The goose barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes) is one of the most important economic resources in the rocky shores of Portugal and Spain, supporting professional and recreational fisheries. Despite diverse management efforts, poaching remains a widespread problem, often violating spatial and temporal closures. Traceability tools based on biogeochemical signatures of P. pollicipes tissues provide a science-based solution to confirm provenance. This study examines the spatio-temporal variability of elemental fingerprints (EF) in P. pollicipes capitula collected at three different times from two to eight locations per time along the NW and W Iberian coast and assesses the potential of these biogeochemical signatures to confirm location and time of harvesting. Furthermore, to enhance the cost-efficiency of these tools, it also evaluates whether temporal variability affects the accuracy of predictive models by inferring harvesting locations when using samples collected at different times. A marked spatiotemporal variability in EF was observed, with all assessed elements (Al, Ba, K, Mg, Na, P, and Sr) playing key roles in all predictive models. The three Random Forest models assembled, each corresponding to a different sampling time, revealed high accuracy when assigning samples to their original location summer 2018 = 73.3-100 % of correct assignment, mean value 90.8 %; summer 2019 = 80-100 %, mean value 93.3 %. The model developed to confirm the sampling time achieved an accuracy between 86.7 and 100 %, mean value 93.3 %. However, when models were built and tested with samples from different sampling times, location accuracy dropped considerably (ranging from 0 to 83.3 %, mean value 5-31.4 %). Despite this limitation, these findings support fishery management by showcasing the possibility to confirm the geographic origin of P. pollicipes and determine whether they were illegally sourced from no take zones and periods.

Embryos of marine organisms are used for human consumption. However, potential health benefits of crab embryos remain largely undressed. Cancer pagurus is the most consumed crab species in Europe, with the tight packing of embryos within the brooding chamber of females eventually affecting their nutritional value. This study showed that newly extruded embryos were rich in 20:5 n-3 (11.78 ± 3.36 µg mg-1 DW) and 22:6 n-3 (11.50 ± 3.29 µg mg-1 DW), exhibited a balanced Σ n-6/Σ n-3 ratio (0.25 ± 0.06) and suitable nutritional lipid indices for human diet, namely atherogenic index (0.34 ± 0.05), thrombogenic index (0.19 ± 0.04) and hypocholesterolemic /hypercholesterolemic index (2.80 ± 0.44). Moreover, the position of C. pagurus embryos within females’ brooding chamber did not influence their fatty acid (FA) profile or nutritional quality. Regardless of their position in the brooding chamber, newly extruded embryos displayed a similar FA profile, evidencing a uniform maternal investment in offspring. These findings highlight the potential of C. pagurus embryos as a functional gourmet seafood, which may enhance their market value.

Understanding the ecological dynamics of zooplankton communities is crucial to precisely assessing the health of marine ecosystems and their management. Metabarcoding has contributed to a better understanding of biodiversity in marine environments. However, this methodology still requires protocol optimisation. Here, we used a complementary approach combining molecular and morphological identification methods to identify the zooplankton community inhabiting the Berlengas Archipelago, Portugal. The presence of non-indigenous species was also assessed. The results showed that the metabarcoding approach outperformed the classical morphological identification method, detecting more species with higher resolution. Nevertheless, the classical method was able to identify species that were not detected by the molecular approaches, probably due to a lack of reference data in the databases. The comparison between different molecular approaches showed that COI and bulk DNA gave better results than 18S rRNA and eDNA by detecting higher species diversity. However, complementarities were observed between them. Molecular tools also proved effective in identifying several potential non-indigenous species, identifying, for the first time, several potentially unreported NIS inhabiting the Portuguese marine ecosystems. Overall, our results confirmed the importance of combining both classical and molecular methods to obtain a more refined assessment of the zooplanktonic communities in marine environments.

