Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients, with their incidence rising globally. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, untreated with insulin, exhibit human-like symptoms such as hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, and oxidative stress. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of Ilex guayusa tea on cardiovascular, autonomic, metabolic, and oxidative stress parameters in diabetic rats, as well as its antioxidant and phytochemical properties. Methods: Thirteen female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: diabetic (D; n = 7) and diabetic + Ilex guayusa (DG; n = 6). Diabetes was induced by a single STZ injection (50 mg/kg, i.v.), and guayusa tea was provided ad libitum for 21 days (3.0 g/L). Results: Glycemia and body mass were initially similar between the groups; however, throughout the protocol, the D group showed an increase in glycaemia and a decrease in body mass when compared to initial values. While no differences in arterial pressure, heart rate, linear heart rate variability, and oxidative stress were observed, the D group showed reduced vascular sympathetic modulation (LF-SAP and VAR-SAP) compared to the DG group. This reduced vascular sympathetic modulation, which was a poor prognostic marker in this model, was inversely correlated with glycemia (VAR-SAP and final glycemia, r: −0.81, p = 0.002). Conclusions: These findings suggest that Ilex guayusa tea consumption may mitigate metabolic and autonomic dysfunction in diabetes, highlighting its potential therapeutic role in managing diabetic complications.

Anthracyclines play a major role in cancer chemotherapy. The biochemical basis as well as the exact relationship between doses and Adriamycin (ADM)-induced myocardial lesions have been established. The decrease in cardiac drug concentration resulted in a decrease in histological cardiotoxicity after chronic ADM administration. Slices of heart and other organs were processed for light microscopy. The areas of the damaged myocardium were assessed on one transverse section of both ventricles by stereo-logical differential point count methods. Hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence has been used to detect decreased levels of endogenous antioxidants. The assay seems adequate for organs in which increased lipid peroxidation occurs. Myocardial cells have a limited capacity to detoxify oxygen radicals enzymatically; therefore, the heart is particularly susceptible to damage from reactive oxygen species generated as a result of ADM treatment.

Background: To date, copaiba oil's systemic effects have never documented in Cor pulmonale induced by monocrotaline. Objectives: To investigate copaiba oil's effects in peripheral markers of oxidative stress in rats with Cor pulmonale. Methods: Male Wistar rats (170 +/- 20g, n=7/group) were divided into four groups: control (CO), monocrotaline (MCT), copaiba oil (O), and monocrotaline+copaiba oil (MCT-O). MCT (60 mg/kg i.p.) was administered, and after one week, treatment with copaiba oil (400 mg/kg/day-gavage-14 days) was begun. Echocardiography was performed and, later, trunk blood collection was performed for oxidative stress evaluations. Statistical analysis: two-way ANOVA with Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. P values<0.05 were considered significant. Results: Copaiba oil reduced pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy (Fulton index (mg/mg): MCT-O=0.39 +/- 0.03; MCT=0.49 +/- 0.01), and improved RV systolic function (RV shortening fraction, %) in the MCT-O group (17.8 +/- 8.2) as compared to the MCT group (9.4 +/- 3.1; p<0.05). Moreover, in the MCT-O group, reactive oxygen species and carbonyl levels were reduced, and antioxidant parameters were increased in the peripheral blood (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that copaiba oil has an interesting systemic antioxidant effect, which is reflected in the improvements in function and RV morphometry in this Cor pulmonale model. Cor pulmonale attenuation promoted by copaiba oil coincided with a reduction in systemic oxidative stress.

