Vegetables are a crucial part of the human diet and a significant source of physiologically active nutraceuticals. Due to their safety, effectiveness, possible nutritional value, and therapeutic effects, they have attracted a lot of attention in the diet world. Customers are expressing a desire for wholesome food items made with natural, health-improving components, which is primarily fostering the expansion of companies involved in the anthocyanin market. Anthocyanin helps to prevent skin damage and aging, creating potential for suppliers in the nutraceutical and cosmetics industries. Common phytonutrients include lycopene from tomatoes and carotenoids from carrots, among others. There are numerous metabolic and degenerative diseases, most of which are caused by nutritional deficiencies, now increasingly affecting the population. Nutraceuticals are any ingredient used as food or as a component of food that has normal nutritional value and offers health advantages, such as illness prevention or health promotion.The practice of relieving gastric discomfort with particular foods has long recognized the impact of nutrition on gut health, and more recently, a link between certain diets and decreased incidences of a number of gastrointestinal disorders has been established.For the purpose of human disease prevention, the focus of this analysis is on grape seed nutraceuticals' most recent developments and prospective applications in the future.

Background: In recent times, herbal medicines have experienced an expansion in both developing and developed countries due to their natural origin and low incidence of adverse effects. A systematic review was performed to gather information regarding herbal plants used to treat diabetes mellitus.Objective: The aim of this article was to review evidence from preclinical and clinical trials and the proposed mechanism of herbal drugs in diabetes mellitus.Methods: A literature survey was carried out mainly focused on scientific papers published in recent years. The search strategy involved interrelated keywords, like "Diabetes mellitus," "Herbs," "Hyperglycaemia," and other uniterms. Electronic databases used were Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Elsevier.Results: Twenty studies, including preclinical and clinical trials, were selected for evaluating the mechanism of the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of herbal drugs in diabetes mellitus.Conclusion: Through clinical and preclinical research as well as an analysis of the mechanism of action of herbs, the current review provides preliminary evidence for possible anti-diabetic benefits of herbal medicines.

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Background: Medicinal plants have been widely used for treatment and management of various diseases. There are many different types of commercialized synthetic contraceptives on the market today for controlling fertility, these cannot be utilized since they have serious side effects such weight gain, hormonal alterations, hypertension, and cancer . In India, indigenous women from Tripura & Maharashtra have historically utilized the fruit pulp of Tamarindus Indicus to induce abortion. However, there is currently no accessible scientific data supporting the use of this plant for fertility control. Methods: The current study's objective was to evaluate the hydroalcoholic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp's ability to induce abortion in female Wistar rats. In this experimental animal model, contraceptive activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Tamarindus indica (HAETI) was evaluated for anti-implantation, abortifacient, and estrogenic/antiestrogenic action. Female rats having ovariectomies were given HAETI extract (500 mg/kg) for 7 straight days to test to evaluate the estrogenic/anti-estrogenic action. All animals were killed on the eighth day, and the blood serum was then processed to determine the levels of several hormones, including LH, FSH, prolactin, estrogen, and others, as well as biochemical markers including cholesterol, total protein, glycogen, and alkaline phosphates. In this model, modifications to uterine histoarchitecture were also investigated. The extract was administered from the 1 to7 day of pregnancy. On 10th day, laparotomy was performed to evaluate the no. of implants in female rats. Results: Steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids were detected during phytochemical analysis of the extract. the HAETI extract demonstrated significant anti-implantation and abortifacient effects. Additionally, the extract demonstrated significant estrogenic activity as evident by uterine histological parameters including increases in endometrium thickness and height, vaginal cornification. Further, the study found marked increases in glycogen, alkaline phosphate, estrogen, cholesterol levels when given alone or in combination with estradiol valerate. LH, FSH, and a little increase in prolactin levels were suppressed after HAETI administration. Conclusions: Our study's findings showed that Tamarindus indica fruit pulp hydroalcoholic extract has a potent contraceptive effect, which may be explained by the phytoconstituents of the plant's capacity to inhibit implantation and have an estrogenic effect. Further investigation on Tamarindus indica as a potential natural anti-implantation agent allow for new abortive drug.

