In this research, Micro particles of date palm seed (DPS) and coconut shell powder (CSP) are added to epoxy resin to increase the durability of the material. It is a scientific study with potential practical applications on the material enhancements. With this research, we hope to learn how to improve epoxy's wear resistance by incorporating DPS and CSP microparticles. Future applications of this study may include enhancing wear resistance in biomedical applications and possibly other areas as well. In this study, epoxy composites are fabricated using the mixing method. Particles of DPS and CSP with a particle size of 100 to 130 µm are used to create composites. Five different formulations are available, with filler percentages of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 by weight. To get started, five different speeds from 1 to 5 N have been applied to each sample. The least amount of weight reduction occurred in the 12 % sample. The DPS and CSP improved wear resistance after examining all the evaluated samples, leading to better results.

The mechanical and wear characteristics of epoxy polymer reinforced composites using kenaf fibre (KF) and powdered chick eggshell (PCES) were examined experimentally. Calcined and uncalcined egg shell particles were created through the processing of egg shell. By using soil retting, kenaf fibres were extracted from the ground and then subjected to NaOH treatment. The composite was made by mixing the selected components in a specified ratio using the hand lay-up process. The produced composites' mechanical and wear characteristics were assessed. The results showed that calcium carbonate may be found in egg shell particles, and in most tests, the uncalcined ESP/SF reinforced epoxy composites outperformed the calcined ESP/SF composites. Additionally, it was found that most tests performed best at various weight fractions. The maximum results of this experimental investigation were 49.57 MPa, 3.64 GPa, 34.41 MPa, 3.49 GPa, 16.43 kJ/m2, and 63.91 HS for tensile, flexural, impact strength, flexural, tensile modulus, and shore D hardness. The 2- wt% calcined PCES particles were responsible for establishing the better wear behaviour. However, the weight fraction with the best values was found to be 2 weights %.

The current work shows the results of an experimental assessment into the performance of a baffled solar based air heater (SAH-BP) with the organic phase changing material (OPCM) back-up. The experiments were conducted in two modes of operation during two identical solar days in the month of February 2021 at 11.0168 degrees North, 76.9558 degrees East. They were SAH having baffled absorber without any PCM (SAH-BP), and baffled SAH with OPCM (SAH-BP-OPCM). The baffle plates were attached over the absorber surface in alternative sequential way and OPCM was stored beneath the absorber. The normal commercial grade paraffin was employed as OPCM and the experimentations were carried-out at the constant flow rate of 0.18 kg/s. The results substantiated that the amalgamation of OPCM within the baffled SAH enhanced its performance in terms of energy efficiency. The OPCM improved the energy efficiency of the SAH-BP by 11.25%. Copyright (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Internal Combustion Engines have been one of the contributors of urban air pollution. The usage of CI engines in the locomotives and other applications are inevitable. Emissions from the diesel engines are a major concern. In this paper, an ephemeral examination of the significant studies involving the engine’s characteristics especially those involved in emissions and performance powered with biodiesel blends, biodiesel blends doped with additives, in-cylinder reduction technique in CI engine are presented. The usage of biodiesel in the CI engine results in improved performance with a slender decrease in the engine power and also decrease in emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and unburnt hydrocarbon. However, emission reduction technologies improve the emission results and doping of fuel with additives results in stabilization of engine power. It is understood from the study that emission could be reduced when the engine is run at conditions like 20% blended fuel, lower weight percentage of biologically derived fuel additive, 20% EGR with 20% blended fuel. In most of the cases, a decrease in engine performance up to 5% are recorded due to increase in specific fuel consumption leading to decrease in thermal efficiency.

There is an increment in the production and utilization of plastics as the days pass by. Plastics of all kind should be well disposed after usage. It is important to deal with this plastic waste management. This prompts pyrolysis, which is a method of converting waste plastic into useful fuel oil. This project deals with one such attempt to convert waste plastics into fuel oil. The obtained oil seems to have similar physical properties as the fuel used in aviation industry and is test on an engine to study its performance. The experimental results show that the usage of fuel oil in Engine can result in slight variation in the performance, without any engine modifications. Thus the issues faced by dumping of plastic wastes and increasing fuel demand could be eliminated by effective conversion of waste to energy in the form of fuel.