Studies have presented conflicting findings regarding the association between both fluctuation and deprivation of ovarian hormones and cardiovascular autonomic modulation and oxidative stress and their potential impact on resting arterial pressure (AP) and cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to assess cardiovascular autonomic modulation, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and oxidative stress in male rats (M) and in female rats during ovulatory (FOV) and non-ovulatory phases (FNOV) of the estrous cycle and after deprivation of ovarian hormones (FO). Direct AP was recorded, and BRS was assessed by using increasing doses of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. AP and heart rate variability were assessed by spectral analysis. Oxidative stress profile was evaluated in cardiac, renal, and muscle tissues. In females, the ovulatory phase and ovarian hormone deprivation induced an increase in AP (FOV and FO ~ 9 mmHg) when compared to the non-ovulatory phase. Ovariectomy promoted increased cardiac sympathovagal balance (~ 17–37%) when compared to other groups. Both FOV and FO groups presented impaired BRS, associated with higher AP variability. In general, antioxidant capacity was higher in the FNOV than in the M group. Ovarian hormone deprivation induced a decrease in catalase activity in cardiac and renal tissues and an increase in lipid peroxidation in all tissues analyzed. Positive correlations ( p < 0.05) were found between vascular sympathetic modulation and lipid peroxidation in cardiac ( r = 0.60), renal ( r = 0.60), and muscle ( r = 0.57) tissues. In conclusion, both oscillation and deprivation of ovarian hormones play an important role in cardiovascular autonomic control and oxidative stress profile in target organs, which is reflected in AP changes.

This study evaluated the impact of combined exercise training on the development of cardiovascular and neuroimmune complications induced by fructose consumption (10% in the drinking water) in hypertensive rats (SHR). After weaning, SHR were divided into 3 groups: SHR (H), SHR+fructose (HF) and SHR+fructose+combined exercise training (treadmill+ladder, 40-60% of maximum capacity) (HFTC). Metabolic, hemodynamic, autonomic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated in the subgroups (n = 6 group/time) at 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of protocol. Fructose consumption (H vs. HF groups) decreased spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity and total variance of pulse interval at day 7 (7 to 60); increased IL-6 and TNFα in the heart (at day 15, 30 and 60) and NADPH oxidase activity and cardiac lipoperoxidation (LPO) (day 60); increased white adipose tissue weight, reduced insulin sensitivity and increased triglycerides (day 60); induced an additional increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (days 30 and 60). Combined exercise training prevented such dysfunctions and sustained increased cardiac IL-10 (day 7) and glutathione redox balance (GSH/GSSG) for the entire protocol. In conclusion, combined exercise training performed simultaneously with exacerbated fructose consumption prevented early cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, probably trigging positive changes in inflammation and oxidative stress, resulting in a better cardiometabolic profile in rats genetically predisposed to hypertension.

This study analyzed the effects of aerobic exercise training (ET) in the time course of the dysfunctions observed in metabolic syndrome model (SHR + fructose overload). Animals were randomly distributed into two groups: hypertensive + fructose (HF) and hypertensive + fructose + ET (HFT). The fructose overload (100g/l) and the ET (treadmill 1h/d, 5d/wk) was initiated at 30 days of life, and the animals (n=6/group/time) were evaluated after 7, 15, 30 and 60 days. The ET (HFT group) induced an increase in baroreflex sensitivity for bradycardic response at 7 (100%), 15 (86%), 30 (76%) and 60 (74%) days of protocol and for tachycardia response (TR) in 7 (34%), 15 (31%) and 30 (49%) days of protocol as compared to sedentary group (HF). However, the ET did not attenuate the impairment in TR at 60 days of protocol. There was a reduction in the relation of TNF‐a/IL‐10 in fat tissue (40%) and IL‐1β in the spleen (30%) in the HFT group when compared to the HF group in 15 days of protocol. The nitrites in plasma were increased in HFT group as compared to HF group at 7 and 15 days of protocol. Regarding oxidative stress in plasma at 60 days of protocol, there was an increase in SOD activity (74%) and a decrease in lipid peroxidation (46%) and in protein oxidation (60%) in the HFT group when compared to the HF group. The ET reduced blood glucose (15%) and increased insulin sensitivity (31%) at the end of the protocol, although it did not alter blood triglycerides or blood pressure. Fructose consumption increased NFkB and p47 phox protein expression at day 60. However, aerobic exercise training was able to reduce NFkB at day 30 and 60, and p47 phox at day 60. In conclusion, the hemodynamic, autonomic, inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders seem to be time dependent in SHR with fructose overload. On the other hand, aerobic ET is effective in attenuate disorders in this model of metabolic syndrome.Support or Funding InformationFAPESP: 2018/17183‐4

