he present investigation aimed to assess the genetic variation anddivergence among coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypesusing various multivariate statistical methods. The study wasconducted in Randomized Block Design, evaluating ten keyquantitative characters to identify promising genotypes. Correlationanalysis revealed significant positive associations, notably betweenumbels per plant and seeds per umbel, as well as between biologicalyield and seed yield, suggesting their potential for indirect selection inbreeding programs. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identifiedfour principal components that collectively accounted for 87.26% ofthe total variability, with PC1 contributing the highest proportion. Thiscomponent was primarily influenced by plant height, number ofbranches per plant and oil content. Cluster analysis categorized thegenotypes into four groups. Genotypes UD 619, UD 703 and RCr 728showed close genetic affinity, while UD 603 stood out as a distinctgenotype due to its notably high seed yield. Plant height and oilcontent exhibited high heritability coupled with a high geneticadvance as percent of mean, indicating the predominance of additivegene action.

When referring to a drug's active component as “Quinta essential,” Paracelsus von Hohenheim, a Swiss physician used the word “essential oil” for the very first time in the sixteenth century. Plant oils and extracts have been utilised for a variety of purposes for thousands of years. Essential oils have long been used in traditional medicine and by practitioners of alternative rejuvenation approaches. Because of their considerable immunomodulatory and antibacterial action, they have been used for many years to treat various ailments. Many volatile chemicals generated by plant secondary metabolism combine to make essential oils. Components of essential oil may be classified into two related types on a biosynthetic level. The two primary groups are terpene or terpenoid inchoation compounds, as well as aromatic and aliphatic components. Since the Middle Ages, essential oils have been utilized for antibacterial, biocidal, anti-fungal, antiprotozoal, and antifeedant purposes, as well as painkiller, calming, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, and locally anesthetic therapy. However, little is understood about how essential oils function. Plant oils and extracts' antimicrobial characteristics have served as the foundation for a variety of enterprises, including pharmaceuticals, alternative medicine, and herbal treatments.

Introduction:Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. beauv) is an important crop in underdeveloped countries; however, yield levels are low. The use of varied germplasm in a breeding approach is critical for increasing productivity. Foxtail millet can be cultivated effectively in a wide range of environmental circumstances but it is best suited to hot and dry climates.Methods:In the current study, multivariant traits were used to define 50 genotypes in the first year and 10 genotypes in the second year. The phenotypic correlations among all traits in the entire germplasm were assessed, and the data acquired for all quantitative characters were subjected to analysis of variance for augmented block design. Furthermore, WINDOWS STAT statistical software was used to carry out a principal component analysis (PCA). The presence of substantial variations in most symptoms was shown by analysis of variance.Results:Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) projections for grain yields were the highest, followed by panicle lengths and biological yields. Plant height and leaf length had the highest PCV estimates, followed by leaf width. Low GCV and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were measured as leaf length and 50% flowering in days. According to the PCV study, direct selection based on characters, panicle weight, test weight, and straw weight had a high and positive effect on grain yield per plant in both the rainy and summer seasons, indicating the true relationship between these characters and grain yield per plant, which aids indirect selection for these traits and thus improves grain yield per plant. Variability in foxtail millet germplasm enables plant breeders to effectively select appropriate donor lines for foxtail millet genetic improvement.Discussion:Based on the average performance of genotypes considered superior in terms of grain yield components under Prayagraj agroclimatic conditions, the best five genotypes were: Kangni-7 (GS62), Kangni-1 (G5-14), Kangni-6 (GS-55), Kangni-5 (GS-389), and Kangni-4 (GS-368).

