In this article, the design and development of a fast rise time high-voltage bipolar impulse generator (HV-BIG) system for a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-based coaxial 222 nm excimer radiation source has been carried out for effective plasma generation. Full bridge topology utilizing silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) along with a step-up transformer has been realized for the development of the HV-BIG system. Sectionalized windings were designed to realize the primary and secondary winding of high-voltage transformers. The fabricated high-voltage transformer features a uniform distribution of the primary and secondary windings to minimize leakage inductance. A control algorithm has been implemented to generate 180 phase-shifted gating pulses with suitable pulse repetition frequency and pulsewidth for the full bridge converter. The developed laboratory prototype of the HV-BIG system was experimentally verified with the DBD-based Krypton/Chlorine (Kr/Cl $_{2})$ excilamp to generate 222 nm radiation with output pulse voltage ranging from $\pm$ 2.85 to $\pm$ 8.25 kV. The HV-BIG system has been experimentally tested to generate variable high-voltage bipolar pulse output voltage with a pulse repetition frequency of 31.5 kHz and tunable at two distinct pulsewidth of 1.0 and 1.2 $\mu $ s.

The charging infrastructure plays a crucial role in the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) by providing accessible, convenient, and technologically compatible charging solutions to extend the driving range and contribute to environmental sustainability. The DC-DC converters and their control are essential components utilized in charging infrastructure with efficient conversion of input voltage to optimal levels. This paper presents the design and implementation of an interleaved DC-DC buck converter for Lithium-ion battery charging applications. The incorporation of interleaving in the DC-DC buck converter enhances the overall both system performance. The interleaved architecture eliminates the need for inter-converter communication and effectively avoids any potential single point of failure. To achieve controlled and regulated output voltage, closed-loop control algorithm is implemented in TMS320F28027 microcontroller. The hardware of the interleaved DC-DC buck converter is tested on resistive load as well as on 48 V, 30 Ah Li-ion battery. The charging of the 48 V, 30 Ah Li-ion battery is carried out in Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) mode. The experimental result of the developed interleaved DC-DC buck converter is presented in this work.

Transportation systems based on electric vehicle (EV) technology are regarded as the most environmentally sustainable system for modern transport industries. The maximum benefits of EVs can only be realized when the energy required to charge the EVs is obtained from renewable energy sources. This paper presents design and implementation of solar PV-based multi-functional e-Mobility charging system for two and three-wheeler EVs. The charging system is powered by 3 kWp solar PV panels consisting of solar battery charger to charge the auxiliary batteries and an e-Mobility charger to charge the EVs. It proposes a decentralized architecture for solar battery charging systems and EV charging system. The decentralized interleaved architecture does not require inter-converter communication and prevents the possibility of a single point of failure. Interleaving of converters also allows to have a high step-down conversion ratio, reduction in size, weight, and volume of filters, and high output current with low ripple current. To achieve a controlled and regulated output voltage, a digitally controlled algorithm is implemented in TMS320F28027 microcontroller. The proposed system can charge multi-chemistry batteries with multiple output voltage levels. The proposed architecture is experimentally validated and presented in this work.

In order to get controlled output voltage, despite of imbalance in input supply voltage and output loading conditions, an efficient and robust power electronics-based systems should be developed with a reliable control algorithm. This paper analyses the Grid Integrated Vehicle (GIV) charging using a non-linear control algorithm. The designed non-linear control algorithm is intended to stabilize the output voltage and improve the overall system performance during transient conditions. The combination of single-phase (1-Ф) interleaved power factor correction (IPFC) boost converter topology and synchronous buck converter topology is designed for grid-integrated e-Mobility charging application. To verify the design, simulation of a grid integrated e-Mobility charging using a non-linear control algorithm on resistive dummy load is carried out in a MATLAB-Simulink-based environment and presented in this work. The performance of the simulated model in terms of dynamic response, power factor, output voltage regulation, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is also analyzed and discussed in this paper.

The dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) based excimer radiation source has demonstrated encouraging results for pathogen deactivation, air deodorization, and water purification. The electrical power supply is one of the critical components which influences the energy efficiency of the DBD-based excimer radiation source. The excimer radiation source operating in pulsed mode has better energy efficiency and discharge uniformity. The design of a high-voltage bipolar pulsed power supply for a mercury-free far UV-C (222 nm) excimer radiation source is presented in this paper. A single-phase (1-Ф) interleaved power factor correction (IPFC) boost converter and a bipolar high-voltage converter-based pulsed power supply are designed for a DBD-based excimer radiation source. The power supply has a variable pulse repetition rate of up to 50 kHz and a pulse width of up to 5 μs. To verify the design, the simulation of a two-stage interleaved power factor corrected boost converter and a bipolar high-voltage unit on resistive dummy load is carried out in a MATLAB-Simulink-based environment and presented in this work.

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 23 December, 2020 Accepted: 08 March, 2021 Online: 31 March, 2021 In this paper, second order generalized integrator (SOGI) is discretized to design the control algorithm of unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). A UPQC is combination two voltage source converter (VSC) and VSC are connected with back to back DC link. The first one VSC is in series to maintain the desire voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) and second is connected with shunt VSC to share the reactive power demand of load. Moreover, it protects the AC mains from pollution of the load. A phase lock loop (PLL) based SOGI model is implemented to design an algorithm for UPQC under light polluted load. Whereas under highly polluted load the Laplace Transformation based PLL-SOGI model is fail to eliminate harmonics of current and voltage at PCC. Thus, a discretization of PLL-SOGI is needed to meet disadvantage. In this paper, reference current is generated under polluted load using discretization of PLL-SOGI model and compared it with actual current to pulse the gate of shunt VSC. Moreover, a feedback unit (m) is proposed to pulse the gate of series VSC under voltage sag/swell condition. A hardware setup is performed in the lab to verify the proposed algorithm under highly polluted load.

This paper presents a comprehensive review on renewable energy based electric vehicle charging techniques, energy storage system with grid support functionality. The classification of electric vehicles charging based on standards, and charging techniques have been reviewed. Based on efficiency, feasibility and reliability, renewable energy like solar PV for electric vehicle charging are addressed. The energy storage system must be properly managed and safely maintained to improve the overall efficiency of electric vehicles for service longevity. A qualitative analysis of power electronics topologies along with its advantages and disadvantages are also discussed. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of Vehicle-Grid-Integration (VGI) infrastructure its capability, benefits/potential, challenges such as technological, environmental, economic etc. have also been highlighted. A comparative overview of power electronics topologies suitable for electric vehicle charging with VGI infrastructure is also exhibited.

In this article, a methodology for implementation of an automated transition of a solar PV array and battery integrated unified power quality conditioner (PV-B-UPQC) between standalone and grid connected modes of operation is presented and analyzed. This system consists of a shunt and series active filters connected back to back with a common dc-link. The system addresses the issue of the integrating power quality improvement along with the generation of clean energy. Moreover, due to the automated transition, the critical loads have continuous power supply irrespective of grid availability. The key challenges addressed are implementation of automated transition in a PV-B-UPQC system with minimal disturbance to the local loads. The system operation is validated through experimentation under a number of dynamic conditions such as automated transition, supply voltage variations, unavailability of the grid, variation in solar power generation, load variation, etc., which are typically encountered in a modern distribution network.

This paper presents two-level control of DC microgrid for proper voltage regulation and equal current sharing across the load. DC microgrid is emerging as an alternate solution for rural electrification but it needs a robust and stable control system for good quality power delivery and proper energy management. In this paper, four microgrids are joined together to form a cluster and jointly all four microgrids deliver equal current to a common load. Droop control is implemented as a local level control for the regularization of voltage and current sharing. In order to mitigate the deviations created by primary level, consensus algorithm is used for generating a universal voltage reference for all droop controllers. It has been found that in a two level control structure there is lesser voltage deviation and proper current sharing among the units as compared to only droop control.

