Background: Caffeic acid (CA) is a naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acid widely distributed in coffee, fruits, vegetables, honey, and propolis. Structurally, CA contains a conjugated acrylic acid side chain and ortho-dihydroxy phenyl moiety, which together confer strong redox activity and metal-chelating capacity. Extensive preclinical evidence demonstrates that CA and its derivatives, particularly caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardiometabolic effects through modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and transcriptional regulation. CA has been shown to suppress reactive oxygen species generation by up to 60–75 percent in cellular models and to inhibit lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Objectives: This review summarizes pharmacological advances reported up to 2025 concerning caffeic acid and its derivatives, with emphasis on molecular mechanisms, quantitative bioactivity data, pharmacokinetic constraints, and formulation strategies. Particular focus is placed on antimicrobial efficacy, regulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors including Nrf2, NF-κB, and STAT3, mitochondrial protection, and emerging medicinal chemistry and nanotechnology-based approaches aimed at improving bioavailability and therapeutic performance. Methods: A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed articles published up to 2025 were screened using keywords related to caffeic acid, CAPE, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial effects, molecular mechanisms, and drug delivery. In vitro and in vivo studies reporting IC50 values, percentage inhibition, and dose-dependent outcomes were prioritized. Selected formulation and computational studies addressing solubility, metabolic stability, and target interactions were critically evaluated. Results: Caffeic acid demonstrates strong antioxidant activity with reported IC50 values ranging from 3 to 15 µM in radical scavenging assays. CAPE exhibits potent inhibition of inflammatory mediators through suppression of NF-κB activation and upregulation of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzymes. Enzyme inhibition studies report CAPE IC50 values of approximately 1.0–5.0 µM against cancer-related and microbial targets, including peptide deformylase and transcriptional regulators. Antimicrobial studies reveal growth inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at micromolar concentrations, with synergistic effects observed when combined with conventional antibiotics. In neuronal and cardiomyocyte models, CA and its derivatives reduce intracellular ROS levels by 50–70 percent and improve cell viability under oxidative stress conditions. Discussion and Conclusion: Collectively, available data establish caffeic acid as a multifunctional bioactive compound capable of modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, microbial proliferation, and cell survival pathways. Despite robust preclinical efficacy, clinical translation remains limited due to poor oral bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and limited human safety data. Recent advances in nano-delivery systems, ester and amide derivatives, and host–guest complexation strategies demonstrate improved solubility and biological activity. Future research should focus on structure–activity relationship optimization, long-term toxicity evaluation, and rational combination therapies to advance caffeic acid and its derivatives toward clinical application.
Introduction: Three-dimensional printing (3DP), also known as additive manufacturing, has emerged as a transformative technology in the pharmaceutical industry. It enables the fabrication of complex drug delivery systems and personalized dosage forms via precise layer-by-layer material deposition. This technology has numerous advantages over traditional manufacturing methods, including greater control over drug dosage, geometry, and release characteristics. Objective: This review aims to explore the benefits, technological developments, pharmaceutical applications, and major challenges associated with the implementation of three-dimensional printing in pharmaceutical sciences. Method: A narrative review approach was used based on previously published literature on 3D printing technologies in pharmaceutical research and drug delivery systems. Relevant research on various 3D printing methods, applications in the creation of dosage forms, and regulatory factors was examined. Results: The study found that several 3D printing technologies, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), pressure-assisted microsyringe technology (PAM), stereolithography (SLA), and selective laser sintering (SLS), have been successfully used in pharmaceutical development. These technologies enable the creation of personalized medicines, polypills with multiple active ingredients, controlled-release formulations, transdermal systems, implants, and microneedle devices. Furthermore, 3DP allows for rapid prototyping, reduces material waste, and makes it easier to design patient-specific dosage forms based on individual needs. Regardless of these benefits, several technological and regulatory challenges persist, such as limitations in printable drug-polymer combinations, scalability problems, quality control requirements, and the lack of standardized regulatory systems. Conclusions: Three-dimensional printing is a promising and innovative platform that has the potential to revolutionize pharmaceutical manufacturing and delivery. Continued multidisciplinary studies, innovations in technology, and regulatory development are required to assist 3DP in successfully navigating the transition from laboratory-scale experimentation to regular pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Objectives: To evaluate the predictive capacity and relevance of six mathematical models for correlating Pazopanib solubility in ethyl acetate + ethanol and ethyl acetate + 2-propanol cosolvent mixtures. Methods: A Python-based computational framework using nonlinear optimization algorithms (Levenberg-Marquardt) was employed to fit van't Hoff, Buchowski-Ksiazczak (lh), Apelblat, van't Hoff-Yaws, Wilson, and NRTL models to experimental data ranging from 288.15 K to 328.15 K. Results: Although three-parameter models (Apelblat and van't Hoff-Yaws) yielded nearly perfect statistical fits (R2 »0.9999), they suffered from severe multicollinearity and coefficients lacking physical significance. Two-parameter semi-empirical models, particularly van't Hoff and lh, demonstrated greater stability and thermodynamic consistency. Activity coefficient-based models (Wilson and NRTL) exhibited severe numerical instability and an order-of-magnitude increase in residual errors. Conclusions: For industrial design and solubility prediction, the van't Hoff and Buchowski-Ksiazczak models are technically superior due to their parsimony and statistical robustness, whereas activity-based models prove unreliable for this specific system.
