All cultures throughout history have used herbal medicine as a form of healthcare. From ancient medicinal plant have been use various source of medicine. Medicinal plants accumulate various secondary metabolites like saponin, alkaloids, terpenes, sterols, flavonoids, glycosides, cyanogenics, tannins, lactones, quinines, resins, phlobatannins, volatile oils. Oldenlandia diffusa Roxb. Most of the important plant for the treatment of Cancer, snake bites, ulcers, various skin disease. Oldenlandia diffusa Roxb. (OD) in English is called White Diamond Flower and in West Bengal’s locally it is known as Khet Papra, in Bengali. Breast cancer is the most frequent tumor and a major cause of death among women and lung cancer major cause of death among human beings. OD is a well-known medicinal plant used to prevent and treat many disorders, especially cancers. The main objective of this review is to give an overview of anticancerous properties of OD and provide information for further research.

Whitefly [Bemisia tabaci (Gen)] is a serious sucking pest of cotton in the north zone of India. Cotton (Gossypiumspp.) fields adjoining kinnow orchards used to have a quite higher incidence of whiteflies compared to the fieldsaway from orchards. Therefore, the study was carried out at ICAR-National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,New Delhi during 2017–19 to implement integrated pest management (IPM) validation trial in cotton fields locatedadjoining the kinnow orchards in the village Nihalkhera of district Fazilka, Punjab in farmers’ participatory (FP). TheIPM strategy consists of weed removal from orchards, timely sowing of recommended cotton hybrid, 4 foliar spraysof 2% potassium nitrate, use of azadirachtin 1500 ppm @5 ml/litre, conservation of natural enemies by avoidance ofinsecticides that are harmful (IOBC Class-4) to natural enemies and judicious use of safer pesticides (IOBC class1and 2). The IPM adoption resulted in the successful management of whitefly and other sucking pests along with atwo to three-fold increase in predator population compared to FP. IPM recorded a substantial reduction in the use of pesticide active ingredients (86%) and the number of sprays (58%) along with high parasitization (35.32–45.98%) of whitefly nymphs by Encarsia sp. IPM provided a significant increase in yield (23%), net return (57.5%) along witha high benefit cost (B:C) ratio of 2.65.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in central India is witnessing increasing infestation of bollworm and sucking pests since 2016. In recent years, pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypeilla (Saunders) has emerged as a serious problem causing severe damage to cotton in several parts of our country. Farmers rely on chemical pesticides to control pest incidence that adversely affects naturally occurring predators and parasitoids in the crop ecosystems. The study was conducted by ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi during rainy (kharif) season 2018–21 to implement IPM validation trials at Wakhari village of Jalna district, Maharashtra with a view to study the economic viability and feasibility of adaptable IPM technology in farmer participatory mode. IPM implementation significantly reduced the number of insecticidal sprays (49.74%) and increased the cotton yield (28.49%) againstthe farmer’s practice (FP). Benefit to cost ratio was also higher in IPM fields (1.7, 2.4, 2.3 and 3.96) as compared to FP (1.3, 1.5, 1.74 and 2.97) during 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. It was evident that by adopting IPM strategy, pink bollworm in cotton can be successfully managed with minimum application of insecticides along with conservation of natural enemies and higher net return (42.6%) over farmer’s practice. The technology will be helpful in increasing the seed cotton yield and improve quality especially in terms of reduced pesticides contents, thereby improving the socio-economic status of cotton growers of the country.

Integrated pest management (IPM) strategy has greatly contributed to a progressive commitment for sustainable agriculture in India. Long term studies conducted on validation and promotion of IPM in basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) in district Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India resulted in a gradual enhancement in the area under IPM from 40 ha in 2010 by participation of 25 farmers to 990 ha in 2019 by participation of 654 farmers from 42 villages. Implementation of IPM technology resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the incidence of yellow stem borer (69.64%), leaf folder (70.9%), brown plant hopper (55.52%), bakane (90.98%) and the population of root-knot nematode (76.8%) over farmers’ practices (FP). It enhanced the population of predatory spiders (84.2%), beneficial soilnematodes (159.27%) and bio-agents, viz. Pseudomonas fluorescens (78.74%) and Trichoderma harzianum (81.34%) over FP. Application of chemical pesticides was reduced to 75.25 g/ha in IPM against 892.93 g/ha in farmers’ practice. The maximum residue level of buprofezin, a widely used insecticide, was recorded below detectable level in paddy grains. Long term studies indicated higher yield (38.0 q/ha) as well as benefit:cost ratio (3.6) in IPM as compared to FP yield (30.5 q/ha) and benefit:cost ratio (2.3) with 58.3% enhancement in net return over FP. Thorough analysis of the data indicated the availability of critical inputs, accessibility of farmers to subject matter specialists through Farmer Field Schools and market for IPM produces as the main factors responsible for sustainability and horizontal spread of IPM in Gautam Budh Nagar.

