Te search for the mest effectiye dietary n-31n-6 ratio te suppress the type I a)lergic response, we performed basic experinaents that applied parameters associated with the type I allergy. Guinea pigs fed on diets containing lipids with the n-3/n-6 ratio at different leyels and the pelyunsaturated fatty acidlsaturated fatty a ¢id ratio of a fixed level were sensitized with evalbumin and reared for two weeks. The lowest or critical level ofthe n-31n-6 ratie which produced a significant difference in the parameters was as fo]lows: abeut 2.0 for the response of mast cells and eosinophils; O.5 and 1.0, respectively, for the uptake of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased histamine production; and O.2 for decreased leukotriepme B4 and totaMeukotrienes 4, and increased leukotrienes 511eukotrienes 4. The cTitieal level of the n-3In-6 ratio thus diffbred widely according to the parameter. Overall, the upper ISmEt for the dietar}' n-31n-6 ratio to suppress antigen-induced type I allergic responses is suggested to be around 1.0.

【目的】本研究は，長寿県である沖縄県離島の保育所乳幼児を対象として選び，授乳法ならびに離乳期間が保育所乳幼児の腸内細菌叢に及ぼす影響について検討した。【方法】期間は2008年10月27日から11月20日，対象は同意が得られた保育所乳幼児117名である。調査は腸内細菌叢の分析および対象の保護者に自記入式により授乳と離乳に関する調査を実施した。なお，腸内細菌叢の分析はNagashima法によるT-RFLP法で行い，クラスター解析を行った。【結果】年齢別に見ると，0歳時，1～2歳児は，3～5歳児と比べて有用菌の割合が有意に高い値を示した。授乳法別におけるBifidobacteriumの割合は，完全母乳32.8±2.6％，混合栄養24.2±1.5％，人工栄養19.0±1.8％（平均値±標準誤差）であり，完全母乳が他の2群に比べて有意に高い数値を示した。離乳期間別のBifidobacteriumの割合は，離乳期間6ヶ月間以下20.0±7.4％，7～14か月間26.3±10.9％（平均値±標準誤差）であり，後者が有意に高い数値を示した。【結論】腸内環境を健全に保つはたらきを持つBifidobacteriumなどの有用菌の占有率を高く維持するには，まず，母親には授乳法および離乳期間を考慮した食育が必要であり，乳幼児においては，保育所で腸内環境改善のための食材を取り入れた献立などの提供が必要であると考えられた。

【目的】著者らは先に食物繊維 5 g 入りおからパンを試作し排便との関わりについて検討し，排便回数が増加することを報告した。本研究では，さらにそのおからパンの排便効果を高めるために中医学における便通改善効果のある黒胡麻を添加したパンに蜂蜜を添えたもの（以下試験食）を開発し，そのパンの摂取後の女子学生の排便状態に及ぼす影響について検討した。【方法】被験者の選定は，排便回数が3日に1回以下を便秘と定義して，本学女子学生57名を選定しランダムに2群に分けて実施した。調査は排便状況調査票と食物摂取頻度調査票を用い，自記入法で実施し，Mann-WhitneyのU検定，χ2 検定により解析した。【結果】試験食品摂取期間における食物摂取頻度調査の結果では，試験食品摂取群の 1,000 kcal当たりの総食物繊維摂取量の平均±標準偏差は，7.6±2.0 g/日であり，対照食品摂取群は 8.0±2.4g/日であった。試験食品摂取期間の2週間における排便回数の変化は試験食品摂取群 2.00［0.00～2.50］回，対照食品摂取群 0.00［－0.50～1.00］回であり，両群間に5％レベルで有意差が認められた。排便日数では対照食品摂取群の 0.00［－0.50～1.00］日に比べ，試験食品摂取群は 3.00［1.00～3.50］日であり高い数値を示し，1％レベルで有意差が認められた。【考察】以上の結果より，試験食の排便効果が認められ，試験食は健康増進および便秘改善に効果を示すものと推測した。

