The current US corn grading system accounts for the portion of damaged kernels, measured by time-consuming and inaccurate visual inspection. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a non-destructive and fast analytical method, was tested as a tool for discriminating corn kernels with heat and frost damage. Four classification algorithms were utilized: Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), k-nearest neighbors (K-NN), and least-squares support vector machines (LS-SVM). The feasibility of NIRS for discriminating normal or viable-germinating corn kernels and soybean seeds from abnormal or dead seeds was also tested. This application could be highly valuable for seed breeders and germplasm-preservation managers because current viability tests are based on a destructive method where the seed is germinated. Heat-damaged corn kernels were best discriminated by PLS-DA, with 99% accuracy. The discrimination of frost-damaged corn kernels was not possible. Discrimination of non-viable seeds from viable also was not possible. Since previous results in the literature contradict the current damage-discrimination results, the threshold of seed damage necessary for NIRS detection should be analyzed in the future. NIRS may accurately classify seeds based on changes due to damage, without any correlation with germination.

Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 2 p. 996-998 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of 20 GEM Maize Breeding Germplasm Lines Adapted to the Southern USA P.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti [email protected] USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Author for correspondence ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NC7), USDA-ARS & Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorJ. Holland, J. Holland USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM. Clements, M. Clements USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420Search for more papers by this authorM.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 Pioneer Hibred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this author P.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti [email protected] USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Author for correspondence ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NC7), USDA-ARS & Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorJ. Holland, J. Holland USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM. Clements, M. Clements USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420Search for more papers by this authorM.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 Pioneer Hibred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.04-0013Citations: 24 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume46, Issue2March–April 2006Pages 996-998 RelatedInformation

Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 4 p. 1825-1826 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of Nine High-Yielding Tropical by Temperate Maize Germplasm Lines Adapted for the Southern USA M.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorP.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Corresponding author (peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard USDA-ARS, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420 Pioneer Hi-bred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this authorJ. Hudyncia, J. Hudyncia USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author M.L. Carson, M.L. Carson USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108Search for more papers by this authorP.J. Balint-Kurti, Corresponding Author P.J. Balint-Kurti peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Corresponding author (peter_balintkurti@ncsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorM. Blanco, M. Blanco USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorM. Millard, M. Millard USDA-ARS, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorS. Duvick, S. Duvick USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 50011Search for more papers by this authorR. Holley, R. Holley Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Henderson, KY, 42420 Pioneer Hi-bred, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, RR1, Box 90a, Princeton, IN, 47670Search for more papers by this authorJ. Hudyncia, J. Hudyncia USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., Dep. of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7616Search for more papers by this authorM.M. Goodman, M.M. Goodman Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.08-0283Citations: 8 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume46, Issue4July–August 2006Pages 1825-1826 RelatedInformation

Breeders need sources of genes for altering the fatty acid content of oil in maize (Zea maize L.) that are not available in Corn Belt germplasm. Previously we determined lines developed from maize introgressed with genes from Tripsacum dactyloides had useful variation for fatty acid composition. We conducted this study to vali- date the variation, thereby showing that the trait could be transferred to Corn Belt inbreds using traditional plant breeding methods to create maize lines with altered fatty acid composition useful for an oil quality breeding pro- gram. Based on their fatty acid profiles, maize lines were selected from an open pollinated population that was in- trogressed with genes from Tripsacum dactyloides. These introgressed lines were both self-pollinated and back- crossed to Corn Belt lines while undergoing selection for various fatty acid compositions. The parental lines and S 1 and S 3 progeny from the backcrosses were compared to commercial Corn Belt hybrids and inbreds in an experi- ment using a randomized complete block design with two replications at two locations near Ames, Iowa. The plants were hand pollinated and hand harvested. The fatty acid compositions were analyzed by using Gas Chromatogra- phy to characterize the fatty acid methyl esters made from the oil of five individual kernels from each ear. The rela- tive amounts of the two types of fatty acids of interest, a monounsaturated fatty acid, (oleic acid) and saturated fat- ty acids (palmitic and stearic acids), were greatly in- creased by selection breeding within the Tripsacum intro- gressed germplasm. New oil products with more healthful fatty acid compositions and products with reduced trans fats can be developed from these new lines.

ABSTRACTDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used routinely to screen for starch thermal properties. In early generations of line development, the established analysis separately evaluates starch extracted from five, single corn kernels. A thermal property trait carried by a recessive gene would appear 25% of the time; thus, if five separate kernels were evaluated, the likelihood of detecting an unusual thermal trait is high. The objective of the current work was to expedite selection by examining five kernels at a time, instead of one, hypothesizing that we would be able to detect different thermal properties in this blend. Corn lines, all from the same genetic background (ExSeed68 or Oh43), with known thermal functions (amylose‐extender, dull, sugary‐1, sugary‐2, and waxy) were blended with normal starch (control) in ratios of 0:5, 1:4, 2:3, 3:2, 4:1, and 5:0, and analyzed with DSC. The values for each ratio within a mutant type were unique (α < 0.01) for most DSC measurements, especially for gelatinization onset temperature, change in enthalpy of gelatinization, and range of gelatinization. These results support the five‐kernel method for rapidly screening large amounts of corn germplasm to identify kernels with unusual starch traits.