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233785.].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the time course of the effects of urban air pollutants on the ocular surface, focusing on the morphological changes, the redox balance, and the inflammatory response of the cornea. 8-week-old mice were exposed to urban or filtered air (UA-group and FA-group, respectively) in exposure chambers for 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks. After each time, the eyes were enucleated and the corneas were isolated for biochemical analysis. UA-group corneas exhibited a continuous increase in NADPH oxidase-4 levels throughout the exposure time, suggesting an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). After 1 week, an early adaptive response to ROS was observed as an increase in antioxidant enzymes. After 4 weeks, the enzymatic antioxidants were decreased, meanwhile an increase of the glutathione was shown, as a later compensatory antioxidant response. However, redox imbalance took place, evidenced by the increased oxidized proteins, which persisted up to 12 weeks. At this time point, corneal epithelium hyperplasia was also observed. The inflammatory response was modulated by the increase in IL-10 levels after 1 week, which early regulates the release of TNF-alpha and IL-6. These results suggest that air pollution alters the ocular surface, supported by the observed cellular hyperplasia. The redox imbalance and the inflammatory response modulated by IL-10 play a key role in the response triggered by air pollutants on the cornea. Taking into account this time course study, the ocular surface should also be considered as a relevant target of urban air pollutants.

Background: The association of aging and menopause is a potent risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. We studied the impact of aerobic exercise training (ET) initiated in the old stage of lifespan in hemodynamics, metabolic, autonomic and oxidative stress. Methods: Aged (18 months old) female Wistar rats were divided into: ovariectomized and untrained (AG-OVX), and ovariectomized and trained (AG-OVXt, ET for 8 weeks). Intact aged (AG) and young female rats (3 months old; Y) were also studied. Blood pressure and metabolic parameters were measured. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was studied by bradycardic (BR) and tachycardic (TR) responses to vasoactive drugs. Cardiac and renal lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthatione peroxidase (GPx), and gluthatione redox balance (GSH/GSSG) were analyzed. Results: AG-OVXt group increased aerobic performance in 35%, decreased adipose tissue and triglycerides in 36% and 27%, respectively, and improved insulin tolerance in 50% in comparison to AG-OVX. AG-OVX presented hypertensive levels of blood pressure (systolic: 155 +/- 5, diastolic: 111 +/- 3 mmHg). In contrast, AG-OVXt presented blood pressure values similar to Y rats (systolic: 129 +/- 3, diastolic: 112 +/- 3 mmHg). TR and BR were reduced by 70% and 46%, respectively, in AG-OVX vs. Y. Once more, AG-OVXt presented similar results to Y. ET decreased LPO in the heart and kidney. In the latter, renal CAT and SOD were corrected by ET, while cardiac redox balance was partially recovered. Improved BRS was correlated with improved oxidative stress markers. Conclusions: Even when initiated after aging and ovariectomy deleterious effects, ET is able to normalize BRS and highly improve cardiac and renal oxidative stress.

The study aimed at evaluating the effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on cardiac morphometry and function, oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in diabetic ovariectomized rats. For this, female Wistar rats (10 weeks-old) were divided into 4 groups (n = 8): euglycemic (E), diabetic (streptozotocin, 50 mg/kg, iv) (D), diabetic ovariectomized (DO) and trained diabetic ovariectomized (TDO). The combined exercise training was performed on a treadmill and in a ladder adapted to rats (8 weeks, at 40-60% of maximal capacity). The left ventricle (LV) morphometry and function were evaluated by echocardiography. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were measured on ventricles tissue. The sedentary diabetic animals (D and DO) showed impaired systolic and diastolic functions, as well as increased cardiac overload, evaluated by myocardial performance index (MPI- D: 0.32 ± 0.05; DO: 0.39 ± 0.13 vs. E: 0.25 ± 0.07), in relation to E group. Systolic and MPI dysfunctions were exacerbated in DO when compared to D group. The DO group presented higher protein oxidation and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio than D groups. Glutathione redox ratio (GSH/GSSG) and IL-10 were decreased in both D and DO groups when compared to E group. Exercise training improved exercise capacity, systolic and diastolic functions and MPI (0.18±0.11). The TDO group showed reduced protein oxidation and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio and increased GSH/GSSG and IL-10 in relation to the DO group. These results showed that combined exercise training was able to attenuate the cardiac dysfunctions, probably by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental model of diabetes and menopause.