The present study was carried out to compare the nutritive values of proteins contained in the four parts of krill body, "head and viscera", "eviscerated body" (abdomen), "muscle" and" whole body" with that of casein or whole egg protein. Weanling male rats of the Wistar strain were used for estimating biological value, protein efficiency ratio and true digestibility. The chemical composition and amino acid pattern of each sample from krill body were also determined. The results obtained are shown as follows. 1) Crude protein content on dry basis was higher in "muscle" and "eviscerated body" than in "whole body" and "head and viscera". By contrast, crude fat content was higher in" head and viscera" and "whole body" than in others. 2) A " muscle" diet showed significantly higher value in weight gain, food intake and protein efficiency ratio than those of both " whole body" and "head and viscera" diets. 3) Protein true digestibility and biological value of " muscle " and "eviscerated body" were significantly hi: -her than that of" whole body" and" head and viscera". 4) It was found that essential amino acid contents were higher in "muscle" and "eviscerated body" than in" whole body" and "head and viscera". The content of S-containing amino acid (limittin, amino acid) was the highest in "muscle "among these samples. 5) When crude exoskeleton obatained from raw krill was added to a casein diet, true digestibility and biological value of casein were moderately decreased. Essential amino acid contents in crude exoskeleton were found to be considerably low as compared with that of other samples of krill.

A preliminary interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the modified AOAC method for determination of total dietary fiber by Tada and Innami, in which the 3-step enzymatic digestion process in AOAC Method 991.43 is modified to a 2-step process without pH adjustment. Total dietary fiber contents in 8 representative foodstuffs were measured using both the original AOAC Method 991.43 and the modified method in 6 research facilities in Japan. Repeatability relative standard deviations, reproducibility relative standard deviations, and Horwitz ratio values from the modified method were equivalent to those from AOAC Method 991.43, except in the rice sample. However, this exceptional case shown in the modified method was entirely dissolved by the addition of alpha-amylase stabilizing agents. The modified method, which shortens the process of enzymatic digestion from 3 to 2 steps and in which only reaction temperature is adjusted under the same pH, was found not only to give accurate values comparable to the original method, but also to substantially reduce the labor required by the laboratory staff in the process of routine analysis. This study revealed that the validity of the modified method was further ensured by adding alpha-amylase stabilizing agents to the reaction system.

The present review refers to the proposal for resolving the confusion on concept of dietary fiber in the world. The working committee established by Japanese Association for Dietary Fiber Research (JDF) in 1997 first overviewed the changes of discussions on the definition, terminology and classification of dietary fiber conducted in different countries since 1972. Further reviewing has been carried out concerning the physiological significance and classification of new indigestible substances appearing year by year with the proceedings of the researches in this field. Based on the discussions, the committee members agreed that the term "dietary fiber" is inappropriate as a term which covers all indigestible components. The "luminacoids" was designed, as a comprehensive term that covers all such components, including dietary fiber in the conventional meaning. This comprehensive terminology should be classified into starch and non-starch components. Dietary fiber is a major component of non-starch substances and can be sub-classified into polysaccharides and lignin. Thus, the definition of "luminacoids" is proposed as follows: "dietary components which are not digested and/or absorbed in the human small intestine and which exert physiological effect that are useful in maintaining good health via the gastrointestinal tract". After presenting the proposal to the Annual Meeting of JDF in 1998 and 1999, it was finally approved at the 6th Annual Meeting in November 2000. We further describe the significance of new proposal by JDF , and also compare and discuss about these advantages and drawbacks of each revised definition of dietary fiber proposed currently by five international organizations and other investigators.

The study was performed to explore the suppressive effect of Jew's mellow leaves (JML) on postprandial blood glucose levels in rats and humans. A soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was extracted from the freeze-dried JML powder. An elevation of the postprandial blood glucose level in rats given 1% or 2% JML-SDF solution orally together with 20% glucose solution was significantly suppressed as compared with that observed in the control rats given only glucose solution. When seven healthy young male adults ingested 225 mL of JML mixed juice containing 15 g of freeze-dried powder with 75 g of glucose in the fasting state in the morning, the elevation of the postprandial blood glucose level was significantly suppressed as compared with the control subjects. The diffusion rate of glucose and the permeation rate of glucose in the cultured Caco-2 cells were both significantly reduced by the addition of appropriate amounts of JML-SDF when compared to the controls. These results indicate that the effective substance in JML for suppressing blood glucose elevation is a kind of mucilaginous SDF. The mechanism by which this suppression occurs may be largely attributable to the delayed absorption of glucose from the intestinal membrane in the upper digestive tract by viscous SDF.

