A bio-based vanillin-guaiacol cyanate ester (VGCE) resin was synthesized, and its curing behavior was analyzed using non-isothermal DSC at heating rates of 2-25 degrees C min(-1). The curing temperature increased with heating rate, and kinetic evaluation yielded activation energies of 69.71 kJ mol(-1) (Kissinger) and 73.68 kJ mol(-1) (Ozawa), confirming high reactivity and reliability of the model-free approach. The curing profiles were well described by the Kamal-Sourour autocatalytic model, indicating strong autocatalysis and providing consistent kinetic parameters. The catalytic influence of transition-metal acetylacetonates (Cu-2(+), Co-2(+), Fe-3(+), V-4(+)) was examined, with Cu(II) at 3 wt.% producing the greatest reduction in polymerization temperature (142 degrees C) and activation energy (50.69 kJ mol(-1)) while maintaining curing enthalpy, demonstrating accelerated network formation. TGA revealed high thermal stability for neat poly(VGCE) (T-d(i) = 319 degrees C, T-d(1) = 337 degrees C, char yield = 38.3%), attributed to its aromatic triazine structure. Metal incorporation further increased char yield (up to 45.4%), indicating improved thermo-oxidative resistance. Crosslink density increased from & vartheta; approximate to 0.00524 to 0.00554 mol cm(-)(3) upon Cu catalysis, consistent with higher gel content (96.9% -> 98.6%) and enhanced network development. Both neat and Cu-catalyzed VGCE exhibited excellent hydro-stability with minimal moisture uptake and maintained desirable dielectric characteristics, with the neat resin showing low-k behavior (epsilon ' = 2.94). Overall, the metal-catalyzed VGCE systems demonstrate strong potential as sustainable, high-performance thermosetting resins with tunable curing kinetics, thermal stability, and functional properties.

New di-imidazole cored bisphenol (DIBP)-based benzoxazines (DIBP-BZ) were synthesized using three different amines, like furfuryl amine (fa), lauryl amine (la), and stearyl amine (sa), separately with paraformaldehyde through the Mannich condensation reaction. Incorporation of the imidazole core into the polymer backbone imparts self-catalytic activity, significantly lowering the curing temperatures (205 degrees C-224 degrees C) compared to that of conventional benzoxazines (typically above 250 degrees C). The prepared DIBP-BZ monomers are capable of curing at lower temperatures by blending with fossil-based bisphenol-F-epoxy (BFE) resin and bio-based cardanol-bisphenol epoxy (CBE) resin in a weight ratio of 1:1 to obtain hybrid polybenzoxazine-epoxy networks. These hybrid systems exhibit enhanced thermal stability, lower dielectric constant and dielectric loss, minimal moisture absorption, and superior hydrophobicity relative to conventional benzoxazine-epoxy blends. The poly(DIBP-sa)/CBE hybrid shows an exceptional corrosion protection, attaining an inhibition efficiency of 99% after 15 days, followed by a marginal reduction thereafter, according to electrochemical corrosion studies conducted in 3.5 wt% solution of NaCl, for a period of 30 days (evaluated at 15-day intervals). Further, the poly (DIBP-sa)/CBE system exhibits excellent dielectric performance, with a dielectric constant of 2.93 and a dielectric loss of 0.052, highlighting its potential as a high-performance material for advanced coating and low-k microelectronics applications.

ABSTRACT In this work, lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM)‐reinforced polybenzoxazine (PBZ) and PBZ/epoxy hybrid composites have been developed with enhanced thermal, mechanical, dielectric, and flame‐retardant performance. LSM particles was synthesized via a microwave combustion method followed by surface‐functionalization using 3‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The functionalized LSM was incorporated into bisphenol‐F and aniline based benzoxazine (BF‐a) and BF‐a/Bisphenol‐F epoxy (DGEBF) (50/50) blends followed by thermal curing to obtain composites. An incorporation of LSM improved thermal stability, with the initial degradation temperature (T 5 %) of poly(BF‐a) increased to 383°C from 346°C and the value of char yield to 59.1% from 42.8%. The heat resistance index (HRI) increased from 205°C to 224°C, while the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 34.6 to 41.1. The value of tensile strength increased up to 116 ± 3 MPa for PBZ/DGEBF composites. Shore D hardness increased from 81 ± 2 to 95 ± 1.5, while the coefficient of thermal expansion decreased from 52.5 × 10 −6 °C −1 to 37.7 × 10 −6 °C −1 , indicating enhanced dimensional stability. Dielectric analysis indicated an increase in dielectric constant from 3.50 to 5.61 for poly(BF‐a) composites and from 3.90 to 7.35 for PBZ/DGEBF composites at 10 wt% LSM loading, while maintaining low dielectric loss (0.002–0.019).