Objetivo: Identificar las intervenciones farmacéuticas de información y educación desarrolladas por el Centro Nacional de Información de Medicamentos orientadas a promover el uso racional de medicamentos en pacientes en hemodiálisis pertenecientes a una organización costarricense. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo durante el segundo semestre de 2019 y el primer trimestre de 2020. Se incluyeron 37 pacientes mediante muestreo por conveniencia. Las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y farmacoterapéuticas se recolectaron mediante entrevista estructurada, y la adherencia terapéutica se evaluó utilizando el test de Morisky–Green–Levine. Se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas y modelos de regresión lineal para analizar la asociación entre el número de medicamentos prescritos y las variables clínicas. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue de 42,2 ± 14,2 años, con distribución equitativa por sexo. Los problemas de salud más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (83,8%), alteraciones del metabolismo mineral óseo (81,1%) y anemia (78,4%). La adherencia terapéutica se observó en el 59,5% de los pacientes. El análisis de regresión lineal identificó al número de problemas de salud como el principal predictor del número de medicamentos prescritos. Todas las intervenciones farmacéuticas fueron aceptadas por los pacientes e incluyeron educación sobre el uso de medicamentos y problemas de salud, recomendaciones higiénico-dietéticas, entrega de recursos informativos y elaboración de horarios de medicación. Conclusiones: La falta de adherencia terapéutica constituye un problema relacionado con los medicamentos frecuente en una muestra de pacientes en hemodiálisis. Las intervenciones farmacéuticas centradas en información y educación, desarrolladas por el Centro Nacional de Información de Medicamentos, fueron ampliamente aceptadas y contribuyen a mejorar la seguridad y efectividad del tratamiento, lo que refuerza la relevancia de la integración del farmacéutico en el abordaje multidisciplinario de esta población.
Introducción: Las cáscaras de frutas cítricas constituyen un subproducto abundante de la industria alimentaria y una fuente potencial de compuestos bioactivos con actividad antioxidante. Sin embargo, la eficiencia de su extracción depende de variables tecnológicas cuyo efecto combinado aún requiere mayor evidencia experimental en matrices reales de descarte. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia conjunta de variables tecnológicas de extracción, proporción hidroalcohólica del solvente, relación masa/solvente y temperatura, sobre el rendimiento en compuestos bioactivos y capacidad antioxidante de cáscaras de limón (Citrus × limon) y naranja (Citrus × sinensis) provenientes de circuitos de descarte. Materiales y métodos: Se aplicó un diseño factorial completo 23 con ocho tratamientos y tres réplicas experimentales por condición. Se evaluaron dos proporciones etanol/agua (50:50 y 80:20 v/v), dos relaciones masa/solvente (1:5 y 1:10 g/mL) y dos temperaturas (50 °C y 80 °C). Se cuantificaron polifenoles totales, flavonoides y capacidad antioxidante mediante los ensayos Folin-Ciocalteu, espectrofotometría y métodos FRAP y DPPH. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de compuestos bioactivos asociadas principalmente a la relación masa/solvente, mientras que la temperatura y la proporción hidroalcohólica no mostraron efectos significativos dentro de los rangos evaluados. Los extractos presentaron correlación positiva entre contenido fenólico y capacidad antioxidante. Las mayores concentraciones se obtuvieron en tratamientos con relación masa/solvente 1:5 y solventes hidroalcohólicos intermedios. Conclusiones: La relación masa/solvente se identificó como el factor predominante en la eficiencia de extracción de compuestos bioactivos en cáscaras de cítricos bajo condiciones convencionales. Los resultados aportan evidencia experimental sobre la influencia relativa de variables tecnológicas en la recuperación de antioxidantes a partir de subproductos vegetales.