In the Iberian Peninsula, illegal harvesting and mislabeling of geographic origin of goose barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes) poses serious socio-economic risks, including food safety issues, product depreciation, and depletion of natural stocks. In the present study, we assess the fatty acid (FA) profiles of two soft tissues (the edible peduncle and the adductor muscle) of P. pollicipes originating from six locations over the Atlantic NW and W Iberian coasts of mainland Portugal to demonstrate their suitability to confirm the geographic origin of this species and shed light on the nutritional value of the edible peduncle. Random forest models exhibited high accuracy in allocating samples to their original location (91.7% for the edible peduncle and 86.7% for the adductor muscle). Moreover, the edible peduncle possessed a high nutritional quality, as revealed by the following indices: fish lipid quality (FLQ, %): 44.3–53.6; atherogenic index (AI): 0.32–0.48; thrombogenic index (TI): 0.14–0.20; and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH): 2.65–4.64. Overall, the traceability approach employed in the present work can assist in the fight against illegal harvesting and the mislabeling of P. pollicipes geographic origin, thus contributing to the added value of this nutritious bioresource, along with its conservation and sustainable management in the Iberian Peninsula and elsewhere.

Download This Paper Open PDF in Browser Add Paper to My Library Share: Permalink Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely Copy URL Copy DOI

In this work, a new and natural food product, stalked barnacle (Pollicipes Pollicipes) pâté enriched with blackberry, was developed to valorise the rejected stalked barnacle. To evaluate the addition of blackberry fruits (Rubus ulmifolius Schott.) as a natural preservative on pâté quality, four pâté sample groups were considered: a negative control without a synthetic additive (CTR), a positive control with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a group with blackberry extract (blackberry), and a group with a mixture of BHT and blackberry (blackberry + BHT). In addition, the effect of pasteurization (80 °C for 30 min) versus sterilization (121 °C for 30 min) on the pâté quality were evaluated. The bioactive evaluation expressed by the total phenolic content (TPC) and antiradical activity by the DPPH radical scavenging associated with oxidative stability determined by thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) were performed. The impact of packaging opening followed by refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) simulating the consumer behavior at home, was assessed. All the heat-treated stalked barnacle pâté samples were found microbially safe with an interesting content of total phenolic, the highest ones being the CTR and Blackberry + BHT, ranging from 58.79 to 55.38 mg GAE/100 g. After the package opening of the barnacle pâté sample of Blackberry + BHT, it revealed a superior inhibition of TBARS (0.46 mg MDA/100 g) after 7 days at refrigerated storage compared to the other samples. These results state the efficacy of blackberry in minimizing the lipid oxidation of stalked barnacle pâte. This study showed the potential for rejected stalked barnacle to be valorised and improve the sustainability of resources.

For the first time, the decapod larval community in the Berlenga and coastal Peniche region have been investigated in detail, from a short-term time series (2015 – 2020). Sampling was conducted in two locations, at Berlengas archipelago, and near the coast, at Peniche. The communities found at both stations were revealed to be 80% different in terms of species composition, but species of Brachyura, Caridea, and Anomura were the most abundant in both locations. A marked seasonality, with abundance peaks during summer and autumn, was found for the assemblages near the coast, but absent in the assemblages of the Berlenga region. This suggests that factors other than the environmental variables examined in this study may play a crucial role in shaping the assemblages more offshore. Water temperature, upwelling index, salinity, and chlorophyll-a were the main factors dictating species abundance, especially at Peniche. This emphasizes the significant role of the Iberian upwelling productivity, which in turn influences decapod communities. Also, the progressive warming of coastal water will most likely have a negative impact on the decapod meroplanktonic life forms, with further consequences on recruitment and adult life stages.