Background: The conditions of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) must be met in order for a new variety to be registered or protected. DUS testing ensures that a novel variety is unique from other existing varieties and that the farmers will produce a variety with consistent traits that will remain intact in subsequent generations to follow. However, DUS testing does not provide information about genetic diversity as a result, cluster analysis was performed. Methods: Twenty-two farmers’ varieties (FVs) of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were collected from Vindhyan zone of eastern Uttar Pradesh and were grown in randomized block design with three replications during rabi 2019-20 and 2020-2021. FVs were characterized according to DUS guidelines of the PPV and FRA, 2001 and were subjected for Agglomerative cluster analysis by using Ward’s method. Result: All the characters were found uniform and stable in their expression in consecutive two seasons. PKKK-227 and PMKK-232 were similar to each other, while rest FVs were found distinct. The varieties were grouped into 5 clusters, among which maximum genotypes (8) were in cluster II and minimum genotypes (2) were in cluster V. Cluster I, III and IV had 4, 3 and 5 farmers’ varieties respectively. FVs in cluster II are more or less similar to each other; hence they have a common ancestor. Ramaipur had maximum diversity among the villages of Vindhyan zone.

At the Field Experimentation Centre, Department of GPB, SHUATS, Prayagraj, the study was carried out with 30 genotypes of linseed in a Randomized Block Design which was replicated three times. The yield and yield traits of 30 linseed genotypes were evaluated, and the results revealed that the phenotypic coefficient of variance was higher than the associated GCV and PCV, respectively. Under rainfed conditions, seed yield per plant showed significant and positive correlations with the quantity of seeds/plant, the weight of a 1000 seeds, and the number of days till flowering, whereas under irrigated conditions, seed yield per plant showed significant and positive correlations with the quantity of seeds per plant, the weight of a 1000 seeds, the number of primary branches per plant, and the height of the plant at the genotypic level and it shows the significant and positive correlations with number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight and primary branches per plant at phenotypic level.

This study was performed to determine the morphological characteristics of 17 references snap melon landraces (Cucumis melo L. momocardica) collected from various district of Allahabad regions validate DUS testing using the Botanical descriptors are based on PPV and FRA DUS guidelines of muskmelon.Of the 34 morphological characters studied, 19 were visually assessed and 15 were measured.Based on fruit length, snap melon landraces are divided into three categories.Short, (no varieties) medium (CAIV-40, CSAK-30), long (almost all breeds are naturally long).Most of the cultivars have a long shape, and the cross-sectional shape of the fruit has been confirmed to be ovate (ASKP-552, KSKP-553, ASTP-554, RSCP-556, KSNP-561, BSKP-562, DSKP-567), elongated globe (ASNP-560, RSCP-564), round (CSAK-39) and oval (SSJP-551, ASKP-555, MSSP-557, BSKP-558, ASTP-563, CAIV-40).The fruit skin color is yellow (BSKP-558, BSKP-562) and yellowish green (ASKP-552, ASKP-554, ASKP-555, MSSP-557, ASTP-559, ASNP-560, RSCP-564) and orange (KSKP-553, RSCP-556, KSNP-561).Sutures on the surface of the fruit have been found to be absent in all snap melon landraces.Regarding fruit surface netting, landraces were grouped as absent netting and moderate netting, while all 17 landraces showed absence of netting on surface.Skin color is cream white (BSKP-558), white (SSJP-551), orange (ASKP-552, KSKP-553, ASTP-554, ASKP-555, RSCP-556, MSSP-557, ASTP-559, KSNP-561, BSRP-562, ASTP-563, RSCP-564, DSKP-567, CAIV-40, ASNP-560, CSAK-39).Seed color was observed to be cream colour (SSJP-551, ASKP-552, KSKP-553, RSCP-556, MSSP-557, ASTP-559, ASNP-560, ASTP-563, CAIV-40 and CSAK-39) and yellowish (ASTP-554, BSKP-558, KSNP-561, BSKP-562, RSCP-564 and DSKP-567).The results showed no intra-breed variation was observed for any of the imaging characteristics examined.Furthermore, the expression of characters in different landraces remained the same for three consecutive years, confirming the homogeneity and stability of the landraces with respect to the visual characteristics.Landraces have been grouped into different categories for each trait based on 34 descriptors.The grouping was done 6 traits as grouping traits, viz.sex [removed] at full bloom), shape of fruit in longitudinal section, color of rind, sutures in rind, surface of fruit and color of flesh.The morphological characterization of the existing landraces has been completed to determine the distinctiveness of the tested landraces from other check varieties in order to use these landraces as a reference for the protection of other varieties, according to PPV & FR laws.