S. Singh: None. U. Shahi: None. L.M. Aggarwal: None. S. Choudhury: None. S. Pal: None. A. Pandey: None.

Globally, India ranks second in terms of area planted under rice (Oryza sativa) and its production as well. Potential to yield is dented due to a lack of inbuilt resistance to different biotic stresses as discernible in similar to 1000 rice cultivars across the country. Farmers usually rely on applying pesticides that result in several environmental adversities apart from rejection of export consignments due to the presence of chemical residue in grains. Yield losses due to pests of rice in tropical Asia range 25-43%. There is a need to explore alternative integrated input based management options for judicious use of chemicals with optimal combinations of non-chemical interventions to improve productivity and profitability of rice culture. Field trials were conducted in split-split plot design at Chinsurah, West Bengal during three consecutive rainy (kharif) seasons (2013-15) in transplanted rice. The exploratory objectives were to assess different interventions for alleviating crop biotic stresses and obtaining precise estimate of grain yield as well as economic advantages, and to devise a cost-effective recommendation on need-based integrated pest management (IPM) in transplanted rice. Green manuring with 45-day old Sesbania crop showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in infestation of leaf folder, stem borer, sheath rot, sheath blight, false smut, brown spot and bacterial leaf blight of rice compared to control. Both the herbicide (pretilachlor)treated and green (Sesbania)-manured plots displayed a significant (P < 0.05) suppression of weeds. The diseases (sheath rot, sheath blight, brown spot) of rice were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by all the treatments targeted for better crop management as evidenced from the sub-sub plots. Rice diseases were best managed by seed treatment with carbendazim 50% WP @ 1.0 g a.i./kg seed, and the effect was more pronounced when the crop was green manured. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher grain yield of rice was recorded with Sesbania manuring, which was as good (P < 0.05) as pre-emergence application of pretilachlor. The herbicide application provided the highest (2.03) incremental benefit-cost ratio (IBCR) among the main plot treatments. Seed treatment with carbendazim followed by (fb) seed bed application of Pseudomonas fluorescens in combination with green manuring prior to rice transplanting in main field fb sequential sprays of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR (20 DAT), chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (40 DAT) and validamycin 3% L (50 DAT) on the standing crop provided the highest (5656 kg/ha) grain yield with a lower (2.02) IBCR. Contrastingly, only seed treatment with carbendazim recorded the highest (73.85) IBCR. Lower pest incidence and higher grain yields did not fetch greater economic return as apparent from the current investigation. Considering quantifiable and economic impact of inputs, their need-based usage would be a cost-effective proposition to take care of dominant pests in transplanted rice. No comprehensive investigation made such a target-based IPM of most influential crop pests of rice for realizing higher productivity and profitability.

Survey conducted in and around village Bambawad, Gautam Budh Nagar, UP, for nematode population density infested basmati rice and wheat during 2015 indicated low population of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola in IPM adopted fields compared with farmer's practices (FP). With this view, the study was carried out to manage M. graminicola under basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system taking advantage of IPM technology developed and validated by ICAR-NCIPM for basmati rice during 2016-19 with some modifications such as soil solarisation, bio-agents etc. Soil solarisation of nursery beds reduced population density of test nematode up to 93.4%, whereas an increase of up to 46% in FP compared to initial population. Analysis of root and soil samples of both rice and wheat crop from IPM fields showed either no visible galling or only 1-3% root galling severity (RGS) and significantly (P>0.05) low population density compared to FP. In addition, the population of beneficial soil nematodes (BSN) remained high and significantly (P>0.05) higher in IPM as compared to FP with student's t-test. Role of BSN in increasing the nutrient availability through organic matter decomposition has already been established. It is evident from the study that IPM technology might have played important role in antagonising the M. graminicola and increased the density of BSN. This technologycould be a safe and eco-friendly alternative to manage M. graminicola below ETL. Also, it has helped in sustaining IPM by the way of saving on the cost of application of pesticides and enhancing the benefit-cost ratio.