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions have led to the warming and acidification of the oceans. Although, there is a growing of evidence showing that simultaneous occurrence of ocean acidification and ocean warming are threats to marine organisms, information on their combined effect on coastal shrimp species remains scarce. The purpose of this study was to estimate the combined effects of seawater acidification and warming on growth-related traits and biochemical responses of P. elegans juveniles. In this work, shrimp were exposed for 65 days at 4 experimental conditions: pH 8.10 * 18 °C, pH 7.80 * 18 °C, pH 8.10 * 22 °C, pH 7.80 * 22 °C. The results showed that low pH decreases the lipid content by ∼13% (p < 0.05). Higher temperature reduced the condition factor by ∼11%, the protein content by ∼20%, the PUFA by ∼8,6% and shortened moulting events by 5 days (p > 0.05) while the SFA increased ∼9.4%. The decrease in condition factor and protein was however more prominent in organisms exposed to the combination of pH and temperature with a decrease of ∼13% and ∼21%, respectively. Furthermore, essential fatty acids as EPA and DHA also decreased by ∼20% and ∼6.6% in low pH and higher temperature condition. Despite this study suggest that warming may have a greater impact than acidification, it has been shown that their combined effect can exacerbate these impacts with consequences for the shrimp's body size and biochemical profile.

Community data is often transformed or standardized to meet the requirements and assumptions of multivariate analysis. While these methods are usually appropriate for abundance data, they are seldom applied to presence-absence data. Here, a method of transforming a binary matrix using the binomial probability is described. Number of trials (n), number of successes (x) and probability of success (p) are necessary to compute the binomial probability. Successes were defined as the number of sites where the species occurrence can be considered; trials were equal and greater than the number of successes. The actual occurrence of each species along the gradient was considered the probability of success. The Mantel statistic associated with the binomially transformed distance matrix and the distance matrix based on binary data were used to choose an appropriate binomial transformation. The chosen binomial transformation gave greater value to species indicating habitat typologies. Binomially transformed data rendered results closer to expectations.

Complete larval morphological descriptions are currently only known for three of the 48 species of genus Lysmata. The present study describes and illustrates the larval development of Lysmata amboinensis (De Man) reared under laboratory conditions. Lysmata amboinensis larval development is composed by a total of ten zoea and a decapodite stage. The first zoeal stage larvae presents sessile eyes, a carapace with a pterigostomial spine and anterio-ventral marginal denticles, a long, slender, and pointed rostrum, an antennal exopod terminally articled, a pleon with five somites, the fifth one bearing a pair of dorso-lateral spines on the posterior margin, and a triangular shaped telson with 7+7 posterior processes. The decapodite resembles a smaller adult and has extremely long antennas (more than twice the total length of the decapodite), the first two pair of pereiopods with chela, first four pairs of pereiopods with reduced and entire exopods, and fully developed pleopods. The morphological features of L. amboinensis are compared with those currently available for the larval stage of the genus Lysmata.

Interest on jellyfish research has significantly increased over the last two decades, mostly driven by the potential benefits of their high-end uses. Recent efforts have been put forward towards the commercial use of scyphozoan jellyfish, although the pipeline leading to their full exploitation is still at an early stage of development. Indeed, further research and several technical advances are still required to expand the use of these bioresources to a larger and more sustainable scale. Here, we describe the state of the art of culture systems already available to farm these organisms throughout the different stages of their life cycle and provide an overview of the potential applications of jellyfish aquaculture for food, feed, as source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical and other biotechnological applications, as well as to supply the marine aquarium trade. Overall, this work aims to raise awareness on the relevance that jellyfish will likely play on the development of sustainable blue bioeconomy frameworks fostering a sustainable valorisation of marine living resources.

Just nearby the largest submarine canyon in Europe – off the western coast of Portugal – is located the Nazaré artificial reef (NAR) deployed in 2010 and the first of its kind in this coast. NAR aimed to improve social and economic resilience of the local communities, mainly by creating a safer and closer area for fishing and to enhance commercially exploitable marine resources. The innovative part of this research lies on the fact that for the first time was developed a multidisciplinary approach for NAR. Scientific evidence from fieldwork shows that in 2015 the reef was already mature and colonized by abundant and diversified macrobenthic assemblages. No evidence of negative impacts of NAR on the soft bottom macrofauna was observed, as assemblage composition in the NAR area and in the vicinity areas is similar. In relation to the primary producers that support the subsequent food chain, there also seems to be a balance between NAR and the surrounding area since phytoplankton was equally abundant throughout the area. Experimental fisheries and underwater visual census results on ichthyofaunal communities in the reef revealed high abundance and low levels of species richness, pouting, Trisopterus luscus Linnaeus, 1758 being the most common fish species found. Concerning NAR socio-economic impact, results from direct site observations (DSOs) showed that only some small-scale fishing vessels were eligible to operate on the NAR area. Thus, comparatively to non-AR areas nearby reef use by fishing vessels differs according to spatial and temporal strata. In what perception was concerned, the NAR has contributed to fish aggregation, though being populated mostly by small fish. Fishers have stated that some factors seemed to have changed after reef deployment. Notwithstanding, the NAR may have been a valuable contribution to an apparently overall socio-economic positive impact on the local fishing community that can be corroborated by the presence of good biological indicators.

