Diabetes mellitus characterizes a key universal health concern associated with severe metabolic complications. In this current study, a biogenic approach was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using rifabutin as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The resulting Rifabutin-AgNPs were thoroughly characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming their crystalline nature and functional group interactions responsible for nanoparticle stabilization. The antidiabetic potential of the synthesized Rifabutin-AgNPs was evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of Rifabutin-AgNPs (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 14 days produced a significant, dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels, improved serum lipid profiles, and normalized hepatic transaminase (SGOT and SGPT) activities compared with untreated diabetic controls. The superior therapeutic efficacy of Rifabutin-AgNPs over pure rifabutin highlights the potential of this green synthesized nanoformulation as an efficient platform for diabetes management at the chemical biological interface.

The present study aimed to develop and optimize posaconazole-conjugated graphene (PCZ-G) microgel for the treatment of cutaneous infections caused by fungus Aspergillus niger (A. niger). The Box–Behnken experimental design with three levels, three factors, and three center points was applied for optimization of PCZ-G microgel. Particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency were the three outputs utilized in the design matrix associated with Box–Behnken design (BBD), containing 17 runs. Three-dimensional response surface plots and contour plots have been generated using Stat Ease 360 software. On the optimized preparation, assessments were conducted on drug content, %CDR, PDI, PS, percentage entrapment efficiency (EE%), and in vitro antifungal activity. The optimized formulation of PCZ-G microgel showed a particle size of 1506 nm, an entrapment efficiency of 97.08±3.69%, a drug content of 94.43±1.09%, and other parameters all within the range of the model. In vitro release study showed prolonged drug release from the optimized formulation. Drugs and excipients were well integrated and physically stable in the designed microgel, which showed significant antifungal activity against A. niger.

The present study was designed to analyze the effect of fermentation (natural and commercial probiotic fermentation) on phytochemical composition and the antidiabetic effect of Litchi chinensis juice. The Litchi juices underwent natural fermentation (NFLJ) and commercial probiotic fermentation (CFLJ), while a control group of fresh Litchi chinensis juice (LCJ) was processed without fermentation for comparison. Various physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics including pH, total acidity, reducing sugar, total alkaloid content, tannin content, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured. In vitro, antioxidant activity was evaluated through tests for nitric oxide and DPPH scavenging activity, while the levels of SOD, CAT, GST, and GPx, as well as lipid profiles such as cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL, were determined using diagnostic kits. The study also assessed the antidiabetic effects of fermented Litchi juices by testing them on Streptozotocin- high-fat diet induced diabetes in rats.The findings indicated that both the fermented Litchi juices (NFLJ, and CFLJ) demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant capacities compared to the control LCJ. Fermentation resulted in enhanced phenol and flavonoid content. Additionally, fermented juices were found to have a strong antidiabetic effect by reducing blood glucose levels and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Fermentation significantly enhanced the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Litchi chinensis juices, suggesting that both natural and commercial probiotic fermentation could be effective methods for improving the health benefits of Litchi juices. The finding of the present study supports that fermentation can not only aid food preservation but can also improve bioactive potential.

The plant Annona glabra L. (Annonaceae) has a history of traditional use in treating various ailments such as inflammation, joint pain, and arthritis. Despite this, there has been limited pharmacological research on its effectiveness for rheumatoid arthritis. This study explores the anti-arthritic properties and phytochemical composition of an aqueous-ethanolic extract (50:50) prepared from Annona glabra leaves. The study assessed the anti-arthritic potential through in vivo testing with Complete Freund Adjuvant models at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Additionally, both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis were conducted to identify the various compounds present in the extract. The findings demonstrated a dose-dependent anti-arthritic response in the Complete Freund Adjuvant model, displaying enhanced protection against arthritic lesions and body weight changes. Furthermore, Annona glabra exhibited significant improvements in altered hematological parameters, rheumatoid factor, and mitigated radiographic and histopathological alterations. The quantitative phytochemical analysis identified phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the extract. These results support the traditional efficacy of Annona glabra as a promising anti-arthritic agent, potentially suitable for inclusion in herbal formulations for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Many herbal extracts have been used for preventing and managing diabetes. In recent times it was documented that the herbal extracts in traditional Indian medicine are clinically effective in treating sugar imbalances associated with diabetes mellitus. Although it was considered that several bioactivities and phytochemicals have been attributed and it confirmed in terms of their toxicological profile and anti-diabetic activity. Herbal formulation and extract of the plant part of elephant grass plays an important role for the treatment of various diseases and disorders such as inflammation, pain, ulcer, cancer, bacterial infections, and fungal infections. Ethanolic extract of Pennisetum purpureum which was prepared by using 50%v/v and their fractions were prepared by using liquid-liquid extraction technique. There was quantitative estimation of gallic acid analyzed by HPTLC technique. The extract has been found safe at high dose through oral acute toxicity study. Antihyperglycemic activity was performed on Sprague Dawley rats by inducing the diabetes through Streptozotocin. Gallic acid was quantitatively estimated in methanolic fraction of extract and was found to be 0.13%w/w. Extract showed positive response in the treatment of diabetes which was confirmed after performing histopathology of liver and pancreas. Finally in this study, it was found that P. purpureum showed no toxicity and ameliorative changes in the blood glucose level, antioxidant level and biochemical parameters viz. triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein.