This work presents an extensive review of hierarchical control strategies that provide effective and robust control for a DC microgrid. DC microgrid is an efficient, scalable and reliable solution for electrification in remote areas and needs a reliable control scheme such as hierarchical control. The hierarchical control strategy is divided into three layers namely primary, secondary and tertiary based on their functionality. In this study, different methods of primary control for current and voltage regulation, secondary control for error-correction in voltage and current, power sharing in a microgrid and microgrid clusters and tertiary control for power and energy management with a primary focus on minimal power loss and operational cost in a DC microgrid system are reviewed in-depth. Along with this, the advantages and limitations of various control structures like centralised, decentralised, distributed are discussed in this study. After a comparative study of all control strategies, the optimum control schemes from the author's point of view are also presented.

In this work, a modified generalised integrator with DC offset elimination capability is presented herein for the control of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with solar photovoltaic array (SPVA) (UPQC-SPVA) system. Using this method, the fundamental element of load current is extracted, which is processed to generate reference currents for shunt active filter of the UPQC-SPVA system. This control algorithm improves power quality (PQ) such as grid currents balancing, harmonics elimination, compensation of reactive power, grid voltage sag and voltage swell mitigation. This system gives clean energy benefits along with PQ improvement by an integration of solar PV array at the DC link of UPQC. Simulation results are depicted to evaluate the performance of the UPQC in MATLAB/Simulink environment under presence of local non-linear load. The performance of UPQC-SPVA system is evaluated experimentally on a prototype in the laboratory and test results are found satisfactory for various disturbances like grid voltage sag/swell, load unbalancing, harmonics compensation and solar irradiation variation. The total harmonic distortion of the grid current is attained within limits of the IEEE-519 and IEEE-1159 standards.

In this paper, closed-loop control of isolated bidirectional dual-active bridge (DAB) DC-DC converter is proposed for dual-phase-shift (DPS) scheme using fixed frequency pulse-width-modulation (PWM) plus transmitted command power. DPS is a well-known control scheme to reduce backflow power, current stress, and losses, it also provides better power transfer flexibility under high frequency. However, the conventional DPS scheme has limited performance in light load conditions. The discussed control technique overcomes the instant variation of inner phase shift ratio (D 1 ) w.r.t outer phase shift ratio (D 2 ) during light load conditions. The theoretical concepts of the transmitted power in different modes of operation are presented in this paper along with a detailed analysis of MATLAB simulation results in dynamic conditions and both directions of power flow. The implemented control scheme leverages most of the improved features of the DPS scheme to transfer power from one end to another end.

A modified generalized integrator (GI) is presented for controlling a single stage topology of solar photovoltaic (PV) array tied unified power quality conditioner (SSSPVA-UPQC) system. This control is used to estimate the positive sequence fundamental components of unbalance grid voltages, and it effectively suppresses the DC bias from the input signal as well as mitigate asymmetrical voltages sag/swell. The series active power filter (APF) of the SSSPVA-UPQC system compensates all kinds of voltage related power quality (PQ) issues viz. symmetrical/asymmetrical grid voltages variations and protects the sensitive loads. The shunt APF of the SSSPVA-UPQC system compensates for PQ issues like imbalanced loads, harmonics, power factor improvement etc. along with providing active power to the system from the solar PV array. The Simulink model for SSSPVA-UPQC system is developed in MATLAB/Simulink, for various PQ issues mitigation such as symmetrical/asymmetrical grid voltages swell, sag, imbalanced loads, solar insolation variation etc. Test results validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the presented control on a laboratory prototype.

In this paper, a modified control technique is developed for a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). This UPQC consists of shunt and series voltage source converters (VSCs). A modified control algorithm of shunt VSC is developed by extracting the active and reactive components of load currents using the second order generalized integrator (SOGI). These active and reactive components are processed to get instantaneous active and reactive powers, which are used to estimate reference currents. Moreover, a multiplying factor (m) is used for series VSC to regulate the load voltages under abnormal conditions such as voltage sag/swell in the three-phase AC grid. The proposed control technique is capable to compensate the voltage sag/swell and to reduce the current harmonics. A comprehensive study is made on the performance of proposed control technique at various conditions of AC mains. The UPQC is used in a three-phase three-wire AC distribution system on a developed prototype of UPQC in the laboratory to verify the proposed technique.