Objetivo: Analizar los factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con artritis reumatoide, mediante la aplicación del test de Morisky-Green y la evaluación de su asociación con variables sociodemográficas utilizando la prueba de chi-cuadrado. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, prospectivo y de corte transversal en un consultorio privado en la ciudad de Guayaquil, durante tres meses, incluyendo 130 pacientes diagnosticados con artritis reumatoide. Se aplicó el cuestionario validado de Morisky-Green para evaluar la adherencia y se analizó la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20), que resultó ser de 0,921. La asociación con variables sociodemográficas se evaluó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado, utilizando el software Jamovi. Resultados: Solo el 9,2 % de los pacientes presentó adherencia al tratamiento, mientras que el 90,8 % mostró baja adherencia. La mayoría de variables sociodemográficas (edad, sexo, estado civil, nivel educativo, entre otras) no mostraron relación estadísticamente relevante con la adherencia. Sin embargo, los ingresos mensuales sí presentaron una asociación significativa (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: La adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con artritis reumatoide fue baja. Los ingresos mensuales se identificaron como un factor sociodemográfico con influencia significativa en la adherencia. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de considerar el contexto económico del paciente al desarrollar estrategias para mejorar el cumplimiento terapéutico y los resultados clínicos.
Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is considered one of the most dangerous diseases in developed countries. Despite scientific efforts, BD remains a significant concern due to its wide range of side effects. Various drugs based on lithium salts have been instrumental in treating patients with this disorder. However, the main issue with lithium salts is their known toxic effects, which can vary depending on the dose, route, and duration of administration. It is important to also consider the anionic component of lithium salts in any treatment plan. Research into novel algorithms for rare events has led to improvements in force-field parameters and an increase in the understanding of lipid membrane protein transmembrane. These advancements have allowed for the simulation of a comprehensive model of lithium-ion diffusion into channels. Additionally, Ge, Sn/Si-nanoparticles have been utilized as excipients in pharmaceutical nano biotechnology. More recently, silicon/germanium oxide has been developed for use in drug delivery systems. Methodology: A comprehensive investigation on Li+Na+(SiOGe), Li+K+(SiOGe), Li+Na+(SiOSn), and Li+K+(SiOSn) was accomplished by the "CAM–B3LYP–D3/6-311+G (d,p)" level of DFT theory. The hypothesis of the ions transporting was corroborated through density distributions of CDD, TDOS, and ESP for nanoclusters of Li+Na+(SiOGe), Li+K+(SiOGe), Li+Na+(SiOSn), and Li+K+(SiOSn). Results: This ion transport produces an electrochemical gradient that is crucial for several cellular activities, such as cell volume regulation, electrical excitability, and secondary active transport. Properties of GSK-3 as a specific function for BD drug design came out from data researches, which are important to several of central processes, such as glycogen synthesis and gene therapy. Through docking with 6tcu, the amounts of the Gemdock have sequenced as Li+K+(SiOGe)> Li+Na+(SiOGe)> Li+K+(SiOSn)> Li+Na+(SiOSn), indicates the instability of these complexes by GSK3b folded monomer. In other words, instability in cytoplasm solution means stability in complexes structures or due to the heteroclusters properties. These perfect and accurate structures from ion channels have largely modified for improving our understanding of the molecular details and ion selectivity and conduction. The current study aims to explore various aspects, including describing the atomic detail structure, molecular and functional properties, and consequently, its incomplete action due to structural alterations.