In this work, a novel di-imidazole cored epoxy resin (DIBP-EP) was synthesized and cured with structurally diverse amine curatives,in order to study their influence on curing behavior, thermal stability, and flame retardancy. The curing behavior of DIBP-EP studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), inferred that the curing temperature strongly depends on the nucleophilicity and electronic nature of the amine curatives. The peak curing temperatures were observed in the range of 110-175 degrees C, with 4,4'-diamino diphenylmethane(DDM)showing the lowest curing temperature of 110 degrees C.Cure kinetics were analyzed using non-isothermal DSC at different heating rates, and activation energy values of 50-54 kJ mol-1 and 74-77 kJ mol-1 were obtained using Kissinger and Ozawa methods for the systems DIBP-EP/DDM and DIBP-EP/DICY respectively, indicating favorable curing reactivity.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, with the values of residual char yields ranging from 30.5% to 47.5%. Flame retardancy evaluation using UL-94 vertical burning tests showed that all the DIBP-EP thermosets achieved V-0 rating with limiting oxygen index (LOI) values in the range of 29-35. These results demonstrate that the presence of a di-imidazole core structure in the DIBP-EP facilitates improved thermal stability and intrinsic flame-retardant behavior suitable for advanced engineering applications.

Bio-based eugenol-derived polybenzoxazines were synthesized from hexamethylene diamine (Eu-HMD), isophorone diamine (Eu-IPD), and norbornane diamine (Eu-NBD) and reinforced with 5-20 wt. % thiol-functional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (SH-POSS) to develop multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid composites. The incorporation of SH-POSS significantly enhanced material performance while preserving high optical transparency (similar to 90%-95% in the visible region). Data from thermal analysis infer that the improvement in thermal stability and increased char yield is due to the presence of a thermally robust -Si-O-Si- cage structure and barrier effect offered by the POSS moiety. SEM observations showed smooth, defect-free surfaces for both neat matrix and hybrid composite coatings before and after UV exposure, while SH-POSS reinforced systems maintained uniform nanoscale dispersion with slightly more defined cubical domains, confirming structural stability without photodegradation. The hybrid coatings exhibited superior resistance to UV-induced degradation compared with that of neat polymer matrices. Surface wettability increased markedly with POSS loading, with water contact angles reaching up to 143 degrees at 20 wt. %, indicating enhanced hydrophobicity and moisture resistance. Dielectric measurements yielded the values of reduced dielectric constant (similar to 2.50 at 10 MHz) and dielectric loss (similar to 0.0034 at 10 MHz), attributed to the low polarizability and intrinsic nanoscale free volume of POSS nanocages. Overall, SH-POSS reinforced bio-based polybenzoxazines possess thermally stable, UV-durable, hydrophobic, low-moisture-absorbing, and low-k dielectric properties suitable for advanced protective coatings and microelectronics insulation applications.