Phenomena such as global warming, rising sea temperatures and extreme weather and climate anomalies such as floods and heat waves have been shown to alter absolute salinity values. While affecting marine and estuarine population dynamics, these scenarios may also favour the invasion and proliferation of opportunistic and potentially harmful species in new geographical areas—such as blooming jellyfish. These organisms are one of the less studied taxa, particularly the proliferative asexual benthic phase, to which effects of in situ and experimental global change scenarios are poorly addressed. Acclimation and plasticity to global change scenarios were individually assessed through life history and physiological responses (survival, settlement time, time until maturity, feeding activity, asexual reproduction and behaviour) of laboratory-reared ciliated buds and polyps (= scyphostomae) of the invasive Phyllorhiza punctata (Cnidaria: Rhizostomeae). The present study evaluated the effects of two temperature levels (21 °C—current thermal scenario, or 25 °C—warming scenario) and six salinity regimes resembling estuarine and marine conditions (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40) during 21 days. Under warming, P. punctata scyphostomae showed faster development and budding rates upon estuarine-like salinities, but higher mortality and reduced development under marine-like conditions—an ecological niche trade-off since at 21 °C such pattern was not found. Overall, our results suggest that global changes might prompt P. punctata proliferation through polyp colonisation mainly in estuarine areas and potentially increase blooming events with further implications at local and regional scales.

Identifying sources of variability in public perceptions and attitudes toward sharks can assist managers and conservationists with developing effective strategies to raise awareness and support for the conservation of threatened shark species. This study examined the effect of several demographic, economic and socioenvironmental factors on the quality of knowledge about and perceptions toward sharks in two contrasting scenarios from northeastern Brazil: a shark hazardous coastal region and a marine protected insular area. Ordered logistic regression models were built using Ukert data collected with a self-administered questionnaire survey (N = 1094). A clear relationship between education, knowledge and perceptions was found, with low education level and knowledge of sharks resulting in more negative perceptions toward these species. Prejudice toward sharks stemmed as a potentially limiting factor because the positive effects of other variables such as affinity for nature and specific knowledge about sharks were superseded by the effects of negative prejudice. Other practical factors such as age, economic level, and gender, also influenced respondent's knowledge and perceptions and could provide a guidance for optimizing socioenvironmental gains relative to public engagement efforts. Results also suggested that populations inhabiting regions with high shark bite incidence likely require distinct outreach methods because some factors underlying knowledge and perception dynamics exhibited structural differences in their effects when compared to the trends observed in a marine protected area. Altogether, public perceptions and attitudes toward sharks could be feasibly enhanced with educational development and nature experiencing strategies. Moreover, disseminating shark-specific knowledge across the society might catalyze support for the conservation of these species in a cost-effective way. This study provides a potentially useful socioenvironmental framework to deal with the human dimensions of shark management and to strengthen conservation policies aimed at promoting societal compliance with pro-environmental values, which is crucial to endow shark populations with effective protection from anthropogenic threats.