This work deals with the control and operation of a multi-functional PV-Battery Integrated System operating in a Micro-grid environment. The system consists of a three-phase three wire PV array and battery Integrated distribution static compensator (PV-B-DSTATCOM) which can not only compensate for current quality issues due to load current but also inject power from the PV array into the grid. A battery bank is also integrated with the PV system so as to enable its operation in standalone mode of operation when grid is not available or under faulty conditions. This system is critical in modern distribution systems which require clean source of energy along with continuous supply of power for sophisticated electronic loads for data centres, hospitals and electronic industries. The system performance is extensively evaluated under different scenarios found in microgrid environment such as irradiation variation, load unbalance and also operation in islanded and grid interactive operation.

In this work, a novel technique based on second order sequence filter and proportional resonant controller is proposed for control of universal active power filter integrated with PV array system (UAPF-PV). Using a second order sequence filter and sampling it at zero crossing of instant of the load voltage, the active component of distorted load current is estimated which is further used to generate reference signal for shunt active filter. The proposed method has good accuracy in extracting fundamental active component of distorted and unbalanced load currents with reduced mathematical computations. Along with power quality improvement, the system also generates clean energy through the PV array system integrated to its DC-bus. The UAPF-PV system integrates benefits of power quality improvement and distributed generation. The system performance is experimentally evaluated on an experimental prototype in the laboratory under a variety of disturbance conditions such as PCC voltage fall/rise, load unbalancing and variation in solar irradiation.

In this paper, the design and performance of a three-phase solar PV (photovoltaic) integrated UPQC (PV-UPQC) are presented. The proposed system combines both the benefits of distributed generation and active power filtering. The shunt compensator of the PV-UPQC compensates for the load current harmonics and reactive power. The shunt compensator is also extracting maximum power from solar PV array by operating it at its maximum power point (MPP). The series compensator compensates for the grid side power quality problems such as grid voltage sags/swells by injecting appropriate voltage in phase with the grid voltage. The dynamic performance of the proposed system is simulated in Matlab-Simulink under a nonlinear load consisting of a bridge rectifier with voltage-fed load.

This work presents the performance of solar PV-battery integrated universal active power filter (PV-B-UAPF) in both grid connected and islanded modes of operation. The system consists of a right shunt universal active power filter in which the PV array is linked at the DC-bus of the system. The battery is connected to the DC-link through a bi-directional converter. The BES enables operation of the system in islanded mode. The system is evaluated using Matlab-Simulink software. The system behavior is evaluated under both grid connected and standalone modes of operation along with transition between both the modes. The performance is further evaluated under PCC voltage sags/swells, irradiation variation and load removal conditions.

This paper describes simulation and design of single-phase to three-phase UPF system for agricultural/household applications. The average current mode control (ACMC) technique is used for Unity Power Factor (UPF) correction of single phase AC-DC boost converter. A comprehensive study and analysis of single-phase to three-phase converter with UPF operation is presented. Closed loop control of single phase AC-DC UPF boost converter is designed. The three phase voltage source inverter with Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique has been used for dc to 3-phase ac conversion. The voltage mode control of three-phase voltage source SPWM inverter have been designed and simulated. The complete system with the integration of single-phase and three-phase converter has been simulated. The simulation results with their performance such as power factor (pf), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and efficiency have been analysed. The simulation results on resistive load is presented in this paper.

This paper describes about the efficient design of pulse power supply for mercury-free plasma UV-lamp based applications. The single phase AC-DC Unity Power Factor (UPF) converter along with flyback converter is employed to design efficient and high voltage pulse power supply. The system has fixed Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF), Pulse Duration (T on ) and pulse amplitude. Design and analysis of pulse power supply with output voltage of -5kV and output current of 2.5A with PRF (25 kHz) and T on (2 μs), fed from single phase AC voltage is presented. To verify the proposed design, the topology is simulated in MATLAB and simulation results on resistive load are presented in the paper.