The present study demonstrates the synthesis of an allyl-terminated imidazole cored trifunctional benzoxazine monomer and its subsequent hybridization with thiol-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (SH-POSS) through thiol-ene reaction, followed by the thermal ring-opening polymerization, leading to the formation of hybrid composites. The thermogravimetric analysis of the polybenzoxazine (poly(ITP-aa)) and its hybrid composites (poly(ITP-aa)/SH-POSS) indicates enhanced thermal stability along with a residual char yield of up to 56% for the poly(ITP-aa)/20 wt.% SH-POSS composite, evidencing the development of a densely cross-linked polymeric network. Electrochemical assessments conducted via electrochemical impedance testing and potentiodynamic polarization measurements demonstrate the superior barrier resistance of the coatings on mild steel (MS). The coating with 20 wt.% SH-POSS as reinforcement possesses the highest inhibition efficiency of about 99% in neutral medium. UV irradiation of the coatings at 365 nm for a period of 7 days shows only minimal changes in the values of absorbance along with a high optical transparency (> 95%), demonstrating the durability of the hybrid composite coatings. Further, the poly(ITP-aa)/20 wt.% SH-POSS composite system exhibits a WCA of similar to 139 degrees, ascertaining its pronounced hydrophobic nature along with anti-icing, surface clean ability and oil-water separation characteristics suitable for advanced multifunctional coating applications.

In the present work an attempt has been made to develop new types of cyanate esters (CEs) from multifunctional phenolic compounds synthesized from bio-phenols and fossil-based phenols through facile synthetic route suitable for high thermal and super hydrophobic applications. The cyanate esters, viz., cardanol/benzaldehyde-based cyanate ester (CBC), cardanol/terephthalaldehyde based cyanate ester (CTC), imidazole bisphenol-based cyanate ester (IMC), and phenol/hydroxybenzaldehyde based cyanate ester (HTC) were synthesized through cyanation reaction of respective phenolic derivatives using cyanogen bromide and triethylamine (TEA). The molecular structure, curing behavior of CEs in the absence/in the presence of catalyst, thermal stability, and moisture resistant behavior of cyanate esters and 50:50 ratio of hybrid blends of cyanate esters has been carried out using different analytical methods. From DSC data, it was inferred that the cyanate ester (CTC) was found to possesses the lowest curing temperature of 173oC in the absence of catalyst and that of hybrid (50:50 (w/w) ratio) blend of cyanate ester (CTC/HTC) possesses the lowest curing temperature of 132oC. The developed HTC system was found to be the most thermally stable material with highest char yield of 43

Imidazole-core-based polybenzoxazine-silica (poly(IMP-aptes)-silica) hybrid composites were developed via an in-situ sol-gel process to enhance thermal stability, flame retardancy, and corrosion resistance. The benzoxazine monomer (IMP-aptes) was synthesized through a Mannich reaction involving imidazole bisphenol (IMP), 3-ami-nopropyl triethoxysilane (aptes), and paraformaldehyde. Structural confirmation was achieved using FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, while DSC analysis assessed curing behavior. Poly(IMP-aptes)-silica hybrids were formulated using varying loadings of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and/or hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS). TGA results revealed improved thermal stability, with silica-reinforced hybrids exhibiting a char yield of 65 %, compared to 57 % for the neat matrix. UL-94 flammability testing confirmed V-0 ratings, demonstrating enhanced flame retardancy. SEM analysis of surface morphology, and post-burn char confirmed uniform silica dispersion and compact char formation. Corrosion resistance was systematically evaluated for neat poly(IMPaptes) and hybrids containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% of TEOS and HDTMS, applied as coatings on mild steel substrates. Based on initial performance, extended 28-day immersion studies (with 7-day intervals) were conducted for 40 wt% TEOS-and HDTMS-reinforced systems. The 40 wt% HDTMS-reinforced hybrid demonstrated superior performance, maintaining 95 % inhibition efficiency up to 21 days and peaking at 98 % in the initial phase. Additionally, coatings applied to cellulose substrates achieved oil-water separation efficiencies exceeding 98 % with flux value of 10185 L m(-2) h(-1). Overall, the developed poly(IMP-aptes)-silica hybrids exhibited enhanced thermal stability, flame resistance, hydrophobicity (water contact angle similar to 140 degrees), and longterm corrosion protection.