The present investigation was carried out to assess genetic variation and trait inter-relationship in QPM inbred lines in Vindhyan region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh for 18 characters during Rabi 2018-19. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the characters at 1 per cent level of significance, indicating that considerable genetic variability was present among different QPM inbred lines. The less difference between GCV and PCV revealed that there was a very low influence of environment on the expression of various characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean was depicted by for cob weight with sheath followed by cob weight without sheath and tassel length. Plant height followed by kernels per row, cob height, cob weigh twith sheath, tassel length, cobs per plant, cob weight without sheathand cob length showed positive significant correlation with grain yield and days to 50 per cent silking, followed by kernels per row,biological yield, harvest index, tassel length, cob length, anthesis silkinginterval, cobs per plant and cob weight without sheath hadshown the positive direct effect on grain yield per plant. Therefore, these characters may be used as selection indices for genetic improvement of QPM inbred lines.

The present investigation was carried out to assess the genetic variability parameters, correlation and path analysis in 30 maize genotypes for 15 quantitative traits in rabi and kharif seasons during 2019-20 at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Uttar Pradesh in Randomized Block Design replicated thrice. ANOVA for all quantitative characters revealed that treatment differences were highly significant in both the seasons under study at 1% level except for number of kernel rows per cob in Kharif season. Genotypes CML-193-1, CM-137 and CML-K5/ATM depicted highest grain yield in both the environments. The values of PCV were higher than GCV values for all the characters in both the seasons and large difference between the values of PCV and GCV of characters like grain yield per plant, cob weight, shank weight and anthesis-silking interval under both seasons, indicated that environmental factors significantly influenced the expression of these traits. All the traits studied had higher heritability, genetic advance at 5% selection intensity and genetic advance as percent of mean in rabi season than in kharif season, high expected genetic advance coupled with high heritability was observed for grain yield per plant, cob weight, plant height and ear height indicating the presence of large proportion of additive genetic action deciding these traits. Correlation and path coefficient studies suggest that selection based on characters cob girth, number of kernel rows per cob, cob weight and 100 kernel weight had positive correlation and direct effects with grain yield per plant. Therefore, it is concluded that effective selection must be attempted for these traits which would help in improvement of grain yield in maize genotypes suitable for different environments.

A study was undertaken to investigate the heterosis and inbreeding depression in 21 hybrids (F1) and their F2s produced by crossing seven maize inbreeds in all possible combinations, excluding reciprocal. . The crosses VL-1016556 × CML-171 and VL-1016556 × KL-153237 were identified as the best F1s as they showed superiority for grain yield per plant over the check. The highest heterobeltiosis (Hb) was recorded by hybrids VL-1016556 × KL-153237 and VL-1016556 × CML-171 while hybrids VL-1016556 × KL-153237 and VL-1016556 × CML-171 exhibited the highest economic heterosis (Hc). Keeping the greater magnitude of heterosis, high mean performance and lesser inbreeding depression (less than 15%) into consideration, five crosses, namely, VL-1016556 × BHU-N5, VL-1016556 × CML-171, VL-1016556 × CML-161, CML-171 × BHU-N5 and VL-1016556 × BHU QPM-3 were identified as best hybrids.

The present study was carried out to examine the genetic diversity among 151 thermo-tolerant advanced breeding lines of wheat for two experimental years during Rabi 2017-18 and Rabi 2018-19 in randomized block design in an area of 312 m2 at Field Experimentation Center, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, Allahabad. The data were recorded in both the seasons for total 23 traits i.e. 18 quantitative characters to study variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic divergence and 5 morphological characters. ANOVA showed significant differences for all the characters except flag leaf width, in both experimental seasons and for gluten content in season Rabi 2018-19 indicating the presence of a substantial amount of genetic variability which thus revealed different genetic backgrounds of genotypes. High estimates of both GCV and PCV were observed for biological yield in both experimental years. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for all quantitative characters except flag leaf width and gluten content indicating the predominance of additive gene effects and hence the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of these traits. D2 analysis grouped these lines into 10 clusters in which cluster VII was biggest cluster with 26 lines. Further diversity analysis revealed that cluster IV and VII followed by Cluster VI and Cluster VII were most divergent from each other, and the genotypes present in them may be used as parents for further hybridization program to develop desirable heat type in wheat. Analysis of 5 Morphological characters i.e. leaf type, rachis colour, leaf shape, waxiness and stay green habit, depicted that HUW-213 x NW-1076 followed by HALNA x RAJ-4037 were found above average yielders and terminal heat tolerant primarily due to their semi-erect leaf type, green rachis color, broad leaf shape, stay green habit and less days to maturity as compared to checks.

