Oestradiol and progesterone act in the brain to elicit profound effects on behaviour and physiology. One physiological function of oestradiol is the induction of progesterone receptor (PR) expression in a variety of behaviourally relevant brain regions, including the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN), the medial preoptic nucleus of the preoptic area (MPOA), the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the medial central grey (MCG). Ligand‐dependent transcriptional activity of steroid receptors, including oestrogen receptors (ER) and PR, is dramatically influenced by nuclear receptor coactivators. In previous studies, we have found that two of these nuclear receptor coactivators, steroid receptor coactivator‐1 (SRC‐1) and CREB‐binding protein (CBP), are important in ER‐mediated induction of PR in the VMN and in steroid‐dependent behaviours. For nuclear receptor coactivators to function in hormone‐dependent transcription in the brain and regulate behaviour, both receptor and coactivator must be expressed in the same cell. In the present study, we used a dual‐label immunohistochemical technique to investigate if individual cells in behaviourally relevant brain regions coexpress nuclear receptor coactivators and steroid receptors. Confocal analysis revealed that in oestrogen‐primed rats, most of the E‐induced PR cells in the VMN (89.6%), MPOA (63%), ARC (82.6%), and many in the MCG (39%), also express SRC‐1. In addition, the majority of the cells containing E‐induced PR in the VMN (78.3%), MPOA (83.1%), ARC (83.6%), and MCG (60%) also express CBP. These results, taken together with the findings that virtually all oestradiol‐induced PR containing cells in the brain express ER, suggest that these neurones represent sites of functional interaction of nuclear receptor coactivators with ovarian steroid receptors in the brain. The present findings provide neuroanatomical evidence that nuclear receptor coactivators are integral in mediating steroid hormone action in behaviourally relevant brain regions.

Considerable attention is focused on the use of military force as a means of combating terrorism, whether it be in Afghanistan, Iraq or elsewhere However, the more dominant means for combating terrorism worldwide lies in non-forcible measures undertaken by states. In this realm, states that might otherwise be inclined to pursue unilateral action, such as the United States, are forced to pursue cooperative strategies that rely considerably on international law and international institutions. This essay briefly assesses various non-military initiatives undertaken by the United States - including criminal litigation and the imposition of economic sanctions on states and terrorist groups - so as to consider the broader question of whether, and if so how, international law and institutions are conditioning the behaviour of the United States. It demonstrates that, for various issues, US policy-makers and courts use international law and institutions as a means of advancing US interests, and suggests that in doing so US behaviour is affected by the expectations of the global community as embodied in international legal norms.

We report measurements of the temperature dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the ac susceptibility of sintered Y1Ba2Cu3O6.9+. The data find excellent interpretation in terms of Bean's critical state model and are used to obtain the temperature dependence of the shielding current.

We report a carbonate coprecipitation technique for preparing Bi1.6Pb0.3Sb0.1Ca2Sr2Cu3O10 samples. X-rays, microwave absorption and magnetic measurements show that the material is nearly single phase with T c≃106 K. The presence of antimony appears to accelerate the formation of -2223 from the -2122.

The authors report DC magnetization and AC susceptibility measurements on both micron-size powders and sintered samples of several high-temperature superconductors. The powder data confirm previous findings that the materials can be treated as conventional superconductors with s-wave pairing. The AC results on sintered slabs are interpreted using bean's model and yield the temperature dependence of the shielding current

DC Magnetization measurements on micaceous Bi(2212) single crystals suggest that; (a) for T≲25 K the material is a bulk Superconductor (SC), (b) as T is increased, the interlayer coupling weakens, until for T≲55 K the lamina become independent.

A convenient procedure for the extraction and determination of three organophosphate insecticides, their active oxygen analogs, and their inactive metabolites in biological tissues is described. The utility of this technique is demonstrated by measurement of thein vitro biotransformation of both parathion and chlorpyrifos by mouse hepatic microsomes.