There is an increase in oxidative stress and apoptosis signaling during the transition from hypertrophy to right ventricular (RV) failure caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) induced by monocrotaline (MCT). In this study, it was evaluated the action of copaiba oil on the modulation of proteins involved in RV apoptosis signaling in rats with PAH. Male Wistar rats (±170 g, n = 7/group) were divided into 4 groups: control, MCT, copaiba oil, and MCT + copaiba oil. PAH was induced by MCT (60 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and, 7 days later, treatment with copaiba oil (400 mg/kg by gavage) was given for 14 days. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements were performed, and the RV was collected for morphometric evaluations, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cell survival signaling, and eNOS protein expression. Copaiba oil reduced RV hypertrophy (24%), improved RV systolic function, and reduced RV end-diastolic pressure, increased total sulfhydryl levels and eNOS protein expression, reduced lipid and protein oxidation, and the expression of proteins involved in apoptosis signaling in the RV of MCT + copaiba oil as compared to MCT group. In conclusion, copaiba oil reduced oxidative stress, and apoptosis signaling in RV of rats with PAH, which may be associated with an improvement in cardiac function caused by this compound.

Volcanic ash could pose a hazard to the ocular surface as it is constantly exposed to environmental particles. We exposed conjunctival cells to Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) or Calbuco ash particles and evaluated proliferation, viability, apoptosis, MUC1 expression, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers. Ash particles from these volcanoes vary in size, composition, and morphology. Our results demonstrate that PCCVC but not Calbuco ash particles induce cytotoxicity on human conjunctival epithelial cells viewed as a decrease in cell proliferation and the transmembrane mucin MUC1 expression; a pro-inflammatory response mediated by IL-6 and IL-8; and an imbalance of the redox environment leading to protein oxidative damage. This is the first in vitro study that assesses the biological effect of volcanic ash particles on human conjunctival epithelial cells and the involvement of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress as the mechanisms of damage. Our results could provide a better understanding of the ocular symptoms manifested by people living near volcanic areas.

The prevalence of hypertension sharply increases in menopausal women. Recent studies have demonstrated that aerobic or resistance training may help control hypertension. In this study, we report that combining aerobic and resistance training may provide an effective therapeutic approach for hypertension control, attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats. Female Wistar and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) were distributed into four groups: sedentary control (C), sedentary hypertensive (HR), sedentary hypertensive ovariectomized (HR-O), and combined trained hypertensive ovariectomized (T-HR-O). Combined exercise training was performed on a motor treadmill (aerobic training) and on a ladder adapted to rats (resistance training), in alternate days for 8 weeks. Direct arterial pressure was recorded and oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated in cardiac and renal tissue. Ovariectomy increases increased mean arterial blood pressure, sympathetic modulation, and oxidative stress in SHR. Combining aerobic and resistance training reduced mean arterial blood pressure (12% vs. HR-O), heart rate (8% vs. HR-O), vascular sympathetic modulation (40% vs. HR-O), and improved baroreflex sensitivity. Combined training reduced cardiac inflammation (TNF and IL-6) and cardiac and renal lipoperoxidation (59% and 57%, respectively vs. HR-O). It also enhanced cardiac (71%) and renal (76%) total antioxidant capacity when compared to HR-O group. In conclusion, combining aerobic and resistance training improves mean arterial blood pressure, cardiovascular autonomic control, preventing cardiac and renal oxidative stress and inflammation in an experimental hypertension model with surgical menopause induced with ovariectomy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the time course of oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators in human conjunctival epithelial cells (IOBA-NHC) exposed to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) for 1, 3, and 24 h. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid and protein oxidation, Nrf2 pathway activation, enzymatic antioxidants, glutathione (GSH) levels and synthesis, as well as cytokine release and cell proliferation were analyzed. Cells exposed to DEP showed an increase in ROS at all time points. The induction of NADPH oxidase-4 appeared later than mitochondrial superoxide anion production, when the cell also underwent a proinflammatory response mediated by IL-6. DEP exposure triggered the activation of Nrf2 in IOBA-NHC, as a strategy for increasing cellular antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased at early stages except for glutathione reductase (GR) that showed a significant decrease after a 3-h-incubation. GSH levels were found increased after 1 and 3 h of incubation with DEP, despite the increase in its consumption by the antioxidant enzymes as it works as a cofactor. GSH recycling and the de novo synthesis were responsible for the maintenance of its content at these time points, respectively. After 24 h, the decrease in GR and glutamate cysteine ligase as wells as the enhanced activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase produced a depletion in the GSH pool. Lipid-peroxidation was found increased in cells exposed to DEP after 1-h-incubation, whereas protein oxidation was found increased in cells exposed to DEP after a 3-h-incubation that persisted after a longer exposure. Furthermore, DEP lead IOBA-NHC cells to hyperplasia after 1 and 3 h of incubation, but a decrease in cell proliferation was found after longer exposure. ROS production seems to be an earlier event triggered by DEP on IOBA-NHC, comparing to the proinflammatory response mediated by IL-6. Despite the fact that under short periods of exposure to DEP lipids and then proteins are targets of oxidative damage, the viability of the cells is not affected at early stages, since cell hyperplasia was detected as compensatory mechanism. Although after 24 h Nrf2 pathway is still enhanced, the epithelial cell capacity to maintain redox balance is exceeded. The antioxidant enzymes activation and the depleted GSH pool are not capable of counteracting the increased ROS production, leading to oxidative damage.

