The photocatalytic activity of the methylene blue in metal oxide anatase-rutile mixed phase TiO2 nanoparticles doped with iron after annealing at various temperature has been investigated. The ratio Fe/Ti (wt 3%) was prepared using the conventional co-precipitation technique with annealing treatment. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed anatase (∼25%) and rutile (∼75%) phase structures, and the crystallite size increased with increasing temperature. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmittance band at 517 cm-1 for TiO2 stretching vibration mode was examined using Kramer-Kronig relation for determining the optical characteristic such as the refractive index (n), the extinction coefficient (k), the dielectric function, and the energy loss function. Further analysis of the optical properties of Fe-doped TiO2 NPs shows the () is shrinker after annealing above 200oC that indicated more stable bonding. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs show agglomerations formed into clusters like as edelweiss flowers and roses on the surface. UV-Vis measurement reveals that the optical energy gap decreased from 3.05 eV annealed at 200oC to 2.88 eV annealed at 500oC. The UV-Vis absorbance with varying the time from 30 to 120 minutes to MB as a pollutant is reduced as time irradiation increases with photocatalytic rates for annealing at 500oC is 0.0071/min. The predominant anatase phase alignment, stable bonding, and unique surface make iron doped TiO2 NPs a promising catalyst.

Radon gas in the natural environment mainly comes from the release of local bedrock geology and easily accumulate in closed spaces such as basements and caves. This study was performed to investigate the radon concentrations in Mimpi Cave, Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, in the Maros karst area, South Sulawesi, and discussed a possible relationship between the radon concentrations and the local geology. Measurements were carried out using a passive detection technique with CR-39 nuclear tracks detectors by exposing it for a period of three months. The 222Rn levels measured inside the cave ranges from 64.03 Bq m‑3 to 3396.02 Bq m‑3, with an average value of 1075.05 Bq m‑3.The results are comparable with radon concentration in different caves environments reported from other surveys in several countries. Geological background of the Maros Karst areas could sustain the measured radon values, due to the presence of limestone rock with a mineral composition which can lead to higher radon concentrations in Mimpi Cave.

Calcium and pH sensors based on plastic optical fibers (POF) using a spiral spring configuration that variation the number of winding with the addition of imperfections has been made. Application of the sensor is done by immersing the sensor into a sample of calcium and pH content that have varying concentrations and values. Experimental measurements show the relationship between variations in calcium content and pH values on the output voltage. The magnitude of changes in the value of calcium and pH in milk produces a small output voltage. The sensor shows a high sensitivity value and the best resolution in a spiral spring configuration with 5 windings and 5 imperfections added. The maximum sensitivity value in the measurement of milk calcium is 0.0018 V I mg.L−1 and resolution 0.5488 mg.L−1, while the measurement of pH of milk obtained a sensitivity of 0.0448 VIpH, and a resolution of 0.0223 pH. Milk calcium and pH sensors offered have an effective method, a simple design, more economical, high sensitivity and good resolution. Milk calcium and pH sensors offered have an effective method, a simple design, more economical, high sensitivity and good resolution.

In this research, a urea level sensor based on plastic optical fiber was made using the macro bending method and two kinds of configurations. The sensor is made with a gamma and band configuration with a variety of cladding, no cladding, and imperfection and immersed in the urine sample which has different urea. This is aimed at determining the optimal sensor as a urea level sensor. The object measured was a urine sample with different urea concentrations ranging from 336.1 mg/dL to 1384.3 mg/dL, with the same volume for each concentration in the container or sample holder. The light from LED is transmitted through a plastic optical fiber, received by the phototransistor, then amplified by the differential amplifier, and converted by the microcontroller to voltage as the final results on the computer. Changes in urea levels result in changes in the refractive index around the sensor. The results showed that the more imperfection given to the plastic optical fiber sensor with gamma and band configuration, the better the range, sensitivity, and resolution. The best measurements were obtained in the band configuration with PANI-ZnO coating using six imperfections with the range value of 0.514 volts, the sensitivity value of 0.367 mvolt/mg dL-1, and the resolution value of 2.724 mg/dL. The sensor is suitable for urea levels in medical, agricultural, or industrial applications with the advantages of high sensitivity, low cost, and ease of operation.