The plant processed herbal formulation have significant role in drug discovery, same time phytoconstituents have high pharmacological potential to treat the various ailments such as diabetes or chronic hyperglycemia. The present research aims to explore and investigate the antidiabetic potential of roots of hyperglycemia Linn. During the study pharmacognosy and formulation of herbal tablet has been done. Fresh roots of plant were collected, two enzymes named as alpha-Amylase and alpha-Glucosidase were obtained from Sigma Aldric. Extraction and fractionation along with phytochemical screening was performed Herbal tablets were made using the direct compression method. The n-butanol fraction of plant extract was mixed with the excipients and compressed into tablets. Different batches of formulations were prepared by dry granulation technique. The maximum in vitro dissolution was found to be with formulation F2 that exhibit the extreme proportion of accumulative release of drug (93.96%) due to the optimized concentration of PVP and Chitosan and the formulations F2 has potent Antidiabetic Activity and also have antioxidant potential that was performed in this study. Plant extract has been used to formulate herbal tablets. From all five batches of tablets one batch (F2) was found to be best formulation and this was used to investigate the Antidiabetic activity as well as antioxidant activity also. The plants have potential to treat hormonal disorders also hence it can be used to treat the endocrine metabolic disorders.

Aesculus indica Wall. Ex Camb. Hook, a member of Hippocastanaceae family, is widely distributed in the low temperature region of the world. Various parts of this plant are enriched with bioactive molecules and used to treat a variety of illness such as abdominal colic, thrombosis, hemorrhoids, diabetes, rheumatism and skin diseases. All the information related to this plant was collected from different treatise and reference books, and databases like PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar etc. In this review, the pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of this plant and its patented formulations have been thoroughly discussed in order to provide a comprehensive and updated information for the scientists or researchers working on natural products.

Mercury is a toxic heavy metal. Humans are exposed to mercury through several sources including environmental, occupational, contaminated food and water and from mercury-containing dental amalgam. Mercury exposure is known to harm the nervous system profoundly, and have a negative impact on digestive and immune systems, and other organs. To review and discuss the effect of mercury exposure through environmental or occupational routes on human reproduction, pregnancy, and its outcome. Published information about the potential toxic effects of mercury on human reproduction were collected and summarized. Literature was identified by systematic search using relevant keywords. Literature review revealed a number of negative impacts of mercury on human reproduction. These included effects on semen quality, including reduced sperm count, motility, and changes in morphology that may reduce fertility potential. There may also be an effect in changing reproductive hormone levels. Mercury exposure might also affect pregnancy but the data concerning mercury effects on female reproduction are limited except for some data about mercury exposure and poor pregnancy outcomes. Available data indicate that mercury exposure may have a toxicity effect on reproductive potential, especially in males. Prenatal mercury exposure may affect pregnancy or its outcome and this appears to be dependent upon dose, duration, and timing of exposure. Nutritional status of exposed individual might also influence the impact of mercury.

field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on vegetative and yield parameters of brinjal (Solanum melongena) cv. Pant Rituraj at Crop Cafeteria, Galgotias University, Grater Noida. The experimental field was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The experimental treatments comprised of three organic manures viz. Farmyard Manure, Vermicompost and poultry manure in combination with two bio-fertilizers, namely Azospirillumand Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). All variable parameters regarding vegetative and yield were significantly influenced by different combinations of organic manures and bio-fertilizers. Result indicated that a combined application of organic manure and bio-fertilizers i.e.Vermicompost (50%) + Poultry manure (50%) + Azospirillumgave the significantly better response in respect to vegetative parameters and yield parameters and maximum plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and yield were recorded under the same treatment.

In modern agriculture, a plant suffers from many abiotic factors, which include, but are not limited to, stress caused due to heavy metals, UV radiations, extreme temperature conditions, high salinity, etc. Microbial activity is drastically affected due to soil salinity. Microbial conditions, toxic effects created due to ions, and also the osmotic stress lead to diminished growth of plants. Microorganisms are bestowed with an array of metabolic capabilities to lessen abiotic stress. The interaction of plants with the microbe is an intrinsic part of an ecosystem. They are innate partners that regulate indigenous and corporal mechanisms in plants to provide defense under severe external conditions. Plant–microbe interaction involves multiplex operations, i.e., biochemical, molecular, and physiological processes within the plant cellular system. Under sustained pressure of expanding climatic adaptations, it is vital to define and interpret the relationship between plants and microbes to save plants from abiotic stresses. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) living in consociation with roots of the plant affect their yield and susceptibility. PGPR colonize the plant’s rhizosphere and also aid in enhancing the growth of the plant and help reduce diseases caused due to pathogenic fungi, viruses, nematodes, and bacteria. In this chapter, the physiological and molecular responses of a plant against salinity, such as mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), which contribute to the growth and development of the plant under salinity stress, are discussed.