Raphanus sativus L., which belongs to the Brassicaceae family and is commonly known as Radish, is a vegetable grown and consumed around the world as a part of the human diet. All parts, including the seeds, of this plant are intended for diabetes treatment. However, due to the presence of poor water-soluble phytoconstituents and the low bioavailability of seeds, their nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation followed by the probe sonication method. They were also characterized by FTIR, FESEM, and zeta sizer. In addition, the plant extract was subjected to quantitative estimation of total flavonoid and phenolic compounds. The particle size and polydispersity index of prepared nanoparticles were found to be 203.76±2.24 nm and 0.89, respectively. The Zeta potential of the prepared nanoparticles was -6.29 mV. The in vitro antidiabetic effect of the prepared plant extract and its nanoparticles were estimated using the alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition methods and compared with the standard drug Acarbose, which shows significant inhibition of both amylolytic enzymes in a dose-dependent manner.

Depression or stress refers to a state of sad feelings and loss of interest in pleasurable activities characterized by retardation of thoughts and actions, appetite and weight changes, restlessness as well as in sleep disturbance. All the current evidences implicate alteration in the firing pattern of a subset of biogenic amines in the central nervous system. There are adequate number of synthetic drugs used to treat depression as standard treatment for clinically depressed patient, however only 30% of patients respond satisfactorily to the existing medicines and the remaining do not attain full recovery. Many scientists are investigating on herbal drugs for mitigating this disorder that shown antidepressant properties by virtue of synergistic effect of their phyto constituents. In this review article we emphasize to give an outline of certain medicinal plants with their constituents and mechanism of action which have been explored for their antidepressant action.

The occurrence of diabetes rises worldwide due to the increasing population, urbanization, aging, and sedentary lifestyle that increase the prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity. Type II diabetes mellitus is the most common and severe metabolic disorder. It is presently supposed to be the fourth cause of death. Type 2 DM is a metabolic disorder with hyperglycemia as the predominant feature, resulting from reduced insulin secretion and enhanced insulin resistance. Globally this metabolic disorder is associated with increased free radical formation leading to oxidative stress, and previous studies have indicated that minor micronutrient deficiencies are more prevalent in diabetic adults rather than in general individuals. However, most of the micronutrients are involved as part of the etiology of this chronic disorder. 102 DM complexity increases in the case of discrepancy between free radical production and their regulation by natural antioxidants. Thus, the antioxidant property of micronutrients is of great importance in disease treatment and its complications, whereas other non-antioxidant micronutrients have also shown some relationship.

Introduction: rheumatoid arthritis characterized by joint inflammation and pain,affecting millions of peoples around the world. Traditional system of medicine hadproven to be preventive and treating physical and mental illness. Objective: theobjective of the study is to assess anti-arthritic potential of the plant Rosa alba L byconsidering CFA, formaldehyde and turpentine oil induced arthritic model. Materialand Method: ethanolic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction were considered for thestudy and quercetin was quantitatively estimated by high performance thin layer chromatographic(HPTLC) method. Moreover, hematological and biochemical studies(IL-6) were performed in blood and serum of wistar albino rat. Then histopathologicalstudies had also been performed on rat hind paw joint. Result: phytochemicalscreening estimated the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids,phytosterols, amino acids and fixed oil in ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction ofthe plant. Amount of quercetin in the flowers of the plant was found to be 0.26% w/wby quantitative HPTLC method. The level of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin(IL-6) was considerably decreased (p<0.001) in the fraction treated group of rats at400 mg/kg b.w by considering complete freund’s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic model. Conclusion: Ameliorated hematological,hematological, biochemical and histopathologicalparameters confirmed the antiarthritic potential of the plant.

The value of functional foods was ascertained by the nutritional value derived from food which was known to prevent several diseases. Functional foods by diet can maintain the health determinants and hence lessen the possibility of diseases. Several physiological systems including the antioxidative system and gastrointestinal system, have been involved in the utilization of functional foods. As per the published and explored scientific work on functional food, health claims can be claimed by the consumers in terms of reduced risk associated with any disease. This chapter illustrates insight related to the various categories of functional foods involved in the growth and development of human being.