Bt cotton has witnessed the increasing infestation of sucking pests especially whitefly during last one decade. During 2015, whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Ishii) emerged as a serious pest in North India destroyed 2/3 of the cotton crop in Punjab. There was an urgent need to validate integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for management of whitefly in Bt cotton in hot spot area with farmer's participatory mode. To overcome the problem, ICAR-NCIPM initiated a trial on validation of IPM in cotton at Fazilka, Punjab in 2.5 ha during 2016, which was extended to 12 ha and 40 ha area in the year 2017 and 2018 respectively. The validated IPM strategy included timely sowing of recommended cotton hybrid, removal of weed as alternate host, proper plant nutrition along with foliar spray of 2% potassium nitrate, use of neem based pesticides, conservation of natural enemies by avoidance of insecticides which are harmful to natural enemies, and judicious use of safer pesticides. IPM implementation resulted in successful management of whitefly and other pests with significant increase in population of natural enemies predators along with significant reduction in the number of insecticides spray (>68%) and amount of active ingredients (>84%) in IPM fields as compared to FP (Farmer's practice) fields. IPM implementation also brought > 18% increase in yield, > 17% reduction in input cost and >90% increase in net profit compared to FP. The benefit-cost ratio in IPM was 2.55 against 1.88 in FP.

The IPM module for basmati rice, synthesised and validated by ICAR-NCIPM on a large-scale in farmers’ participatory mode during 2010-2014 at Bambawad (Gautam Budh Nagar, UP) area, mainly involved green manuring, seed treatment with carbendazim or Trichoderma harzianum, seedling root dip in Pseudomonas fluorescens, pest monitoring and need-based application of bio-agents/chemical pesticides. During the recent survey, Meloidogyne graminicola was identified as a serious pest, however, it was not recorded above threshold levels in villages where IPM was implemented. With this view, repeated In vitro and In vivo trials were conducted to evaluate the role of individual IPM component against M. graminicola infesting rice cultivar PB 1121 during 2016-2018 at NCIPM-Rajpur Khurd campus. Highest mortality of M. graminicola juveniles was observed in carbendazim treatment (93%) followed by T. harzianum + P. fluorescens (75%). However, revival was recorded lowest in the latter. Results of In vivo studies indicated carbofuran as the most effective treatment in reducing the multiplication of M. graminicola as compared to other treatments. Among the bio-pesticides, T. harzianum significantly reduced number of galls per plant as well as soil population. Sesbania (chopped plant) extract significantly (P<0.05) enhanced biomass of rice plant up to 68% followed by T. harzianum (56%). Sesbania extract also enabled plant to tolerate higher number of M. graminicola galls with a reduction of 37.5% in nematode population as compared to control. Study suggests that incorporation of IPM components over the years not only improve the soil health and fertility but also helps to manage the root-knot nematode, M. graminicola.

A basic IPM module for basmati rice as a part of integrated crop management accounting the pest prevalence and the information available from literature has been developed. As the module is location specific and dynamic, therefore needs regular updating and fine tuning depending on the location and pest prevalence. The technology has been successfully validated and implemented during 1998 to 2019 in Pusa Basmati 1, Taraori Basmati, Dehraduni Basmati, Pusa Basmati 1121 in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand with little modification and fine tuning. Implementation of the technology resulted in increase in rice grain yield i.e., 21.6% in Pusa Basmati 1 at Shikohpur, in Uttar Pradesh 21.5% in Taraori Basmati at Chhajpur in Haryana, 19.5% in Type 3 in Uttarakhand, 14.5 to 22.7% in Pusa Basmati 1121 in Haryana and 38.2% in Pusa Basmati 1121 in Uttar Pradesh over farmer's practices (FP). In all the basmati rice trials, higher yield as well as Benefit - Cost (B-C) ratio was obtained in IPM as compared to FP. Implementation of IPM led to significant reduction in uses of chemical pesticides. In case of IPM, only 1.46 application of chemical pesticides (103.2 g a.i./ha) were undertaken in Pusa Basmati 1121 against 2.8 application in FP (1214.4 g a.i./ha) at Bambawad, Uttar Pradesh. ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack developed and validated IPM module at Sigmapur (Cuttack, Odisha) non-Basmati rice variety Pooja for four kharif seasons i.e 2010-2013 using standard agronomic practices. The trial resulted in an enhancement of 47.1% yield and 26.47 % B-C ratio over FP. Additional income of Rs. 9857/- per ha was also obtained in IPM over FP. On-Farm trial on validation of IPM module in non-Basmati rice (Pooja variety) under semi deep water conditions conducted in 10 ha during rabi 2017 at Nagapur and Basudeipur villages in Khurda district of Odisha resulted in reduction in the incidence of insect pests and diseases with higher population of natural enemies as compared to FP. Rice yield was recorded 5600 kg ha-1 in IPM as against 4900 kg ha-1 in FP. Recently, ICT based e-pest monitoring and advisory has become an important component for area wise implementation of IPM at state and national level. The programme has been successfully implemented in Odisha during 2010 and 2011 under RKVY. Implementation of the programme had resulted successful management of swarming caterpillar in 13 rice growing districts of Odisha during kharif 2010 and 2011.