In the current era the speed and performance of the systems are the most required thing in all the industries due to development of automation in all the fields. Central Processing Unit is the heart of a system which consists of various electronics components in it, due the presence of these components and their continuous functioning the heat generated in enormous in quantity which badly affects the performance of the CPU. There are many designs of heat sink to improve the efficiency, the commonly used heat sink is cooling fans. The cooling fans are modified from the reference to the existing ones of high performing CPUs. The modified fan has been tested for its performance computationally for different conditions of speed and heats. The performance of all the conditions has been compared and with help of computational fluid dynamics software results. The best design has been opted from the results of computational work and the numerical work was carried out to find the efficiency of the newly modified fans.

In the current era the speed and performance of the systems are the most required thing in all the industries due to development of automation in all the fields. Central Processing Unit is the heart of a system which consists of various electronics components in it, due the presence of these components and their continuous functioning the heat generated in enormous in quantity which badly affects the performance of the CPU. There are many designs of heat sink to improve the efficiency, the commonly used heat sink is cooling fans. The cooling fans are modified from the reference to the existing ones of high performing CPUs. The modified fan has been tested for its performance computationally for different conditions of speed and heats. The performance of all the conditions has been compared and with help of computational fluid dynamics software results. The best design has been opted from the results of computational work and the numerical work was carried out to find the efficiency of the newly modified fans.

This paper demonstrates the augmentation of nano-fluid heat transfer in circular pipe. In this experimental study, nano-fluid of Al2O3/water flow through the circular tube for different mass flow rate (60LPH, 75LPH, 90LPH) Water was used as base fluid in this experiment. Magnetic stirrer and digital ultrasonic water cleaner were used to prepare the homogeneous mixture to disperse 45 nm of Al2O3 nano particle in the base fluid pipe at a particle concentration of 0.05 per cent. Nano fluid was passed through the copper tube for different mass flow rate. Similarly, Water was also passed through the same tube for the same condition. The outcomes from the both experiment was compared with each other. It revealed that higher heat transfer was achieved by nano fluid compared to water. Rate of heat transfer was 30 percent increased by incorporating nano particles in the base fluid. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Materials, Manufacturing and Modelling.

The term prosthesis is usually used in analogy with Biomechanics. The motion of the body is provided by the bones, joints that form the basic linkage mechanism along with the activity of the muscle. The prime motive of biomechanics is to study about these linkages, their ranges of motion and their degree of freedom. In medicine, a body part which is missing, is been replaced by an artificial device or an extension, namely prosthesis. It is a part of Biomechanics, which deals with the usage of mechanical devices to assist human muscle, skeleton and nervous system in enhancing motor control lost due to trauma, defect or a disease. This paper aims to provide an improved system for lower limb prosthetic users through a better sleeve design. Braided designs with variations are created and analysed. The results suggest that the braided pattern shall be implemented in sleeve design with slight modifications.

Conventional vapour compression systems prove to be expensive for continual, specialized usage and require maintenance as there are several moving parts. A vortex tube cooling system has no moving parts and operates as a small cooling machine by separating the compressed gas into two different streams namely cold and hot streams. The thermal performance of the system was studied as function of a geometrical parameter i.e. L/D ratio of the vortex chamber, under various inlet pressure conditions. The study was oriented towards obtaining the maximum possible temperature drop across the system. Experiments were carried out by varying the L/D ratio and an inference was drawn on the cold fraction. Results proved that the length to diameter ratio plays an important role in the performance of the vortex tube cooling system.

At present cooling medium utilized in the water cooled systems are water or some equivalent of it. Subsequently these cooling medium have less thermal conductivity leading to lesser amount of dissipation of heat from cooling systems. To improvise it, we need to increase the surface area which makes the cooling systems heavier, increases the cost of material and also lodges superior space in vehicle. This shows the need of an alternative cooling medium in locomotive cooling system. Researchers are trying to use Nano fluid as a cooling medium in locomotive cooling systems and a better results are expected from it. Metal related nano particles have a better thermal conductivity compared to existing cooling mediums, this type of nano particle so if we mix these particles in base fluid then the resultant mixtures were expected to have improvised thermal conductivity than the base fluid. Thus, Nano fluid can be used as coolant in automobile radiators.

