drought tolerance indices (mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (TOL), stress tolerance index (STI), and yield stability index (YSI)) were used to evaluate the 11 genotypes. The environment was the dominant source of variation for grain yield (GY; 94.27%), followed by the environment × genotype interaction (4.06%) and genotype (1.65%). Cluster analysis based on GY identified four environment-based groups with distinct water treatments, extreme minimum/maximum temperatures, and rainfall. Principal component analysis and a correlation matrix revealed that drought tolerance indices significantly correlated with GY in non-stressed and stressed conditions and could be separated into four groups. Based on STI, MP, and GMP, G6 and G8 (landraces) were the most drought-tolerant genotypes attaining high GY in both conditions. TOL was able to discriminate G1, G3, and G5 (modern varieties) as well as drought-susceptible genotypes, all of which were suitable for irrigation. Genotypes G7, G9, G10, and G11 (landraces), which had high SSI and lowest STI, MP, GMP, and YSI values, were susceptible to drought and were thus not suitable for cultivation in both conditions. Finally, G2 and G4 (modern varieties), which had an intermediate rank for different indices, were classified as semi-tolerant or sensitive genotypes. Drought tolerance indices and genotype ranks were helpful tools to screen drought-tolerant genotypes with a large adaptation to a range of environments, namely irrigated and rainfed conditions (landraces G6 and G8), or genotypes with the ability to adapt (modern varieties G1, G3, and G5) to irrigated conditions.

Silicon (Si), a nutrient that currently arousing more and more interest from researchers, particularly in relation to water deficit resistance for durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. Durum). The present study aimed to explore the effectiveness of Si seed priming and foliar application on durum wheat performances. Thus, a seed bioassay was conducted to assess the effect of three Si levels (15 and 20 mg/l from Na2SiO3H2O (sodium metasilicate powder extra pure) on the germination of 25 durum wheat genotypes under osmotic stress (150 g/l of PEG6000). Under field conditions in semi-arid environment, we evaluated the Si foliar application potential benefits on the physiological and agro-morphological traits. Results showed that Si application, in particular using 15 mg/l, increased significantly the germination percentage (23.96 and 22.37%) the germination index (24.67 and 25.69%), the length of shoot (23.58 and 21.65%) and roots (22.40 and 20.81%), the seedling fresh weight (35.82% and 27.80%), and the seedling vigor index (41.58% and 38.95%) under non-stressed and stressed conditions, respectively. L6 showed the highest value of germination percentage, shoot and root length, and seedling vigor index for all treatments. In semi-arid conditions, Si foliar application enhanced the relative water content (11.66%) and the chlorophyll index (13.60%). In addition, Si increased spike length (8.47%), seed number/spike (19.01%) and grain yield (19.90%) of all durum wheat genotypes. Differential genotypic responses to Si application were observed at both seedling and adult stages.

In order to establish the optimal level of irrigation and seeding rate to achieve high grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) for durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in a Tunisian semi-arid region, three durum wheat varieties (Maâli, Nasr and Chili) were evaluated under four levels of irrigation (I3: 70% of field capacity (FC); I2: 40% FC; I1: 10% FC; I0: rainfall) and five seeding rates (D1: 250, D2: 300, D3: 350, D4: 400, D5: 450 seeds/m 2 ). The level of irrigation significantly affected all traits except for 1000-kernel weight. I3 induced maximum grain yield (GY) (106.7 q/ha), number of spikes/m (607.8), number of kernels/spike (51.09), 1000-kernel weight (50.45 g) and biomass yield (BY) (349 q/ha) while the rainfed treatment (I0) showed the lowest values. GY and BY were positively correlated (r = 0.6) with number of spikes/m. Highest WUE of grain yield (WUEg) and of biomass yield (WUEb) were observed under moderate irrigation (I2) and exceeded values obtained under the highest water regime (I3) by 11.08% and 7.9%, respectively. Seeding rate D3 showed lowest mean values of GY (71.10 q/ha), BY (238 q/ha), WUEg (1.49 kg/m) and WUEb (4.96 kg/m). WUEg was positively correlated to harvest index (r = 0.45).The WUEg and GY of Maâli (91.63 q/ha) were significantly higher than those of Nasr (83.88 q/ha) and Chili (66.16 q/ha). However, Chili had Original Research Article Othmani et al.; AJORIB, 2(2): 30-39, 2020; Article no.AJORIB.319 31 the highest BY. There was no significant difference in the WUEb of all three varieties. Although there was no interaction between water regimes, seeding rates and varieties, a moderate irrigation regime and high or low seeding rate are recommended to achieve high WUE.