Introdução: A apresentação clínica da trombose associada ao câncer inclui trombose venosa profunda, embolia pulmonar, coagulação intravascular disseminada (CIVD) e trombose arterial. O manejo da trombose associada ao câncer (CAT) é semelhante ao tratamento de pacientes que realizam outros tipos de tratamento que não oncológicos com a heparina subcutânea de baixo peso molecular (HBPM). No entanto, anticoagulantes de ação direta têm sido inseridos na prática médica, devido à dificuldade de acompanhamento e monitorização dos pacientes ambulatoriais em uso de antagonistas de vitamina K. Objetivo: Caracterizar o uso de anticoagulantes orais em pacientes em tratamento oncológico atendidos no ambulatório de dois hospitais especializado em oncologia. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo, no período de 2020 a dezembro de 2021, realizado mediante análise de prontuários de pacientes em tratamento oncológico com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos e que utilizaram anticoagulantes. Resultados e Discursão: Dos 71 pacientes identificados 54 (71,87%) justificam o uso de anticoagulantes pelo diagnostico de trombose venosa periférica, 11 (15,5%) tromboembolismo pulmonar, 4 (5, 6%) por alteração cardiológica e 2 (2,8%) desenvolveram tromboembolismo pulmonar e periférico. Verificou- se que 47 (66,2%) estavam em uso de rivaroxabana, 22 (31,0%) em uso de varfarina, 1 (1,4%) em uso de endoxabana e 1 (1,4%) em uso de apixabana em dose de tratamento. Conclusão: O diagnóstico oncológico traz um risco aumentado de complicações tromboembólicas, devido ao tipo de tratamento, características dos pacientes e tipo de câncer desenvolvido. Dessa forma, o aumento do risco leva a uma necessidade da associação de anticoagulantes a farmacoterapia.
Introduction: Sunlight-induced free radicals can contribute to pigmentation disorders, such as hyperpigmentation. Tyrosinase is a crucial enzyme in melanogenesis, and its natural inhibitors are gaining popularity as safer hypopigmenting agents in the cosmetics industry to prevent hyperpigmentation and skin disorders by reducing melanin production. Objective: This study evaluates the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and anti-tyrosinase activity of a methanolic extract from Origanum vulgare L. for potential cosmetic applications. Methodology: The TPC was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was assessed through the DPPH radical inhibition assay, while anti-tyrosinase activity was determined using a mushroom tyrosinase kit with kojic acid as a standard. Results: The TPC was found to be 71.37 ± 2.09 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram. The extract demonstrated moderate antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity, with IC50 values of 310.12 μg/mL and 351.43 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Oregano extract showed moderate antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition, suggesting possible cosmetic use. While less effective than standards, further study is needed to isolate active compounds, develop formulations in association with other extracts, and evaluate efficacy and safety in relevant biological models.
Introducción: El tiomolibdato de amonio (TMA) es un compuesto bioinorgánico con potencial terapéutico cuya estabilidad química en medios acuosos y fisiológicos resulta determinante para su aplicación clínica. Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar comparativamente la estabilidad y la cinética de degradación del TMA en agua destilada y en solución tampón fosfato (PBS, pH 7,4). Metodología: El TMA se sintetizó a partir de heptamolibdato de amonio y sulfuro de amonio, y su comportamiento se monitoreó por espectroscopia UV-Vis mediante curvas de calibración en el intervalo de 220–600 nm, siguiendo una solución 0,006 mg/mL durante 480 h a temperatura ambiente. Resultados: Se identificaron tres bandas características a 242, 317 y 468 nm, observándose mayor estabilidad en PBS, donde el perfil espectral se mantuvo hasta 480 h, mientras que en agua se presentaron desplazamientos a partir de 408 h; la vida media fue de 296 h en PBS y 223 h en agua. Estos resultados indican que el PBS actúa como un medio estabilizante del TMA, probablemente debido al efecto combinado del pH, la fuerza iónica y factores fisicoquímicos propios del medio. Conclusión: Este trabajo aporta evidencia cuantitativa sobre la estabilidad del TMA en condiciones fisiológicas simuladas, fortaleciendo su viabilidad como candidato para aplicaciones biomédicas.
Objectives: this study aimed to evaluate the impact of subacute risperidone administration on antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in rats. Methods: a total of fifteen male Holtzman albino rats were randomly assigned to a Control group (n = 5, no risperidone) and two treatment groups (n = 5 per group) receiving 0.4 mg·kg-1·day-1 and 4.0 mg·kg-1·day-1 risperidone, administered via orogastric gavage for 20 consecutive days. After treatment, brain and liver tissues were collected. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) was analyzed. Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were quantified. Results: findings indicate that in brain tissue, both doses significantly increased CAT activity and decreased the SOD/CAT ratio, and that the high dose significantly reduced TBARS levels. In liver tissue, a significant increase in CAT activity was observed with the high dose. Furthermore, both doses significantly increased G6PDH activity and reduced TBARS levels. Conclusions: these results underscore the influence of risperidone on cerebral and hepatic oxidative metabolism during the subacute phase.