The engagement of the fishers and other stakeholders in the management of the resources is considered the key ingredient for a good fishery governance. The stalked barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes can be considered the most important economic resource on rocky shores of northern Spain and continental Portugal. This species is highly prized as food and it is heavily exploited. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the temporal variation in the perception of P. pollicipes fishers at Berlengas Nature Reserve (RNB, the first area in Portugal to be managed for this fishery, since 2000) regarding the state of the fishery and the state of the management, and the implementation of a co-management system applied to the harvesting of this resource at RNB. The fishers' perception was evaluated by individual and direct interviews to professional P. pollicipes fishers with license to harvest at RNB, performed in 2005, 2013 (past studies) and 2018 (present study). The perception of the fishers about the state of P. pollicipes revealed an overall negative tendency of this resource at RNB, as they considered that the amount and size of the barnacles had decreased over time, and the quality remained the same. Most fishers also considered that P. pollicipes are being overexploited at RNB. The state of the management was defined as acceptable, as a large majority of the fishers agreed with most of the management measures, except for the spatial closures. However, their sense of nonfulfillment was high regarding most management measures in practice. Finally, an increasing percentage of the fishers agreed with the implementation of a co-management system applied to barnacle harvesting at RNB. This management shift might bring benefits perceived by the fishers as a better state of the resource, a more sustainable fishery management and an increase of the economic value of the resource. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sewage is among the largest components of coastal pollution, showing a variable scale and size when causing an impact. In this study, temporal and spatial sewage-related gradients were identified using univariate and multivariate methods. Phosphates and nitrogen-based nutrients, except nitrate, were associated to sewage. Abundance and species richness decrease with distance from the sewage outfall while evenness increased. Filter-feeder bivalves and grazer crustaceans showed preference for the sewage discharge site. Gastropods were more abundant at an intermediate distance, likely reflecting primary production enhancement by sewage. Beta diversity was lower at the location and time with highest sewage loadings. The turnover component of beta diversity expressed as an absolute or proportional value was also useful to detect temporal and spatial sewage-related gradients. Highly energetic hydrodynamics contributes to ameliorate sewage impacts, yet not enough to veil the effect of pollution in this study.

Chitin was extracted from Polybius henslowii, a swimming crab, captured in large quantities throughout the Portuguese coast by purse seine vessels as bycatch. After standard chitin extraction procedures, water-soluble chitosan products were obtained via two different methods: (1) N-acetylation with the addition of acetic anhydride and (2) a reaction with hydrogen peroxide. The chemical structure and molecular weight of chitosan derivatives, water-soluble chitosan (WSC) and chitooligosaccharides (COS), were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Antioxidant and metal chelation activities were evaluated, and the growth inhibition capacity was tested on four phytopatogens. The chitooligosaccharides from pereopods (pCOS) and shell body parts (sCOS) inhibited all fungal species tested, particularly Cryphonectria parasitica with 84.7% and 85.5%, respectively. Both radical scavenging and antifungal activities proved to be dose-dependent. Chitooligosaccharides with a low molecular weight (2.7, 7.4, and 10.4 Kg·mol−1) showed the highest activity among all properties tested. These results suggested that chitosan derivatives from P. henslowii raw material could potentially be used against phytopathogens or as ingredient in cosmetics and other products related to oxidative stress.