With increasing climate change relates to rise in mercury causing heat stress in maize. Heat stress tolerance has appeared to be one of the foremost trait to overcome this situation. Relative magnitude of variances depicted additive and non-additive gene action for the expression of these characters were more extrusive for all the traits studied. GCA and SCA both showed huge collaboration with climate for all the characteristics. Parents NBPGR-36548 (P4), VL-153237 (P5) and BHU QPM-2 (P2) were found to be good general combiners for grain yield per plant, chlorophyll content, oil content and starch content. Indicating that they could be good parental lines in hybridization programs. The scope of heterosis communicated by various crosses was from 0.71 % (P2 X P6) to 45.11% (P5 X P6) in E1, from 0.42% (P1 X P7) to 5.69% (P1 X P8) in E2 and 18.92% (P4 X P8) in E3. The better performing five crosses P5 X P7, P5 X P6, P4 X P8, P5 X P9 and P4 X P5. Crosses between good x average, average x average and good x good shows greater economic heterosis and exhibited high SCA effects for yield under HS. These best Hybrids showed no side effects of leaf firing, tassel blast, root lodging and no severe loss of yield in the present investigation. These crosses additionally should be assessed further multi location in enormous scope.

In the era of global climate change agricultural productivity is threatened by array of abiotic stresses with scarcity of irrigation water. Overcoming the deleterious effect of abiotic stressors is most prominent challenge for enhancement of germination, seedling character and physiological analysis. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the physiological responses of nine heterosis line of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Seed germinated under four level of salinity stress (100 mM, 150 mM, 200 mM, and 250 mM NaCl) to explore the adaptive mechanisms involved. The germination percentage, root length, shoots length, and seedling vigor index significantly varied under different treatments of salt stress. Markers of oxidative stress, such as peroxidase (pox), superoxide dismutase (SOD), proline (pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) might be the central components of adaptive mechanism of plants to maintain cellular ionic homeostasis under salt stress. The outcome of this study emphasized that the gradual increase of NaCl decreased all the morphological characteristics except the oxidative stress markers. We found that all the tested genotype showed differential response in terms of proline and MDA content along with peroxidase and SOD, to counteract the salt stress through maintenance of cellular osmotic adjustment. Among all the tested genotypes SHA7, followed by SHA8 and SHA9 performed exceeded record of germination and seedling characteristics through osmotic adjustment by the regulation of ionic homeostasis by oxidative stress markers.

Background: Setaria italica is an essential crop in the developing world and yield levels are low. To improve the yield, the utilization of diverse germplasm in a breeding program is vital. Methods: The present study aimed to characterize 50 genotypes in the first year and out of 50, 10 genotypes in the second year using multivariant traits. Wide variation was observed in both the qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences for most symptoms. Higher estimates of GCV were followed for grain yields, followed by panicle lengths and organic outcomes. Higher estimates of PCV were observed for plant height and leaf length, followed by leaf width. Low GCV and PCV were recorded as leaf length, 50% flowering in days. PCV study indicated direct selection based on characters, panicle weight, test weight and strawweight showed a high and positive effect on grain yield per plant in both rainy and summer season indicating the proper relationship between these characters with grain yield per plant, which helps indirect selection for these traits thus in improving the grain yield per plant. Variability in foxtail millet germplasm allows plant breeders to effectively select specific donor lines for genetic improvement of foxtail millet. Result: Best 5 genotypes were found to be: Kangni-7 greater than Kangni-1 greater than Kangni-6 greater than Kangni-5 greater than Kangni-4.