Aspartame is one of the most popular sweeteners in the world. Several studies have linked its use to a dysregulation of glutathione homeostasis in the brain, making it more susceptible to oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on thioredoxin and glutathione-related antioxidant systems in brain regions of aspartame-treated mice. Adult Swiss mice were treated with aspartame (80 mg/kg, v.o.) for 90 days, and from day 60 to day 90, immediately after aspartame treatment, the mice received NAC (163 mg/kg, i.p.). After the last doses, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized for brain removal. The analyzes were performed in cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus. Aspartame administration caused a severe depletion of non-protein thiols levels, as well as glutathione peroxidase activity. Both changes were restored by NAC treatment. Aspartame also triggered a decrease in the mRNA levels of catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclc) and cystathionine gamma-lyase (Cth). NAC treatment restored Gclc mRNA levels. NAC treatment restored most of changes in glutathione-related system in brain regions of mice after chronic intake of aspartame.

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of cutaneous tumors due to its metastatic potential and high mortality. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion (O-2(center dot-)), and the consequent installation of a pro-oxidant environment are associated with melanoma development. The enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO), when uncoupled is as a source of O-2(center dot-), for example by the absence of its cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Western blot analysis showed increased expression of endothelial and inducible NOS in human melanoma cells, altering the stoichiometry between NOS levels and BH4 concentration and together with decreased BH4:BH2 ratio are contributing to NOS uncoupling. The treatment of melanoma cells with exogenous BH4 increased NO concentration and decreased O-2(center dot-) levels, leading to NOS coupling, which in turn reduced cell viability, cell proliferation and the ability of melanoma cells to form melanoma spheroids. Moreover, BH4 level restoration rendered melanoma cells more sensitive to apoptosis, demonstrating the role of dysfunctional NOS in melanoma genesis.