In recent years, there has been an urgent need for local strategies to ensure food sustainability in Tunisia, recognized as a climate change hotspot region. In this context, adaptation measures, including the adoption of high-yielding durum wheat cultivars with adequate agronomical practices, are an important avenue to improving the productivity of the smallholders that represent 80% of Tunisian farmers. Thus, this study highlights the impact of (i) the adoption of the recently marketed durum wheat cultivar ‘Salim’ as compared to the common cultivar ‘Karim’ and the transfer of a technical package to 11 farmers in the Nebeur delegation/Kef-Tunisia (semi-arid region) during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 cropping seasons, and (ii) climate change on the expected mean grain yield and biomass by 2070, using the CropSyst agronomic cultivation model based on multi-year crop simulations run with a daily weather series (2020–2070). The adoption of ‘Salim’ with the recommended package, compared to ‘Karim’ with the farmer practices, significantly increased the grain yield (37.84%) and biomass (55.43%). Otherwise, the impact of the 0.8 °C temperature rise on the potential yields and biomass over the next 51 years was positive. Contrary to expectations, the yield increases for the two cultivars were very close, but the yield of ‘Salim’ (36.02 q ha−1) remains much higher than that of ‘Karim’ (23.34 q ha−1). On other hand, ‘Salim’ experienced a higher increase for biomass compared to that of ‘Karim’. These results indicate that the adoption of the ‘Salim’ cultivar with its technical package might be considered as a strategy of adaptation to Nebeur conditions and to future climate change events.

The effect of drought stress on 11 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars was determined at the germination stage. Cultivars were screened for drought tolerance. Six levels of osmotic stress (0, -0.47, -1.48, -3.02, -5.11 and -7.73 bars) were assessed by applying different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG-8000). There were significant differences between treatments for all seedling characteristics (p<0.05, p<0.001), except mean daily germination (MDG). All seedling traits also differed significantly (p<0.001) among all cultivars. In general, osmotic stress decreased seed germination percentage, germination rate (GR), coleoptile length (CL), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), root/shoot (R/S) length ratio, and root number (RN). Averaged over all osmotic stress levels, Mahmoudi had high MDG (0.55), GR (1.88), CL (4.20 cm), SL (10.45 cm), and RL (9.93 cm), suggesting that this variety was highly tolerant to drought stress. There were high correlation coefficients between different characteristics: SL had a positive and significant (p<0.01) correlation with CL (r = 0.83), RL (r = 0.74), and R/S length ratio (r = 0.67). This study showed that, based on morphological traits, preliminary screening at an early stage for drought stress using PEG-8000 may facilitate the choice of an adequate cultivar for growth under water stressed conditions.

Background: Water and nitrogen (N) are the important compounds in plant production and its deficit is a growth limiting factor. Materials and Methods: A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of three nitrogen fertilization applied at different rates (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha) of three wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) cultivars (Maali, Selim and Nasr) under the same cropping practices (sowing date, seeding rate, row space and seeding depth). Durum wheat response was assessed under supplemental irrigation and rainfed conditions. Plant number/m2 (PN), tillers number/plant (NT), spike number/m2 (SN), kernel number/spike (KN), thousand kernel weight (TKW), fresh weight shoot (FWS), dry weight shoot (DWS) and height plant (HP) were studied. Results: Variance analysis showed that all traits were significantly (P<0.01) influence by N fertilization expect NT in general for most cultivars. A signifiant increase in nitrogen application rate had resulted in an increase of component of yield. The optimum yield was produced for all cultivars at 200 kg N/ha rate. Results showed that cultivar Maali and Selim were more affected by nitrogen fertilization than cultivar Nasr. Selim variety showed the important TKW, KN and SP for all N regimes. Regardless of cultivar, results showed that supplemental irrigation significantly increased PN, SN, FWS and TKW with respect to the rained treatment. Maali and Selim were less affected by supplemental irrigation than Nasr. Conclusion: Combined the two factor (Nitrogen and water supply), the optimum yield was produced for all cultivars at supplemental irrigation and nitrogen rate of 200 kg N/ha and the Selim variety had the most performing one. Thus, this variety could be recommended for semi-arid region as Siliana site. Key Word: durum wheat, nitrogen fertilization, semi-arid environment, supplementary irrigation Abbreviations: N: nitrogen; PN: Plant number/m2; TN: tillers number/plant; SN: spike number/m2: KN: kernel number/spike; TKW: thousand kernel weight; FWS: fresh weight shoot; DWS: dry weight shoot and PH: plant height. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 25-11-2020 Date of Acceptance: 09-12-2020 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