The research consisted of eight parents of linseed which were crossed as per half diallel analysis (Griffing 1956 Model 1 and Method 2) in Rabi 2010-11 to generate 28 crosses (excluding reciprocals). These 28 crosses were assessing along with eight parents and three checks viz: T-397, Neelum and Allahabad Local in RBD having three replications during 2011-12 at the Field Experimentation Centre of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad. The data were recorded on ten characters to study the heterosis. The significant mean sum of squares for all the ten characters indicated the presence of a considerable amount of variability. Per se performance for seed yield and its components depicted that cross M-42(169) × POLF-19(1765) was found to be best. Estimate of heterosis (ha) showed that the highest average Heterosis , heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis for seed yeild plant was observed by cross PbD2-42(2789) X GS-129(1018).

The present investigation was carried out for studying heterosis and inbreeding depression of twenty eight hybrids (F1ʼs) and their F2ʼs made by crossing of eight Quality Protein Maize inbreds in all possible cross combinations excluding reciprocals. Five cross combinations were found to be heat tolerant as they didn’t show any symptoms of leaf firing, tassel blast, root lodging and no severe loss of yield in the present investigation. Variable magnitude of heterosis was observed for different cross combinations for all the traits. Based on higher mean performance for grain yield per plant (30.53 to 40.47 g/plant) and higher heterotic response (0.74% to 18.24%), sixteen crosses were selected. Response of inbreeding depression was significant in positive direction for most of the traits. Among these sixteen crosses, eight crosses were selected having high heterotic value (3.46 to 18.24%) and lower inbreeding depression (< 15%) and may be further utilized for the development of superior hybrids after confirming their consistency in Allahabad agro-climatic conditions.

In recent times, industrial as well as academic researchers are trying to develop bio-based polyesters as a better alternative for petroleum-based ones.Their main goal is to synthesize materials that can lead to biodegradation with comparable performance.Plant oil serves as an eco-friendly, renewable natural resource and exhibits some remarkable properties.They are readily available in nature, sustainable and inexpensive.Vegetable oil-based polyesters are almost equally applicable as petroleum-based polyester.Vegetable oil-modified polyesters have been studied over a long period.Continuous researches are undertaken to utilize the commonly used vegetable oils and new oils are also explored for their possibility to be used in producing polymers.In the present work, unsaturated polyester resin (UPRs) based on new linseed variety (SHUATS-ALSI 2) was synthesized.Structural and thermal properties were studied and compared with commercially available resins.FT-IR and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy was applied to explore the chemical structure of synthesized resin.TGA analysis reveals comparable thermal stability of both resins i.e. synthesized and commercial.TGA curve was further considered to evaluate Ts and IPDT parameters.

The present investigation was carried out to assess the genetic variability parameters, correlation and path analysis in twenty four maize genotypes for eleven yield and its contributing traits during kharif, 2017 at Field Experimentation Centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Uttar Pradesh in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The difference between Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation was low for all the character indicating less influenced by the environment. The characters like 100 grain weight, grain rows/cob and cob length showed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean indicating the preponderance of additive gene action. Hence, direct selection for these characters would be very effective for further improvement of grain yield.

The present investigation was undertaken in F1 population of 14 crosses, obtained by crossing 7 inbred lines of maize with two diverse testers in line x tester mating design during Rabi 2016. The 14 hybrids along with 9 parents (7 lines x 2 testers) and standard check were evaluated in Randomised Block Design with three replications at Field Experimentation Centre of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Naini Agricultural Institute, Allahabad (U.P) during the year kharif 2017. Crosses L4 X T1 and L4 X T2 exhibited maximum negatively significant economic heterosis for days to maturity followed by L2 X T2 and L2 XT1. The crosses L7 X T1, L7 X T2 and L4 X T1 exhibited significant positive standard heterosis over the check for yield and other attributes in maize.