The activity and de-staining property of plant proteases from the sources such as Eucalyptus leaves, Eucalyptus seeds, and Neem fruits were studied and their protein content was determined. The highest protein content and protease activity was present in the leaves of Eucalyptus followed by Eucalyptus seed and Neem fruit. The optimum temperature for the activity of protease for all three samples was around 40°C and the crude extract of Neem fruit showed its maximum activity at acidic pH of 5. Eucalyptus seeds showed its maximum activity at pH 6 and Eucalyptus leaves showed its maximum activity at pH 7. The crude extract of Eucalyptus leaves showed greater Km and Vmax having values 0.02 mM/lit and 4.761 µM/sec respectively, followed by Eucalyptus seeds having values of Km and Vmax as 0.0067 mM/lit and 1.127 µM/sec respectively and Neem fruit having the values of Km and Vmax as 0.00151 mM/lit and 0.758 µM/sec respectively. The specific activity of partially purified extract of Eucalyptus leaves at 30% salt saturation was greater when compared to Eucalyptus seeds and Neem fruit whose individual specific activity was high at 90% and 30% salt saturation respectively. We have also reported that the crude enzymes could also remove stains (roli, turmeric, tea, coffee and ink) from a stained cloth. Among the three samples, Eucalyptus leaves showed better de-staining property which can provide cheaper enzyme source and wider commercial use as an additive in the detergent industry.

The impact of non-pesticide farmer’s practice (Jind district, Haryana) adopted by a group of farmers on pest population, natural enemies and yield parameters was studied and compared with Integrated Pest Management strategy and pesticide based farmers’ practice within same villages where this group has implemented their pest management strategy in Bt cotton. Comparison of population per three leaves of sucking pests (average of 3 years) indicated lowest population of whitefly (adult), jassid and thrips (nymph and adult) in IPM module (7.18, 3.37 and 7.17) followed by NIFP, non-insecticidal farmer’s practice (7.70, 3.48 and 7.62) and FP, farmer’s practice (9.64, 4.14 and 9.69) respectively. While studying the interaction among sucking pest and natural enemies it was interesting to note that the population, in both the cases, increased gradually and after attaining the peak activity there was a declining trend. Socio-economic studies also supported the above results. In present study, the mean seed cotton yield during 2015, 2016, 2017 in IPM fields was 13.75, 22.45 and 17.42 q/ha, in NIFP it was 14.20, 18.10 and 13.70 as against 8.85, 16.75 and 9.30 q/ha in pesticide based farmers’ practice, respectively. The incremental benefit cost ratio in IPM fields was 2.87, 3.56, 3.81 and it was 4.09, 3.53, 3.66 in NIFP fields as against 1.60, 1.99, 1.82 in FP during 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. It is evident that by adopting IPM strategy, sucking pests in Bt cotton can be successfully managed along with conservation of natural enemies with minimum application of insecticides.