Introducción: En México, la ausencia de regulación sobre las denominaciones de grado en la profesión farmacéutica ha generado hipernominalidad y falta de mínimos curriculares obligatorios. Esta situación impacta en la construcción de la identidad profesional y en la delimitación de jurisdicciones dentro de los ecosistemas laborales. Objetivo: Analizar la identidad profesional del farmacéutico en México y caracterizar los ecosistemas laborales donde se inserta, mediante la comparación entre el Licenciado en Farmacia (LF) y el Químico Farmacéutico Biólogo (QFB). Metodología: Estudio cualitativo e interpretativo, sustentado en la fenomenología y el interaccionismo simbólico. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a doce egresados de cinco universidades del estado de Puebla, insertos en cuatro ecosistemas laborales: farmacia asistencial, laboratorio clínico, industria farmacéutica e investigación. El análisis se desarrolló mediante una matriz categorial basada en bienes internos y externos, competencia técnica, jurisdicción profesional, identidad profesional y ecosistemas laborales. Resultados: Se identificaron diferencias sustantivas en la construcción identitaria entre el LF y el QFB. El LF muestra una identidad orientada a la farmacia asistencial y al medicamento como eje central, con mayor coherencia entre formación y ejercicio profesional. El QFB evidencia rasgos de profesión híbrida, caracterizada por amplitud formativa, identidad fragmentada y jurisdicciones no monopolizadas. La denominación genérica “químico” contribuye a la ambigüedad social. Conclusiones: La identidad profesional farmacéutica en México no es homogénea, sino diferenciada según el grado académico y el ecosistema laboral. Los hallazgos cuestionan la clasificación estatal homogénea de los grados farmacéuticos y evidencian la necesidad de fortalecer la coherencia entre formación, regulación y ejercicio profesional.
Introdução: o câncer é uma das principais causas de morte em todo mundo e os pacientes oncológicos geralmente apresentam sintomas extremamente debilitantes, o que compromete sua qualidade de vida. O canabidiol é um dos canabinoides mais abundantes na Cannabis sativa, não é psicoativo e possui propriedades ansiolíticas e antitumorais que podem auxiliar no tratamento de pacientes oncológicos. Objetivo: investigar na literatura o impacto do canabidiol na qualidade de vida e sobrevida de pacientes oncológicos. Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados Cochrane Library, LILACS, MEDLINE e SciELO utilizando os descritores cannabidiol AND neoplasms, considerando ensaios clínicos randomizados e suas extensões publicados entre 2010 e 2025 e disponíveis de forma integral e gratuita. Resultados: foram encontrados 484 registros e após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão e remoção dos duplicados, 11 artigos foram selecionados para a leitura de texto completo. Conclusão: o canabidiol pode inibir a dor oncológica em pacientes com câncer avançado, a progressão do glioblastoma, a convulsões relacionadas ao complexo da esclerose tuberosa e ser utilizado como terapia adjuvante em sintomas de náuseas e vômitos.
Introducción: La automedicación es una práctica de salud pública con importantes implicaciones clínicas y económicas, especialmente en la formación de profesionales sanitarios. Se reconoce que este comportamiento puede derivar en un uso inadecuado de recursos y riesgos para la seguridad del paciente. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia, los patrones de consumo y el impacto económico (costos directos e indirectos) de la automedicación en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud en una universidad del sureste de México. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico en una muestra de 250 estudiantes. Se utilizó un cuestionario validado mediante juicio de expertos y prueba piloto. Se estimaron los costos directos de adquisición y se valoraron los costos indirectos por pérdida de productividad mediante el método de capital humano. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante Modelos Lineales Generalizados (GLM) de familia Gamma. Resultados: La prevalencia de automedicación fue del 82,0%, con un uso notable de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINEs) y un 10,0% de consumo de antibióticos sin receta. El gasto mensual promedio fue de $212,0 MXN. El análisis multivariado identificó una asociación significativa donde la carrera de Medicina presenta un gasto un 18,0% superior en comparación con otras áreas. Conclusiones: La automedicación es una práctica normalizada en el entorno académico evaluado. Los hallazgos sugieren una asociación (no causal) entre el avance en la formación académica y un mayor gasto económico. Es imperativo fortalecer la educación sobre el uso racional de fármacos y mejorar la vigilancia en la dispensación farmacéutica.