In this study, sensors to measure body temperature were made using a macro bending method based on plastic optical fiber. Fiber optic sensors are made to form a spiral configuration on variations in diameter and bend number. The body temperature sensors are mounted on the elastic cloth and placed on the armpit. The light from the LED transmitted into an optical fiber sensor is affected by body temperature, so there is power loss in the sensor. Power loss cause light intensity decreases received by the phototransistor and differential amplifier. The power loss of the sensor and temperature measurement results will be displayed on the computer through the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The range of temperature used is 28°C - 42°C. The best sensor characteristic obtains at the spiral configuration in a diameter of 0 cm with some bending four bends and a range value of 0.421 V, sensitivity of 30.071 mV/°C, and resolution of 0.033°C. Plastic optical fiber is very suitable to be used as body temperature sensors because it can enhance sensitivity.

Most of available left ventricular hypertrophy electrocardiographic (LVH-ECG) criteria which have different sensitivities and specificities have not been applied in Indonesian population. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) happens as a pathophysiologic adjustment to the increased afterload in arterial hypertension. There are ECG and echocardiogram data gained including 19 hypertensive persons and 6 for control measurements. These criteria were Sokolov Lyon (SL), Cornell Voltages (SV), and Romhillt Estees (SE). ECG LVH was pronounced as mass of LV with index for height at 95 percent as the control. The value of electrocardiographic LVH prevalence found in the hypertensive sick persons with electrocardiographic criteria as 47% for SL, 21% for CV, and 16% for RE. SL criteria had the best sensitivity (80%) while the RE score with specificity of 93% as the best. The best ECG LVH for sensitivity and specificity is Sokolov Lyon criteria which could be the best in ECG criteria for LVH diagnosis in Indonesia.

In this research, we measured heart rate by using sensors based on plastic optical fiber. These sensors are made from fiber optic material with three configurations, i.e., straight, sinusoidal, and spiral. Each sensor configuration was tested and paired in three positions of the human body, i.e., hand, chest, and neck. Each configuration and pairing position were tested for fast, normal, and slow heart rate condition. The light from the LED will propagate along the optical fiber sensor. If the sensor detects the heart rates, the intensity of light in optical fiber will be disrupted and causing loss of power so the light intensity will be smaller, it can be detected by the phototransistor and then converted into an electric voltage. The best measurement obtained in spiral configuration mounted on the neck in a slow heart rate condition with a sensitivity value 0.00231 V.s−1 and a resolution 0.43203 s. This sensor has the advantage of easy fabrication, low cost, real-time measurement, high sensitivity, easy to operate and can be monitored via computer.