One of the proposed solutions to face climate change impact and to maintain food production sustainability is conservation agriculture. This study tries to determinate the effect of conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) on secondary metabolites such as total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidants capacity (DPPH %) in relation to natural mycorrhization of durum wheat during the tillering stage for three cultivation years. The experiment was conducted in a referential farm (Krib, Siliana, North West Tunisia). The results showed that TPC, TFC and DPPH% were not influenced by tillage system (T). However, cultivation year (Y) had a significant effect on the studied parameters independently of tillage system. In addition, for the first cultivation year, tillage system (T) had significantly influenced the mycorrhization rate (MR%) and NT presented the highest mycorrhization rate (24%). DPPH% showed high significant positive correlations with MR% and TPC. For partial correlation based on Tillage system, high positive correlations were noted between DPPH%, MR% and TPC. Considering the partial correlation based on cultivation year, only a significant positive correlation between TPC and TFC was observed. In conclusion, durum wheat quality was not affected by tillage system and there are not reasons against no tillage adoption in this region for a sustainable wheat production.

Drought is a limiting factor of durum wheat production. Silicon (Si) is known by its positives effects on plant growth and development under these conditions. Thus, the current study was designed first to i) assess silicon impact on 11 durum wheat varieties performance under osmotic stress using four treatments in hydroponic trial: T1 = no stress, T2 = no stress +150 mg/l Si, T3 = osmotic stress at −0.3 Mpa and T4 = osmotic stress (−0.3 Mpa) + 150 mg/l Si. For the same objective, a pot trial was conducted with four treatments T1 = Water Stress; T2 = Water Stress + Si; T3 = Well Watered; T4 = Well Watered + Si. Results showed that in the presence of Si, the decrease of chlorophyll content, relative water content, shoot length and root length were less pronounced: 21.81%, 31.08%, 51.31% and 54.62% as compared to the control treatment (T1). Electrolyte leakage increases by 25.19% with Si addition. Also, under pot experiment, Si application improves chlorophyll content, relative water content and leaf area. Second, in order to identify the efficient method of Si supply i) seed priming ii) foliar spray iii) fertigation, another pot experiment was carried out with six treatments: T1 = Seed Priming +50% Field Capacity; T2 = Foliar Spray +50% Field Capacity; T3 = Fertigation +50% Field Capacity; T4 = Seed Priming +100% Field Capacity; T5 = Foliar Spray +100% Field Capacity; T6 = Fertigation +100% Field Capacity. The most effective Si supply method was Si foliar application.

Conservation agriculture has been proposed as an alternative to conventional agriculture to mitigate the climate change impact and ensure food security. This study examined the effect of conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) on mycorrhization and mineral elements uptake of durum wheat for three cultivation years during the tillering stage. The experiment was conducted in a referential farm (Krib, Siliana, North West Tunisia). The results showed that tillage practices (T) had significant effect on mycorrhization rate (MR) for the first cultivation year and the highest mycorrhization rate was noted for NT with 24%. Moreover, tillage (T) had no significant effect on plant mineral composition in tillering stage for the three cultivation years. The cultivation year (Y) had showed significant effects on P and K amounts for both tillage practices when it had no effect on Ca and Na amounts. The interaction T x Y had no significant effect on mineral elements concentration. Mycorrhization rate (MR) showed significant negative correlation with K. For partial correlation based on Tillage practices, MR showed significant negative correlations with P and K. Considering the partial correlation based on cultivation year, MR had no significant correlations with the studied parameters (P, K, Ca and Na concentrations). This work expands our knowledge on durum wheat natural mycorrhization and mineral elements uptake as influenced by tillage practices helping decision makers in upscaling the adoption of no tillage in Tunisia under rainfed conditions