In the recent years, Heat pipes are the most effective device of transporting heat from one point to another. In these devices the heat transport mechanism is based on the combination of conductive and convective heat transfer. Heat pipes basically have three different regions such as evaporator region, adiabatic region, and condenser region. This device does not require significant temperature gradient between heat sources and heat sinks instead the temperatures available should be sufficient enough to boil the working fluid present inside it. The effectiveness of heat pipes is due to the latent heat of phase change of the working fluid within condensation and evaporation regions. The main components of heat pipe includeheat transfer fluid, wick and the container. The working fluid absorbs heat in the evaporator region and turns to vapour state. This vapour moves from the evaporator region to the length of the pipe and condenses in the condenser region, which has a lower temperature, hence converting it back to liquid. This liquid then returns back to evaporator through capillary action. This review attempts to cover various types of heat pipes, container material, types of wick material, and various heat transfer fluids for different thermal energy applications.

The cooling tower cools the hot water with cool air by cross current flow of two fluids that is air and water past each other in a tower filled with packing. This involves both mass and heat transfer. The water surface which exists on the tower packing is covered with an air film assumed to be saturated at water temperature. The heat is transferred between this film and the main body of air by diffusion and convection. The packing or fill is arranged to prevent a droplet of water from falling the full height of the tower. As it falls in hits a packing member, spaces forms a film, drops off and falls to hits a packing member. The cross – current air stream of air sweeps across these drops and films to effectively cool the water and humidity the air. As the water flow down through the tower its temperature may drop below the dry bulb temperature, it can only approach one of the controlling feature in tower design and performance is how close the inlet air wet bulb temperature and outlet water are expected to operate. Common apply large hyperboloid structures that can be up to 200 meters tall and 100 meters in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40 ,meters tall and 80 meters long. Smaller towers are normally factory-built, while larger ones are constructed on site. Cooling towers are a very important part of many chemical plants. The primary task of a cooling tower is to reject heat into the atmosphere. They represent a relatively inexpensive and dependable means of removing low-grade heat from cooling water. The make-up water source is used to replenish water lost to evaporation. Spray cooling ponds are avored as far as the cooling of condenser water. Modern designed cooling towers reputed to be much more efficient but are more expensive. There are times however, when spray cooling bonds have to be built and hoped that the experience gained in building such an old fashioned contraption will serve a useful purpose if a similar situation should arise at other industries. Thus we compared the efficiency of cooling tower and spray cooling pond. As the spray cooling pond efficiency is more than the cooling tower, so we recommended the spray cooling pond usage instead of cooling tower in the industries. INTRODUCTION COOLING TOWER The cooling tower cools the hot water with cool air by cross current flow of two fluids that is air and water past each other in a tower filled with packing. This involves both mass and heat transfer. The water surface which exists on the tower packing is covered with an air film assumed to be saturated at water temperature. The heat is transferred between this film and the main body of air by diffusion and convection. The packing or fill is arranged to prevent a droplet of water from falling the full height of the tower. As it falls in hits a packing member, spaces forms a film, drops off and falls to hits a packing member. The cross – current air stream of air sweeps across these drops and films to effectively cool the water and humidity the air. As the water flow down through the tower its temperature may drop below the dry bulb temperature, it can only approach one of the controlling feature in tower design and performance is how close the inlet air wet bulb temperature and outlet water are expected to operate. Common apply large hyperboloid structures that can be up to 200 meters tall and 100 meters in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40 ,meters tall and 80 meters long. Smaller towers are normally factorybuilt, while larger ones are constructed on site. Cooling towers are a very important part of many chemical plants. The primary task of a cooling tower is to reject heat into the atmosphere. They represent a relatively inexpensive and dependable means of removing low-grade heat from cooling water. The makeup water source is used to replenish water lost to evaporation. Hot water from heat exchangers is sent to the cooling tower. The water exits the cooling tower and is sent back to the exchangers or to other units for further cooling. Typical closed loop cooling tower system is shown in Figure 1. SPRAY COOLING POND Spray cooling ponds are favoured as far as the cooling of condenser water. Modern designed cooling towers reputed to be much more efficient but are more expensive. There are times however, when spray cooling bonds have to be built and hoped that the experience gained in building such an old fashioned contraption will serve a useful purpose if a similar situation should arise at other industries. PRINCIPLE OF HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles as matter. The transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or by free electron diffusions predominant in metals or phonon vibration as predominant in insulators. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate against one another or as electrons move from atom to atom. Conduction is greater in solids, where atoms are in constant, in liquids and gases, the molecules are usually further apart, giving a lower change of molecules colliding and passing on thermal energy. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Published by, www.ijert.org ETDM 2017 Conference Proceedings Volume 5, Issue 07 Special Issue 2017