An increasing demand for sustainable, high-performance insulation materials in microelectronics and energy systems has accelerated the development of bio-based alternatives to conventional phenol-derived thermosets. In this study, two hybrid polybenzoxazine (PBZ) systems, viz., poly(IMP-BZ/BF-a) and poly(IMP-BZ/C-fa) were developed using an imidazole-cored bisphenol based benzoxazine (IMP-BZ) framework combined with benzoxazine monomers derived from bisphenol-F and cardanol, respectively. The imidazole core, rich in nitrogen and aromatic content, imparts inherent thermal stability, rigid backbone architecture, and reduced chain mobility, contributing to significant reduction in dielectric behavior. To further enhance multifunctional performance, both systems were reinforced with functionalized bio-silica (BS). Among the two hybrid blend systems developed, the cardanol-based hybrid poly(IMP-BZ/C-fa)/BS exhibited superior dielectric properties (k = 2.6, tan delta = 0.007), outstanding thermal stability (char yield > 46% at 850 degrees C), enhanced flame retardancy, and high hydrophobicity (water contact angle > 141 degrees). These improvements stem from the synergistic interaction occurred between the imidazole core, the aliphatic-rich C-fa structure, and the well-dispersed GPTMS functionalized bio-silica, which collectively restrict dipolar relaxation and enhance network density. This present work demonstrates the potential of imidazole-cored, cardanol-derived PBZ hybrids as sustainable, high-performance materials for next-generation electronic packaging, flame-resistant coatings, and insulation applications.

In this study, we present a partially bio-based, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and renewable bifunctional polybenzoxazine (PBZ), synthesized in accordance with green chemistry. Using bio-derived precursors such as vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, four types of bifunctional phenols were synthesized via acid-catalyzed aldol condensation reactions. These phenols were then used to develop corresponding benzoxazine (BZ) monomers and their PBZs. The synthesized BZs and PBZs were characterized using FTIR, H-1 NMR, DSC, and TGA. Surface-modified cotton fabric and mild steel (MS) were coated with the PBZs and analyzed by contact angle measurements, SEM, EIS, and Tafel plots. Among the materials tested, the poly(CP-HB-aptes) with 50% Si-coated cotton fabric exhibited excellent performance, achieving a high water contact angle value of 149 degrees, oil-water separation efficiency of 99.8%, and oil flux value of 19,243 L m(-2) h(-1). Additionally, PBZ-coated mild steel (MS) demonstrated superior anti-corrosion performance with an inhibition efficiency of 95% and an impedance of 40.25 k Omega cm(2) based on EIS and Tafel analysis. The stability of the coated fabrics was further evaluated under harsh conditions including acid/alkaline immersion, mechanical abrasion, and UV/thermal irradiation. These results confirm the potential of developed PBZ coatings for diverse applications such as oil-water separation, emulsion separation, corrosion protection, and anti-icing surfaces.

In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop flexible, partially bio-based polybenzoxazine matrices with superhydrophobic behaviour for improved oil-water separation, self-cleaning and anti-corrosive properties. A new type of card-bisphenol (COBP) has been synthesized using cardanol and octanaldehyde as eco-friendly, natural precursors to substitute fossil-based materials to maintain environmental sustainability. Four distinct benzoxazines (COBP-oa, COBP-dda, COBP-oda, and COBP-fa) were synthesized using COBP and different types of amines viz., octylamine (oa), dodecylamine (dda), octadecyl amine (oda) and furfurylamine (fa) with paraformaldehyde through Mannich condensation reaction. The non-polar nature of these long aliphatic chains present in the benzoxazine molecules contributes to an enhanced superhydrophobic behaviour. Structural characterization of the synthesized monomers was confirmed through FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic analyses. DSC analysis infers that the curing temperature of benzoxazine monomers is increased with increasing the aliphatic chain length. Data from TGA ascertain that the poly (COBP-fa) exhibited the highest thermal stability and char residue, among the synthesized polybenzoxazines (PBZs). The COBP-oda possesses a higher value of water contact angle of 155 degrees which in turn contributes to superhydrophobic behaviour. The superhydrophobic behaviour also contributes to superior corrosion resistance, with an inhibition efficiency of 95.87 %. Further, it was also observed that the PBZ-coated cotton fabric achieved an oil-water separation efficiency of >90 %. The oil-absorption properties of the PBZ-modified foams showed 96-99 % oil absorption efficiency. Data obtained from different studies ascertain the versatility of the developed materials and suggest their utility towards highperformance coating applications, under adverse environmental conditions.