The paper was planned to investigate the effect of dietary fiber insweet potato leaves (SPL) on modulation of blood glucose metabolism in rats. First, diet containing 5% freeze-dried SPL powder was given to the male GK rats aged 6 wks old by meal feeding. After 6 weeks after feeding started, blood glucose and insulin levels in the 5% SPL diet group were significantly reduced compared with those of the control diet group. Effectiveness of SPL on modulation of glucose metabolism in the GK rats might be supported by a significant reduction of blood cholesterol, especially LDLcholesterol.A soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was extracted from the SPL powder. This substance was found to show high viscosity and to be mainly composed of xylose (34.7%) and uronic acid (38.8% as galacturonic acid) by sugar composition analysis.An elevation of postprandial blood glucose level in rats given 5.0ml of 20% glucose solution containing 1% SPL-SDF orally was significantly suppressed as compared with that in the control rats given 20% glucose solution only.The diffusion rate of glucose and the permeation rate of glucose in the cultured Caco-2 cells were both significantly reduced by the addition of appropriate amounts of SPL-SDF comparing to the control, respectively.These results suggest that the main effective substance of SPL for suppressing blood glucose elevation is a kind of mucilage SDF.The mechanism by which may be largely attributable to delayed transport from the stomach and inhibition of diffusion and absorption in the small intestine by viscous SDF.

サツマイモ葉の有効利用の可能性を検討する目的で, これら緑葉乾燥粉末をパンに添加し, その製パン性と品質について実験を行った。(1) ファリノグラムでは, 緑葉乾燥粉末を添加するとミキシングによる安定性が低下することが認められたが, パン生地の膨張力はやや良好であった。したがって, 緑葉乾燥粉末添加パンを調製する際は, ミキシングを無添加パンより短くする必要がある。その他の製パン性には問題はなかった。(2) サツマイモ葉凍結乾燥粉末をパンに添加しても, その比容積, 水分含有量, デンプンの糊化度およびパンの硬さに対して影響を及ぼさなかった。しかし, 色調はモロヘイヤ葉乾燥粉末添加パンに比べ, やや明るさが低かった。また, 分析型官能検査においてもサツマイモ葉凍結乾燥粉末添加パンは, モロヘイヤ葉乾燥粉末添加パンと近似した評価を得た。嗜好型官能検査では, 色のさえ以外, 両者のパンとも無添加パンと有意な差は認められなかった。これらの緑葉乾燥粉末を添加したパンの組織構造では, 食物繊維と思われる膜状のものがグルテンを覆っている様子が観察された。(3) サツマイモ葉凍結乾燥粉末は食用として利用でき, 新規の素材としてその利用性に期待が持たれた。また, サツマイモ葉凍結乾燥粉末を2%添加したパン1009中には, 食物繊維2.89, カロテン49μ9, カルシウム87mg, ポリフェノール11mgが含有され, サツマイモ葉凍結乾燥粉末の添加によってパンの機能性を向上させる可能性が示唆された。パンは, 毎日食べることもできるため, 機能性成分を毎日容易に摂取できる点でも注目され, 健康の維持・増進に役立つと考えられた。

This study was conducted to examine the effects of several kinds of dietary fiber (DF) with different physical properties on the elevation of uric acid and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum of rats induced by dietary adenine. DF decreased an uptake of 14C-labeled adenine in the rat jejunum in vitro, but the reduction varied with the physical property of DF. Male Wistar rats (3 weeks old) were fed a diet with or without a 0.4% adenine and a 5% DF (cellulose, chitin, chitosan, or xanthan gum) for 20 days. Feeding of adenine in the fiber-free group elevated the concentrations of uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen in serum, but decreased the excretions of these compounds into urine and increased the amounts of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA) in kidney and urine. The test DF was found to suppress the elevation of uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum induced by dietary adenine, and to mitigate the decreased excretions of these compounds into urine and the increased retention of 2,8-DHA in kidney and urine. This phenomenon was remarkable in the xanthan gum group. These results suggest that DF suppresses the elevation of uric acid and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum by attenuating the absorption of dietary adenine.