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increases significantly worldwide. Furthermore, it is the main cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. Rats induced to diabetes by streptozotocin (STZ) and untreated with insulin have similar alterations seen in humans, such as hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss, as well as cardiomyopathy, diabetic neuropathy and increased oxidative stress. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the effects of ilex guayusa tea consumption on cardiovascular, autonomic, metabolic and oxidative stress alterations of an experimental model of diabetes. Thirteen Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Diabetic (D; n=7) and Diabetic + Ilex Guayusa (DG; n=6). Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (50 mg/kg, iv.). Guayusa tea was administered for 21 days (3.0 g/L). Arterial pressure (AP) was directly measured. Oxidative stress was measured on heart and brain. At the beginning of the protocol glycaemia was similar between the groups (D: 330±32 vs. DG: 332±20 mg/dL). However, throughout the protocol, the D group showed a raise of glycaemia, evidenced by a greater area under the curve (AUC) (D: 1222±43 vs. DG: 1049±59 mg/dL*3 weeks). Indeed, increased glycaemia was associated with an increased oxidative profile. Positive correlations were observed between AUC of glycaemia and lipoperoxidation in the brain (r: 0.58; p: 0.04) and damage to protein in the heart (r: 67; p: 0.01). No differences in AP, heart rate and heart rate variability were observed between groups. However, regarding vascular sympathetic modulation, the D group had a reduction in LF‐SAP (1.3±0.3 vs. DG: 3.5±0.8 mmHg2) and VAR‐SAP (8.0±1.7 vs. DG: 15.0±1.7 mmHg2). This reduction in vascular sympathetic modulation, which in this model is considered a poor prognosis, was negatively correlated with AUC of glycaemia (AUC of glycaemia and VAR‐SAP, r: −0.57, p: 0.04). The results suggest a beneficial potential of guayusa tea consumption on metabolic, autonomic and oxidative stress in this model of diabetes.Support or Funding InformationUniversidade Nove de JulhoThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Objectives: Compare the impact of sex on hemodynamic, neuroimmune and oxidative stress (OS) adaptations to dinamic resistance training (DRT) in hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: 32 SHR were divided into 4 groups (n = 8): sedentary (SF) and trained (TF) females and males (SM and TM). The TF and TM groups undergoing 8 weeks of DRT. Hemodynamics, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), cardiovascular autonomic modulation, cardiac inflammatory and OS profiles were evaluated. Results: The SM group presented higher vascular sympathetic component, lower BRS and increased hydrogen peroxide concentration and lipoperoxidation in relation to the SF group. We did not observe reduction in blood pressure (BP) after DRT, however there was an improvement in BRS in the TF compared to the SF group (bradycardic response 0.74 ± 0.09 vs. 0.48 ± 0.07 and tachycardic response 2.2 ± 0.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.1 bpm/mmHg, respectively), which was not observed in males. The TM group showed a decrease in SBP variability (34 ± 3.5 mmHg2) and vascular sympathetic component (LF: 6 ± 1.6 mmHg2) when compared to the SM group (66 ± 4.3 and 12 ± 1.5 mmHg2, respectively). There was a reduction of IL6 in trained males (vs. SM) and an increase of IL10 and reduction of TNF&agr;/IL10 in trained females (vs. SF). We also observed an improvement in the redox balance and a reduction of damage markers in the trained both groups. Conclusion: Despite DRT did not induce BP reduction both sex of SHR, it was associated with an improvement on BRS in trained females and a reduction on SBP variability in trained males. These autonomic changes may be triggers the anticholinergic reflex, reducing inflammation and OS. These benefits, associated with the well document effects of aerobic training, may induce reduction in target organ damage and improve prognosis in hypertension conditions. FAPESP 2015/10329–5

This study analyzes whether autonomic dysfunction precedes cardiometabolic alterations in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with fructose overload. Animals were randomly distributed into three groups: control, hypertensive and hypertensive with fructose overload. Fructose overload (100 g/L) was initiated at 30 days old, and the animals (n = 6/group/time) were evaluated after 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of fructose consumption. Fructose consumption reduced baroreflex sensitivity by day 7, and still induced a progressive reduction in baroreflex sensitivity over the time. Fructose consumption also increased TNFα and IL-6 levels in the adipose tissue and IL-1β levels in the spleen at days 15 and 30. Fructose consumption also reduced plasmatic nitrites (day 15 and 30) and superoxide dismutase activity (day 15 and 60), but increased hydrogen peroxide (day 30 and 60), lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation (day 60). Fructose consumption increased arterial pressure at day 30 (8%) and 60 (11%). Fructose consumption also induced a late insulin resistance at day 60, but did not affect glucose levels. In conclusion, the results show that baroreflex sensitivity impairment precedes inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders, probably by inducing hemodynamic and metabolic dysfunctions observed in metabolic syndrome.