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex. Benth (family: Fabaceae) is traditionally used as a folk remedy for diabetes in Central Africa. The present study was intended to evaluate the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential of hydroethanolic leaf extract (HEAA) and its fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate) at different concentrations (100–500 μg/ml) to justify its role in diabetes. The leaf extract (HEAA) and its ethyl acetate fraction (EFAA) showed maximum scavenging effect (60.43 ± 0.11, 50.87 ± 0.31) at 500 µg/ml, respectively. However, in enzyme inhibitory assays, the HEAA extract and EFAA among the fractions exhibited maximum inhibition against α‑amylase (61.69 ± 0.05, 53.87 ± 0.33), α‑glucosidase (63.34 ± 0.12, 58.46 ± 0.90) and pancreatic lipase (51.77 ± 0.15, 49.87 ± 0.31), respectively, at 500 µg/ml when compared with standard. The IC50 values of HEAA and EFAA against α‑amylase (3.35 and 4.48, respectively), α‑glucosidase (3.36 and 4.04, respectively) and pancreatic lipase (4.47 and 5.07, respectively) are also significant. The results suggest that HEAA possesses good antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential, which in turn might be responsible for its antidiabetic effect.

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase involved in the homeostasis of cellular energy. AMPK has developed as an appealing clinical target for the diagnosis of multiple metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammation, and cancer. Genetic and pharmacological studies indicate that AMPK is needed in response to glucose deficiency, dietary restriction, and increased physical activity for preserving glucose homeostasis. After activation, AMPK influences metabolic mechanisms contributing to enhanced ATP production, thus growing processes that absorb ATP simultaneously. In this review, several natural products have been discussed which enhance the sensitivity of AMPK and alleviate sub complications or different pathways by which such AMPK triggers can be addressed. AMPK Natural products as potential AMPK activators can be developed as alternate pharmacological intervention to reverse metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes.

Phthalates are pervasive compounds, and due to the ubiquitous usage of phthalates, humans or even children are widely exposed to them. Since phthalates are not chemically bound to the plastic matrix, they can easily leach out to contaminate the peripheral environment. Various animal and human studies have raised vital health concern including developmental and reproductive toxicity of phthalate exposure. The present review is based upon the available literature on phthalates with respect to their reproductive toxic potential. Common reproductive effects such as declined fertility, reduced testis weight, variations in accessory sex organs and several female reproductive disorders appeared to be largely associated with the transitional phthalates. Among the higher molecular weight phthalates (≥ C7), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) produces some minor effects on development of male reproductive tract and among low molecular weight phthalates (≤C3), di-methyl (DMP) and di-isobutyl (DIBP) phthalate produce some adverse effects on male reproductive system. Whereas transitional phthalates such as di-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate have shown adverse effects on female reproductive system. Owing to these, non-toxic alternatives to phthalates may be developed and use of phthalates could be rationalized as an important issue where human reproduction system is involved. Though, more epidemiological studies are needed to substantiate the reported findings on phthalates.

Excessive air pollution, both ambient and in-door are might be detrimental to human wellbeing and are related to morbidity and mortality, it may also affect the reproductive function and its outcome. It is a recognized fact that air pollution contains several toxicants, gases, particulate matter, toxic metals etc. Some of them might affect reproductive and developmental process and a few are persistent. The information accessible on air pollution to human male reproduction is stated to affect semen quality by diminishing one or more sperm quality param-eters i.e., sperm morphology, concentration, motility etc. and may causes sperm DNA damage, these might alter the fertility potential which in turn affect pregnancy or its outcome. The impact might be related to the pollutant's concentration and duration of exposure. The data on impact of air contamination on endocrine function are inadequate, inconsistence and the diversity of existence of air contaminants in area to area and multiplicity in semen quality parameters assessed in various studies as well as study design variables complicated the problem of evalu-ation of impact of air pollution on male reproduction. The data available suggests the air pollution is might be inju-rious to human male reproductive health, which depends upon amounts of air pollutants in the air, duration of exposure etc. but more comprehensive data are needed to substantiate the findings. The data are also needed on indoor air pollution on reproduction as people are might be subjected to greater quantities of some of the indoor air pollutants as compared to ambient air pollution.