Pusa Basmati 1121, a high-yielding aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety released by ICAR-IARI in 2005, became widely popular among farmers of Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana in India due to higher yield and good price in the market. But, soon after its release, the variety was severely affected by bakanae foot rot disease (Fusarium fujikuroi). The ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM) synthesized an integrated pest management (IPM) module and validated it in large-scale at Bambawad village (District Gautam Budh Nagar, UP) in farmers’ participatory mode during 2010-14. The trial was initiated on 40 ha in 2010, which was gradually increased to 80, 120, 200 and 286 ha during 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. The IPM module involved green manuring, seed treatment with carbendazim, seedling root dipping in Pseudomonas fluorescens, pest monitoring and need-based application of bioagents/ pesticides. Implementation of the module resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of bakanae ranging from 0.05±0.01 to 10.18±4.05% in IPM fields against 1.22±0.27 to 46.5±6.30% in Farmers’ practices (FP). Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) population (average of the season) remained 7.74, 9.55, 1.22, 4.32 and 0.49 nymphs and adults/hill in IPM against 31.13, 14.16, 1.36, 7.24 and 0.82 in FP fields during 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. Regular pest monitoring and ETL-based application of pesticides in IPM helped in conservation of spider population in IPM as compared to FP with very low application of chemical pesticides, i.e. 103.2 g a.i./ha in IPM against 1214.4 g a.i./ha in FP. Analysis of rice grain samples for pesticide residue indicated carbendazim below detectable level. IPM trial also resulted in higher yield (36.01 q/ha in IPM against 26.24 q/ha in FP) and benefit- cost ratio (3.80 in IPM and 2.56 in FP) as compared to FP (Average of five years).

The aqueous two phase system has a great potential for use in the downstream processing of fermentation products.The partitioning of fungal amylase enzyme in different concentration of PEG(30%-60%) and different molecular weight of PEG(4000,6000,8000) with 20%Sodium Sulphate system were investigated to optimized the amylase recovery.Maximum amylase activity (50U/ml) was found in 50%PEG 6000 and 20% Sodium sulphate system.Partially purified alpha amylase on desizing of cotton cloth was evaluated with varying incubation temperature from 400C to 800C for 1 hour. The highest desizing activity was found at 700C.The optimum temperature of partially purified enzyme was observed at 700C and maximum activity was found at pH7.Enzyme activity was increased with increase in substrate concentration up to 3%.

Abstract Eastern Shallow Oil Zone (ESOZ) of the Elk Hills field is a thick sandstone reservoir whose structure is complicated by the presence of numerous faults. ESOZ is being exploited by both vertical and horizontal wells. This paper describes the adaptive flexible simulation grid employed and the results obtained in modeling the South Flank of Eastern SOZ. Representing a highly faulted reservoir through ordinary Cartesian grids poses challenges to the reservoir simulation engineers in that the fluid flow across these geological boundaries are not modeled properly. Also, horizontal and inclined wellbores present near wellbore phenomena that are difficult to be represented by classical Cartesian Grid system. The use of Perpendicular Bisection (PEBI) grid in the study has greatly enhanced the quality of reservoir simulation. The recovery from south flank having a dip of about 25 degrees is dominated by gravity drainage. The reservoir pressure is depleted to 100 – 200 psi in the oil productive zone. The objective of the model study was to understand the degree of sealing across the faults, sand units and estimate future recovery under various reservoir management options. Eighty years of production history was simulated to properly establish current pressure and saturations in the model. Next, several forty-year prediction runs were performed to investigate the effect of gas injection, gravity drainage, infill drilling and water injection. The model results show that a combination of gas injection and infill drilling would further increase future oil recovery from the south flank.

In present study 7 carriers such as agar –agarose, wood fiber, wood chips, gelatin, wood powder, calcium alginate and butanol sodium alginate were used for immobilization of fungal amylase. Amylase immobilization was carried out by simple adsorption, adsorption followed by cross-linking, combined adsorption and gel entrapment methods. The suitability of the supports and techniques for the immobilization of amylase was evaluated by estimating the enzyme activity, stability at various temperature and pH, immobilization efficiency and treatment of carriers with different chemicals were investigated. Maximum enzyme activity(39.67 U/ml/min) was obtained in sodium alginate method of immobilization, followed by Agar –agarose (38.67U/ml/min), gelatin (37.73U/ml/min ), butanol (34.67 U/ml/min), NaOH treated Wood fiber (18.83 U/ml/min ), NaOH treated Wood chip (18.67 U/ml/min ) ,NaOH treated Wood powder (18 U/ml/min) and lowest activity obtained in case of SDS treated wood powder(14.67U/ml/min) . The optimal pH (6 pH) of the immobilized enzymes was shifted to lower values than for the free enzyme. The optimum reaction temperature was determined to be 40°C for the free amylase, whereas that for the immobilized enzymes was shifted to 50-60°C.