This study was performed to clarify how dietary fiber (DF) with different viscosities would be associated with dietary RNA metabolism. Male Wistar strain rats, four weeks old, were fed diets containing a 3% (w/w) yeast RNA and a 5% (w/w) viscous DF for five days. Viscosity of DF samples used, in order of strength, were xanthan gum (XG) > guar gum (GG) > locust bean gum (LBG) > karaya gum (KG) > pectin (PE) = arabic gum (AG) > CM-cellulose (CMC) = inulin (IN). The serum uric acid concentration in the viscous DF groups significantly decreased as compared with that in the cellulose (CL) group. The urinary excretions of uric acid and allantoin in the respective groups given AG, GG, IN, KG, PE, and XG were significantly suppressed as compared with those in the CL group. The fecal RNA excretion was markedly increased in the IN, KG, PE, and XG groups in comparison to the CL group. The DF with high viscosity significantly suppressed RNA digestion by RNase A and decreased uptakes of 14C-labeled adenosine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP) in rat jejunum. The results reveal that the suppressive effect of DF on elevation of serum uric acid concentration induced by dietary RNA in rats is associated with the strength of DF viscosity. The mechanism by which this is accomplished is suggested to be attributed to the inhibitions of digestion for dietary RNA and/or absorption of the hydrolyzed compounds.

1972年,Trowell1)に よ り生理的意義 を含ませ た概 念 として"Dietary fiber"が 登場 した。これはHipsley2) が1953年 に用いた用語 と同じであるが,生 理的意味 を 含 ませた点で異なっている。これにより従来漠然とし て 用 い られ てい た"Fiber"や 分析 上 の慣 用 語 の "C rude fiber"と は明確に区別 され,こ の定義 に含 ま れる物質は1929年 にMcCanceとLawrenceら3)に より, 「利用で きない炭水化物」 と呼ばれた もの と同 じであ ると考 えられた。 1976年,Trowellら 英 国の研 究者 グル ープ4)は, Trowell1)がDietary fiberを 最初 に定義 した当時 (1972年),ペ クチ ンやグアーガムのような粘性のある 貯蔵 多糖類は,人 間の消化酵素により加水分解 されな い ということを考慮 しなかったと述べ,こ れらの物質 はその生理作用か ら見て当然Dietary fiberに含 まれな ければならないと し,定 義の修正 を行い.,「人間の消 化管酵素 によって加水分解 されない植物の多糖類 とリ グニン」 とした。 さらに,研 究の進展 と共 に,生 理的意義 を有 す る 種々の難消化性成分 が発見 され,Trowellら4)の 修正 定義ではお さまらないようになってきた。それに伴い, 個人や機関 により定義の提案あるいは修正 が行われて い る(表1)。 甲殻類 に含まれ,そ れ らか ら分離 され たキチ ン,キ トサンに生理効果が認め られたことより, 植物性起源に限定せず,動 物性起源 も含めるという意 見,ま た,難 消化性 多糖類の部分加水解物や合成多糖 類(ポ リデキス トロース)に も生理効果 が認め られ, これ らを含めるとい う提案などがある。 さらに レジス タン トスターチ(Resistant starch)や 難消化性 デキス トリンなどの他,最 近では難消化性のオ リゴ糖類 も含 め るような提案 も出 されている。 定量法 との関係 か ら,Dietary fiberの定義 を考 える べ きとい う意見やそれに反対す る意見,あ るいは拡大 すべきという意見,さ らには,Dietary fiberという用 語の使用への問題提起 さえ出 されている。このように, 今 日Dietary fiberの定義 ・用語および構成成分につい

The present study was planned to examine if the sweet potato leaf could utilize as a food source. The cookies containing sweet potato leaf powder were prepared, and then evaluated from the points of the quality, preference characteristics and preservation stability. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the sweet potato leaf cookie and the jew's marrow leaf one were higher in the green color and stronger in the smell like green leaf than the without leaf powder one. However, there ware no significant differences in the taste and the texture among the three kinds of cookies. No different preference for the three kinds of cookies was also observed from the total evaluation of sensory test. Further, the breaking characteristic values of the both cookies added with the sweet potato leaf and the Jew's marrow leaf powders were not different from those of without leaf powder cookie. In the preservation period of the cookie samples in a dark room at 37°C for 8 month, the green color and the chlorophyll content decreased, and the acid value and the peroxide value of the lipid fraction in cookies increased. However, these changes weren't remarkable. In summary, it was evaluated that there was almost no problem in all the quality of the cookie added with sweet potato leaf powder.