Background Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham., an important medicinal plant of the Capparidaceae family, is widely distributed in India and tropical and subtropical parts of the world. It has been reported for its folkloric use in various disorders such as blood purifier, breathing problems, fever, metabolic disorders, wound healing, memory loss, and weak immune system. Results The present review has focused on the botanical description and ethnomedicinal and traditional uses of C. nurvala along with its reported pharmacological activities. Chief chemical constituents and pharmacological aspects of C. nurvala have been deeply explored to unravel the unexplored folklore/ethnomedicinal uses of this plant so that the researchers working on this plant may be able to find new insights to continue further investigation on this plant. The pharmacological aspects like anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-diarrheal, anti-fertility, anti-pyretic, and anti-cancer potentials evaluated by various in vitro/in vivo methods on this plant have been reported. Conclusion Various traditional uses have been reported that need to be scientifically investigated in depth and several pharmacological activities have been reported for the C. nurvala, but more detailed and mechanism-based studies linked to a particular lead compound need to be targeted in the future. Moreover, this plant has not been completely assessed on the basis of its safety and efficacy on humans. It is expected that this review will compile and improve the existing knowledge on the potential utilization of C. nurvala in complementary and alternative medicine.

Objective: Pregnancy is associated with increased oxidative stress, and exaggeration of oxidative damage is significant in occurrence of pregnancy complications. The preterm or premature births are linked at least in part with oxidative stress (OS) and DNA damage. Therefore, the study was conducted with the aim to assess the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'–deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the women with or without Preterm birth (PTB). Material & Methods: A total of 77 women comprising full term (controls; n=39) and preterm (cases; n=38) birth were enrolled. Predesigned proforma were filled to collect demographic, personal, medical and reproductive history of the subjects. The concentrations of 8-OHdG and TAC were determined in serum of subjects by ELISA technique. Results: A higher 8-OHdG concentrations were found in the serum of women with PTB compared to control group i.e. full-term birth while subjects with PTB had slightly lower level of TAC with respect to the control. Further, a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) between 8-OHdG and TAC levels was observed. This indicates that as the DNA damage increases, there is a decrease in total antioxidant capacity. Risk factors analysis by logistic regression demonstrated that the risk factors such as mental stress (OR 5.63, 95 CI1.35 to 23.47, p<0.05) and 8-OHdG (OR 1.14, 95 CI 1.00 to 1.30, p<0.05) were associated with preterm birth. Conclusion: The data obtained so far reveals that the DNA damage marker (8-OHdG) and mental stress were might be associated with preterm birth.

The study was conducted on a population of 203 women attending the IVF clinic, Ahmedabad, India, to explore the role of stimulation protocol and the number of oocytes retrieved on oxidative stress in follicular fluid and IVF outcome. Follicular fluid was collected during ovum pick-up to determine the oxidative stress markers: superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), total thiols (TT), l-ascorbic acid (AA), total protein, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GRD). The average number of oocytes retrieved was significantly higher in the women receiving a long GnRH agonist protocol compared to GnRH antagonist protocol while the percentage of women with positive IVF outcome was lower in the long agonist protocol. The level of total thiols was significantly lower in the group of women administered a short agonist protocol. The proportion of ETs carried out and positive IVF outcome were higher following retrieval of an intermediate number of oocytes (6-10 oocytes) compared to a lower (0-5 oocytes) and higher (>10 oocytes) number. Mean glutathione reductase (GRD) activity in follicular fluid was significantly elevated in the intermediate (6-10) and higher (>10) oocyte retrieval groups compared to the lower oocyte retrieval group. Positive IVF outcomes were highest when oocyte retrieval was in the range of 6-10 oocytes, and the level of MDA was lower (1.76 +/- 0.13 nmol/ml) as compared to 0-5 and >10 oocytes retrieved groups.