Objetivo: Analizar las estrategias de reliance regulatorio implementadas en países de ingresos medianos y bajos, sus beneficios y desafíos, y formular recomendaciones para su implementación en Colombia. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión narrativa mediante una búsqueda en Scopus, Medline Complete, SciELO, Lilacs y Epistemonikos, complementada con literatura gris, sin restricción de fecha ni idioma hasta junio de 2025. Se incluyeron publicaciones que analizaran el reliance regulatorio en procesos de aprobación de medicamentos. Se extrajeron variables relacionadas con los países analizados, tipos de reliance, componentes de implementación, beneficios y desafíos reportados. Resultados: De 204 publicaciones identificadas, se incluyeron 22 referencias. La evidencia muestra que el reliance regulatorio en países de ingresos medianos y bajos se implementa principalmente mediante modelos unilaterales. Los beneficios reportados incluyen mayor eficiencia regulatoria, optimización de recursos, reducción de tiempos de evaluación y fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales. Entre los principales desafíos se identificaron limitaciones normativas, barreras institucionales, falta de armonización regulatoria y acceso restringido a información técnica completa. En Colombia no existe un marco formal de reliance; sin embargo, un proyecto normativo publicado en 2025 constituye un avance inicial, aunque presenta vacíos técnicos. Conclusiones: Una estrategia de reliance regulatorio efectiva debe basarse en un análisis contextual que preserve la soberanía sanitaria y complemente las capacidades de la autoridad reguladora. En Colombia, el reliance regulatorio debería limitarse a cambios post-autorización (PAC), mientras que para nuevos medicamentos o nuevas indicaciones terapéuticas se recomienda la participación del INVIMA en programas de revisión colaborativa entre agencias reguladoras.
Objective: In the present investigation, phytochemical screening was performed, the in vitro antioxidant and photoprotective activity of Tabebuia serratifolia bark extracts was determined. Methods: The bark extracts were obtained by maceration technique using acetone and ethanol as solvents. Standard chemical staining and/or precipitation tests were used for preliminary phytochemical analysis. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The photoprotective effect was established by the Mansur spectrophotometric method. Results:Phytochemical analysis showed that the extracts possess alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, quinones, coumarins, triterpenes and steroids. The total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids for the acetone extract (TSA) was 71.54 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and 8.80 mg quercetin equivalents/g extract, respectively, while for the ethanol extract (TSE) it was 65.70 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and 8.19 mg quercetin equivalents/g extract. The mean inhibitory concentration (CI50) value of the extracts was 80.91 μg/mL for TSA and 84.25 μg/mL for TSE. The extracts had an average sun protection factor, for TSA it was 12.92 and for TSE it was 7.67. Conclusion: The results showed that Tabebuia serratifolia extracts possess a great variety of chemical compounds with antioxidant and photoprotective activity.
Introdução: A creatina é um dos suplementos nutricionais mais utilizados, especialmente em contextos esportivos e clínicos, devido ao seu papel no metabolismo energético. Garantir sua quantificação precisa em produtos comerciais é essencial para o controle de qualidade e a segurança do consumidor. Tradicionalmente, a Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) com detecção UV é considerada o padrão ouro para essa análise devido à sua alta sensibilidade e seletividade. No entanto, métodos alternativos, como a Espectroscopia no Infravermelho Próximo (NIR), têm ganhado destaque por seu menor custo, análise mais rápida e protocolos mais simples. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo revisar e comparar as principais técnicas analíticas utilizadas para quantificação de creatina em suplementos alimentares, destacando seus princípios, vantagens, limitações e aplicações. Metodologia: Este estudo seguiu uma abordagem sistemática de revisão bibliográfica e de patentes, conduzida entre janeiro e maio de 2025. Artigos científicos foram recuperados de bases de dados como PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect e Web of Science. As patentes foram identificadas por meio do Espacenet. Após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade e a remoção de duplicatas, 10 artigos e 2 patentes foram selecionados para análise. Resultados: A análise revelou que a Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), particularmente com detecção por UV, continua sendo o método mais comumente aplicado devido à sua precisão, robustez e aceitação regulatória. Nos últimos anos, a Espectroscopia no Infravermelho Próximo (NIR) surgiu como uma alternativa promissora, especialmente para triagem de rotina e controle de qualidade, oferecendo vantagens como preparo mínimo da amostra, análise rápida (menos de 1 minuto) e sustentabilidade ambiental. A análise de patentes indicou uma baixa taxa de inovação na área, com poucos avanços tecnológicos além das abordagens cromatográficas existentes, ressaltando a necessidade de maior investimento em pesquisa e incentivos regulatórios.