Despite the numerous advantages of silicon as an anode material for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries, its immense expansion during lithiation challenges commercial applications. Herein, a composite binder based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and a tailored terpolymer, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-co-ureido-pyrimidinone methacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PSUOH), is developed to address this issue. Unlike typical copolymer binders, which often suffer from trade-offs between functions, x-PAA/PSUOH combines the strong adhesion provided by PAA with the structural integrity and ionic conductivity provided by the terpolymer without trade-offs. Owing to the synergistic action of both polymers, the resulting silicon anode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 3572 mA h g-1 and capacity retention of 71% over 300 cycles while featuring an excellent rate capability at current rates of up to 8 A g-1. The potential of x-PAA/PSUOH for the production of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries is demonstrated by the fabrication of a full cell with a silicon-graphite anode and LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathode. Thus, our study can provide a useful guideline for developing multifunctional binders for high-performance silicon anodes.

Due to rising environmental concerns and the necessity to reduce the use of fossil-based resources, the development of fully/partially bio-based polymer composites have gained considerable attention. In this connection, an attempt has been made to develop partially bio-based vanillin-based polybenzoxazine-silica (PBZ-Si) hybrid nanocomposites by simple sol–gel approach for multifunctional applications, including oil–water/ oil–water emulsion separation, anti-icing, thermal, and corrosion resistance. The benzoxazine monomers (V-fa and V-sa) were prepared through Mannich reaction using vanillin (V), stearylamine (sa)/ or furfuryl amine (fa) and paraformaldehyde. The synthesized benzoxazines were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and DSC. To enhance the hydrophobic, and thermal properties of the neat PBZ, silica was introduced to develop PBZ-Si hybrids by an in-situ sol–gel approach using V-fa/ or V-sa, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (3-APTES) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) followed by thermal ring-opening polymerization. The incorporation of silica into PBZ hybrid composites enhanced the thermal stability, good oil–water/ oil–water emulsion separation and anti-corrosion properties. Notably, the PBZ-Si hybrid composites coated cellulose substrate showed a higher value of water contact angle of 156 ± 1° and achieved a high oil flux value of 27,283 Lm−2 h−1 and separation efficiency of 99.5

Electrochemical sensors enable rapid and accurate detection of targets. However, fouling is a burden that restricts sensor performance in complex biofluids and fouling resistant or fouling-free property is paramount to guarantee the reliable operation of sensors. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) possess an exceptional catalytic capability owing to the weak molecular adsorption of sp3 carbon. Poly(aniline-N-propane sulfonic acid) (PAPS) polymer dispersed SWCNTs with a high conductivity (4.184 S/cm), and hydrophilicity were prepared to circumvent the fouling issues. The length of the PAPS dispersed SWCNTs were 3.1 +/- 1.0 mu m and the modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (PAPS-SWCNTs/SPCEs) demonstrated efficient electro-oxidation of purines, such as, uric acid (UA), xanthine (XA), and hypoxanthine (HX) after exposure to high concentrations of a common foulant, serum albumin. The peak-to-peak separations of UA-XA, XA-HX, and UA-HX were 0.396 V, 0.352 V, and 0.748 V, respectively. The detection limits of UA, XA, and HX were 0.047, 0.049, and 0.052 mu M respectively. The practical applicability of the sensor was established using human serum and synthetic urine samples. The fabricated sensor is fouling-free and could serve as a potential diagnostic device for the early detection of renal diseases, such as renal calculi, chronic kidney diseases, and renal failure in resource-limited settings, since it does not require scrupulous sample pretreatment, frequent recalibration or prolonged waiting times. Moreover, the developed sensor adheres to ASSURED criteria, which is crucial for the diagnosis of renal diseases in resource-limited settings.