Event Abstract Back to Event Effects of ocean acidification on growth and feeding rates of spotted jellyfish Phyllorhiza punctata early life stage/polyps. Daniel F. Marques1*, Sónia C. Marques1, 2, Inês M. Duarte1, Sam Dupont3 and Sergio Leandro1, 4 1 Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences (MARE), Portugal 2 Portuguese Institute of Ocean and Atmosphere (IPMA), Portugal 3 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 4 Escola Superior de Turismo e Tecnologia do Mar, Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal The increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is causing the reduction of the seawater pH. Is well known that ocean acidification affects marine organisms causing impacts on its survival and growth rates. In recent years, jellyfish blooms have been increasing the interaction of humans with such organisms, leading to socioeconomic negative impacts. In order to better understand jellyfish blooms dynamics, is essential achieve a better knowledge about the impacts on the different aspects of jellyfish life cycle, both attached polyps and free-swimming medusae. In this study, it was evaluated the effect of ocean acidification on the growth and ingestion rate of Phyllorhiza punctata polyps, when submitted to projected values of seawater pH for the year 2100 (a decrease of 0.3-0.4 units of pH) and extreme values (decrease of 1-2 units of pH). Three polyps of P. punctata with a similar size (1027 ± 76µm) were placed in microplates containing 5 ml of non-CO2-enriched seawater (pH = 8.1) and CO2-enriched seawater (pH = 7.5, 7.0, 6.5, 6.0). Salinity and temperature were kept constant and equal to 35 and 22, respectively. Prior feeding experiments, polyps were subjected to a 24 hours period of starvation. After that, the polyps were exposed to 50 newly hatched Artemia nauplii. After 1 hour the remaining nauplii were counted. Feeding rate (prey ind-1 hour-1) was calculate as the number of prey ingested per polyp per hour. The obtained results showed a significant linear relationship between pH and feeding rate (F4,75=52.832 p < 0.001), with feeding rate decreasing with pH (Fig. 1). For growth rate, one polyp per well with similar size (312 ± 41µm) were transferred to 3 mL 24 wells microplates containing 2 mL of seawater at the same conditions described in previous section. Polyps were fed ad libitum every 2 days with Brachionus sp. and measured every 5 days. Water was changed daily. The growth rate (mm day-1) was calculated from the relationship between time and size. The pH decrease showed a negative impact on growth rate, inducing a decrease from 19.34 ± 0.685 mm day-1 (pH 8.1) to 14.82 ± 0.732 mm day-1 (pH 6.5) and 14.87 ± 0.930 mm day-1 (pH 6.0) (Fig. 2). Significant differences (H4,50 = 20.867, p < 0.001) were only observed between pH 6.5 and 6.0 (Dunn's method). The obtained results suggest that polyps of Phyllorhiza punctata may have some resistance to pH levels expected to the year 2100 (a decrease of 0.3 – 0.4 units of pH). Nevertheless, the exposition to extremes value of pH (6.5 and 6.0) showed a clear negative impact on polyp growth. Although an increase in prey ingestion was expected to compensate the increase cost in basal energy due to acidosis caused by a decrease in pH, in this work it was observed a reduction in ingestion rate, which may contribute to the decrease observed in growth and even affect other biological processes (e.g. reproduction). Other studies found that when organisms are exposed to both acidification and temperature increase the effect of the acidification may be ameliorated or exacerbated by the temperature increase. Future studies should evaluate the effect of pH on asexual reproduction and the combined effect of an increased temperature, in order to better understand how global changes will affect Phyllorhiza punctata jellyfish both on polyp and free-swimming medusae. Figure 1 Figure 2 Acknowledgements Financial support by FCT through project UID/MAR/04292, Jellyfisheries (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016772), the Postdoctoral grants attributed to SC Marques (SFRH/BPD/110400/2015), and the Integrated Programme of SR&TD “Smart Valorization of Endogenous Marine Biological Resources Under a Changing Climate” (Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000018), co-funded by Centro 2020 program, Portugal 2020, European Union, through the European Regional Development Fund. Keywords: Ocean acidification (OA), jellyfish, Phyllorhiza punctata, Growth and ingestion rate, Early life cycle Conference: XX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies (SIEBM XX) , Braga, Portugal, 9 Sep - 12 Sep, 2019. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Global Change, Invasive Species and Conservation Citation: Marques DF, Marques SC, Duarte IM, Dupont S and Leandro S (2019). Effects of ocean acidification on growth and feeding rates of spotted jellyfish Phyllorhiza punctata early life stage/polyps.. Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: XX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies (SIEBM XX) . doi: 10.3389/conf.fmars.2019.08.00131 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 07 Jun 2019; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019. * Correspondence: Dr. Daniel F Marques, Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences (MARE), Lisbon, Portugal, dfmarques88@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Daniel F Marques Sónia C Marques Inês M Duarte Sam Dupont Sergio Leandro Google Daniel F Marques Sónia C Marques Inês M Duarte Sam Dupont Sergio Leandro Google Scholar Daniel F Marques Sónia C Marques Inês M Duarte Sam Dupont Sergio Leandro PubMed Daniel F Marques Sónia C Marques Inês M Duarte Sam Dupont Sergio Leandro Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.