This study aims to determine the value of the typical dose rate, the maximum dose rate in the air and the dose rate on the surface of Image Intensifier (II) in 3 types of dual function Fluoroscopy (FL). This study used a dual function Fluoroscopy, X-Ray safe multimeter, Pb plate, Cu plate, and phantom perspek. Typical dose rate measurement were carried out by placing a multimeter X-Ray of phanrom perspek of a thickness of 18 cm, so that the examination table distance from the detector was 18 cm and source distance from image of 96 cm according to normal patient position. Measuring the maximum dose rate in teh air is done by placing the detector at distance of 300 mm above the examination table, placing the Pb 2 mm below the collimator, the exposure is carried out at the maximum automatic kVp. Measuring the dose rate of the surface Image Intensifier (II) is done by placing the detector above II, the Cu plate with a thickness of 2 mmCu is affixed to the surface of the collimator and the exposure is carried out on the automatic kVp. Typical dose rated to test results from FL (A) and FL (C) with the same size II are 35 cm while FL (B) sized II is 23 cm. The results of the tipical dose rate test for FL (A), FL (B), and FL (C) are 11.428 mGy/minute, 11.712 mGy/minute and 12.518 mGy/minute, respectively. All results of the testing of the typical ESD dose rate are still within the test passes which are ⩽17 mGy/minute as required by BAPETAN Regulation No. 2 in 2018. The value of the maximum dose rate in air of each planes is very varied from the maximum value on FL (B) is 11.402 mGy/minutes, while the minimum value occur to FL (C) is 4.311 mGy/minutes. As for FL (A), the maximum dose rate in air is 7.998 mGy/minutes. All results of testing the maximum dose rate in air are still below the test pass value required by BAPETAN which is 50 mGy/minutes. The value of the dose rate of surface II varies greatly from FL (B) having a maximum value is 68.2 µGy/m inutes while FL (A) and FL (C) are 33.3 µGy/minutes and 2.4 µGy/minutes, resvectively. All results of testing the dose rate of the surface of Image Intensifier (II) are still below the test pass value required by BAPETAN which is 60 µGy/minute for size II 23 cm and 90 µGy/minute for size II ⩾ 23 cm.

Plastic optical fiber testing as a sensor can be applied in pH measurement using loop configuration. It was made of a plastic optical fiber material with two types of peel, namely with cladding and without cladding. Sensor testing was done by dipping the sensor into buffer solutions with varying pH values. The light intensity from the LED will experience power losses due to the effect of adding the solution refractive index around the sensor, so the phototransistor will receive smaller the light intensity. Changes of light intensity in the optical fiber causes the output voltage read on the microcontroller and the computer decreases. The best measurement was obtained at sensor type of without cladding 4 loops with sensitivity 0.035 V/pH and resolution 0.029 pH. Aplication of plastic optical fiber as sensor for pH measurement has advantages such as low cost, real time, high sensitivity, accurate and simple measurement.

Plastic optical fiber (POF) used as sensors to detect cracks in concrete structures. Sensors made using straight, sinusoidal, loop, and triangle configurations. The POF connected to LED light source and photodetector. The light from LED will propagate along the embedded POF in the concrete then received by the photodetector and measured using by Optical Power Meter in the form of output power displayed on the computer. Sensor testing is done by putting pressure on the concrete using the Ultimate Testing Machine until a crack occurs causing the POF in the concrete to experience strain. The strain of the POF sensor will cause power losses, so the light intensity received by the photodetector will be decreased. The best measurements obtained at triangle configuration sensors 60 degrees have characteristics with a range value of 1.975 mu W, the sensitivity of 0.790 mu W/cm and a resolution of 0.001 cm. Sensors based on POF for measurement of cracks in concrete structures have the advantages like easy fabrication, low cost, simple measurement system, and high sensitivity.

Electron Beam of Linear Accelerator have been verified with energy of water phantom was varied. Measurement of the electron beam was done with distance from the source to surface is 100 cm, area of applicator fied is 10 x 10 cm 2 and depth dmax are 5 cm and 10 cm. The results obtained show the maximum depth ionization occurs are at a depth of 1.37 cm, 2.18 cm, 2.78 cm and 2.98 cm. Optimal state obtained at depth dmax due to the instability are less than 3% and 2% for flatness and symmetry, respectively.

Laser induced thin film production (LITFP) technique was employed for making Lead (Pb) thin film by nitrogen laser ablation in miniature scale. The energy of nitrogen laser operated at 12.5 kv, 90 torr was 3.5 mJ with 5 ns pulse duration, thus producing peak power at around 0.7 MW. Pb plasma of 1 cm diameter was generated in each laser bombardment, producing thin film above the glass substrate. The thin film characteristics were measured by the thickness and surface morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was proved that there was a linear relationship between the number of laser shots and film thickness.