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the intra- and interpopulation variability in gelatinization properties of starches from exotic corn lines and their derivatives when grown 1) during two successive years in the same location; and 2) in both temperate and tropical environments. Six novel exotic corn lines (two 100% exotic and four 25% exotic derived from a breeding cross developed by crossing an exotic hybrid with Corn Belt lines) were selected for this research because their starches have significantly different (and potentially useful) thermal properties from those found in starch from normal Corn Belt corn. The S-n (n = 3 for 25% exotic lines and n = 1 for 100% exotic lines) generations of the six exotic lines were self-pollinated and grown in the winter nursery in Puerto Rico. Two successive generations (Sn+1 and Sn+2) of lines selected for low onset of gelatinization temperature were self-pollinated and grown in the same environment near Ames, IA. To evaluate the effect of environment, the Sn+2 generation also was self-pollinated and grown in the winter nursery in Puerto Rico. Thermal properties of starches from 10 single kernels from each line were analyzed by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a ratio of 4 mg of dry starch to 8 mg of distilled water. After subsequent generations, the differences in DSC gelatinization properties between selected kernels within each progeny line narrowed, suggesting increased homogeneity of starch structural properties within each line. Unusual thermal properties were fixed in some progeny lines. Environmental factors also affected the thermal properties of starch and a significant interaction between environment and genotype was observed. These results suggest that introgression of adapted germplasm with useful genes from exotic corn would increase the available genetic variability for starch functionality and allow the development of hybrids with important value-added traits.

Objectives of this research were to evaluate functions and structures of starches from exotic × adapted inbred lines and exotic lines, to confirm that the functional traits continue into the next generation of inbreeding, and to establish relationships between the fine structure and functional properties of the starches. Several lines were characterized from the successive generations of exotic crosses and exotic inbreds containing kernels with unusual, and potentially useful, thermal properties as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, gelatinization onset temperature <60 >°C or range of gelatinization temperature >14 °C). The frequency of these traits increased with succeeding generations, when selection of the plants was based on the desired trait. Strong correlations were found between DSC and Rapid ViscoAnalyser properties and the granular structure (granular size distribution and branch-chain-length distribution of amylopectin).

Starches from exotic corn lines were screened by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to find thermal properties that were significantly different from those exhibited by starches from normal Corn Belt lines. Two independent gelatinization transitions, one corresponding to the melting of a peak at ∼66 °C and the other to a peak melting at ∼69 °C, were found in some starches. The melting characteristics were traced to two separate types of granules within the endosperm. Strong correlations were found between DSC properties and proportion of large granules with equivalent diameter ≥17 μm. Starches with a lower peak onset gelatinization temperature (ToG), had a lower normalized concentration of chains with a degree of polymerization (dp) of 15–24 and/or a greater normalized concentration of chains with a dp of 6–12. These studies will aid in understanding structure–thermal property relationships of starches, and in identifying corn lines of interest for commercial breeding.

Off-flavors associated with oxidized oils make it difficult to recruit sensory panelists to evaluate the oils. Using an instrument called the “electronic nose” to monitor the formation of volatile compounds associated with off-flavors could help to interpret oil oxidation studies in part to supplement human sensory panels. No published studies evaluate the correlation of oil oxidation sensory data and “electronic nose” analyses. Therefore, this project was designed to determine the correlation between sensory evaluation and “electronic nose” analyses. Canola, corn, and soybean oils were stored at 60°C in the dark until sufficiently oxidized. On days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12, oils were evaluated for peroxide value, for volatile compounds by “electronic nose,” and for off-flavor by sensory evaluation. The results suggest that the “electronic nose” is capable of measuring changes in volatile compounds associated with oil oxidation and could be used to supplement data obtained from sensory evaluations.

Society of Critical Care Medicine; 28th Educational and Scientific Symposium; San Francisco, California, USA; January 23-27, 1999: Poster Presentations: Poster Hall

This project was designed to evaluate the oxidative stability of corn oils with increased total saturated fatty acid composition and to test the feasibility of using the AromaScan, an “electronic nose,” to detect the odors/aromas produced by oxidation. Corn oils with traditional (13.1%) and elevated (14.7 to 17.1%) total saturated fatty acid percentages were evaluated for their oxidative quality. Oils from five corn genotypes were extracted, refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) in the laboratory. Two replications, separated at the point of extraction, were evaluated for each genotype. The RBD corn oils (18.0 g) were stored in 50-mL beakers at 60°C in the dark, and peroxide values were measured every other day for 8 d. Corn oils with elevated saturated fatty acid compositions were more stable (P<0.05) than the traditional corn oil. Aroma intensity of the oils was measured with an AromaScan at days 0, 4, and 8. The AromaScan provided a useful tool to detect odors/aromas produced by oxidation during an oxidative stability study; this tool might be used to partly replace human sensory panel evaluation of oxidized samples.

Society of Critical Care Medicine; 27th Educational and Scientific Symposium; San Antonio, Texas, USA; February 4-8, 1998: Poster Hall: Thursday, February 5, 1998 5: 45-7: 15 pm; Friday, February 6, 1998 11: 40 am-1: 00 pm; Saturday, February 7, 1998 11: 40 am-1: 00 pm: Poster Presentations: Computers/Technology