Distinctive challenges in developing oleophilic/hydrophobic membranes through the coating technique for the separation of oil–water mixtures are the lengthy processes, the release of volatile contents, and the decrease in separation efficacy with repeated cycles. In this work, an attempt has been made to develop cost-effective, eco-friendly, bio-based, sustainable, and durable hydrophobic/oleophilic polybenzoxazine (PBZ) matrices coated on the cotton fabric for efficacious separation of oil–water emulsion mixtures. The benzoxazine monomers were synthesized using eugenol, furfuryl amine or stearyl amine, and paraformaldehyde (E-fa and E-sa) by a solvent-less, green synthetic approach. The synthesized benzoxazine monomers were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. Trifunctional benzoxazine monomers were synthesized by a simple thiol-ene click reaction using E-fa, E-sa, and trithiocyanuric acid. Later, the hydrophobic cotton fabric or filter paper was prepared by a simple dip coating method using E-fa, E-sa, E-fa/TCA, and E-sa/TCA separately, followed by thermal curing. The hydrophobic PBZ coated on the fabric/filter paper materials revealed better separation of emulsified oil–water mixtures with a separation efficacy of > 98

In this study, a Co3O4/phosphorus-doped g-C3N4/α-Fe2O3 (Co3O4@P-CN/α-Fe2O3) composite was synthesized by a two-step method using respective MOF precursors. Initially, amine-functionalized Fe-MOF (Fe-MIL-88b) was co-condensed with phosphonitrilic trimer and melamine in the presence of triethylamine, resulting in a crosslinked polymer of phosphazene-coated Fe-MIL88b (Pz/Fe-MIL-88b). Subsequent Pz/Fe-MIL-88b calcination at 550°C yielded a P-doped g-carbon nitride (P-CN)/α-Fe2O3 composite. Furthermore, ZIF-67 was co-doped with the P-CN/α-Fe2O3 composite through ultrasonic dispersion, followed by thermal calcination at 350°C, yielding Co3O4@P-CN/α-Fe2O3. However, the hybrid ternary composite exhibited a dual Z-scheme heterojunction in persulfate (PS)-mediated bisphenol-A (BPA) degradation under visible light. Co3O4@P-CN/α-Fe2O3 demonstrated superior degradation efficiency (99.3 %) with rapid photocatalytic kinetics (0.0663 min−1) for BPA degradation compared to the binary composite and P-CN. The magnetic Co3O4@P-CN/α-Fe2O3 composite exhibited high structural stability and reusability, achieving over 95 % BPA degradation after five cycles under visible light.

A novel voltammetric sensor was developed to selectively determine dopamine (DA) concentration in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). This sensor utilizes a modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) coated with a newly synthesized poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT):poly (styrene sulfonate-co-2-(3-(6-Methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl) ureido) ethyl methacrylate) (P(SS-co-UPyMA)) composite. The PEDOT:P(SS-co-UPyMA) (PPU) composite was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopies. The PPU-coated PGE was characterized using electrochemical techniques, including cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Compared to uncoated, PPU-coated PGE demonstrated improved sensitivity and selectivity for DA. The sensor exhibited a dynamic linear range of 0.1-300 mu M for DA, with a detection limit of 44.4 nM (S/N = 3). Additionally, the PPU-coated PGE showed high reproducibility and storage stability for four weeks. To demonstrate its practical applicability, the PPU-coated PGE sensor was used for ex vivo brain slice samples from control and Parkinson's disease model mice.

The developed flexible hybrid AgNWs/N-PEDOT:PSS TCFs displayed low sheet resistance, high transmittance, low haze, good adhesion, and mechanical stability.

For a broad range of purposes, including the water-repellent fabrics, low-k and anticorrosion applications, four unique series of benzoxazines based on nonylphenol were synthesized and utilized. Different mono and diamines were used for making variety of nonylphenol-based benzoxazines. The chemical structure of benzoxazines was determined by spectroscopic methods. The characteristic properties related to thermal studies of benzoxazines have been evaluated using TGA and DSC. Among the benzoxazines investigated, poly(NP-oda) had an excellent water-repellent nature than the other benzoxazines studied. NP-oda-coated cotton fabrics have water contact angle (WCA) value of 162°, indicating superhydrophobic behavior. Poly(NP-ffa) and poly(NP-ddm) had char residue values of 29