Introduction: Salvia officinalis L. (sage) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is native to the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. Sage extract is an excellent source of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, such as rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinic acid, a phenolic compound found in various Lamiaceae plants, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the antioxidant capacity of the hydroalcoholic extract (SO-CWB) of the S. officinalis L. and to evaluate its ability to inhibit the interaction between ACE2 and Spike proteins in an in vitro assay. Methodology: The extract was characterized through analyses of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, reducing sugars, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and evaluated through a screening assay for inhibitors of the interaction between the Spike protein of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the wild-type (WT) variant of SARS-CoV-2. Results: The hydroethanolic extract showed concentrations of rosmarinic acid (5.1 ± 0.8) µg mg-1, total phenolic compounds (60.9 ± 0.3) µgGAE mg-1, flavonoid compounds (30.11 ± 0.4) µgQEmg-1, and reduced sugar (352.2 ± 31.8) µgGE mg-1. Additionally, it exhibited antioxidant activity against DPPH (135.5 ± 3.8) µmolTE L-1 mg-1, ABTS (221.2 ± 2.7) µmolTE L-1 mg-1, and FRAP (326.1 ± 20.9) µmolFeSO4 L-1 mg-1. The extract and the rosmarinic acid standard were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the interaction between the RBD Spike protein of the wild-type (WT) variant of SARS-CoV-2. The extract and rosmarinic acid did not influence the interaction between ACE2 and Spike proteins in the assay (activity >90%). So, the standard hesperidin was tested as a comparative and to evaluate the efficacy of the test, and hesperidin showed binding-inhibition activity against Spike-ACE2. Conclusion: Although the extract and rosmarinic acid did not interfere with Spike–ACE2 binding, strong antioxidant activity, suggesting potential relevance in mitigating oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during COVID-19.
Background: Knowledge regarding the actual frequency of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in pediatric settings remains limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence and profile of potential DDIs in pediatric patients at two high-complexity hospitals. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 470 pediatric patients hospitalized between July and December 2022. Data were extracted from prescription databases, and the theoretical severity of interactions was assessed using Drugs.com® and DrugBank®. Results: The study revealed an overall prevalence of potential DDIs of 57.4% (95% CI, 52.9–61.8%). Regarding clinical relevance, 2.7% were classified as major, 27.6% as moderate, and 42.5% as minor. The therapeutic classes most frequently involved in interactions were analgesics, systemic corticosteroids, and antimicrobials. Conclusions: A high prevalence of potential DDIs was identified, primarily associated with the simultaneous use of multiple medications. These findings underscore the critical need to strengthen systematic treatment reviews and implement clinical decision-support tools for prescribing in hospital practice.
Introduction: The utilization of dietary supplements is widespread in the population and creatine is one of the most sold products in the world. However, there are reports of supplements which present a low standard of quality in diverse countries, including examples conveyed in the media. Aim: Therefore, the objective of the research was evaluating the quality of creatine supplements commercialized in the city of Manaus, Brazil, by means of the analysis of the creatine content present in the product and the labeling analysis. Methodology: To achieve these goals, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method utilizing ultra-pure water adjusted to pH=3 with posterior ultraviolet detection was employed to assay sample content and a checklist based on the current legislation was used to evaluate the labels. Results: Twenty samples of creatine from different brands labeled as "100% pure" acquired in the retail commerce in Manaus were evaluated, which presented significant nonconformities in the labels. Regarding the analysis of creatine content, 75% of the brands contained creatine inside the limits and 25% presented nonconformities of the content, while three of those did not have creatine in their composition. Conclusions: The inconsistency of the labels in front of the legislation and the creatine content in a relevant number of samples demonstrated the importance of a continuous monitoring and the application of rigorous sanctions to the manufacturers by the regulators.
