Barium titanate (BT) and calcium-doped barium titanate BCT (BaCaxTi1-xO3), x = 0.0, 0.025, 0.050, and 0.075, and perovskite powders nanostructures, were manufactured by the solid-state reaction (SSR) route and analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) at (20–90) degrees to investigate the crystallite phases and geometric limits for the synthesized powders. The XRD peaks revealed a narrowing and a shift toward higher angles for XCa (0, 0.025, and 0.050), and a shift to lower angles for XCa (0.075), due to Ca2+ substitution or interstitial sites in the BaTiO3 lattice. The impact of Ca2+ substitution or interstitial insertion into the BaTiO3 lattice was investigated using X-ray diffraction, as well as strain analysis via the Williamson–Hall and Scherrer equations. In addition, stress, Young’s modulus, and energy density have been valued for the perovskite structure. Moreover, the lattice parameter has been estimated according to Vegard’s law with fitted plots and goodness of fit R2 close to 1. The reflectance curves exhibit red-shifted reflectivity peaks for Ca-doped BaTiO3, especially at 0.075, dopant; moreover, the c/a ratio of the tetragonality degree greatly influences the Curry temperature (Tc). It was observed that Tc shifts toward room temperature with increasing Ca ion content. The surface morphology was measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which shows a dense microstructure and an increase in roughness during grain growth.

Fine Ba(CaxTi1-x)O3 (BCTO) powders (x = 0, 0.025, 0.050, and 0.075) were fabricated by the solid-state route. Then, pulsed laser technology was used to prepare multi-coated layers on glass substrates for ceramic capacitor applications with high dielectric constants. The sample was analyzed using multiphase Rietveld analysis to determine the phase type, enhance lattice parameters, and Miller indices. The crystal structure of the synthesized powder was also constructed based on the parameters obtained from the optimization process, showing that the samples possess a tetragonal structure. The study revealed that the peaks exhibited a noticeable shift towards higher angles when the BaTiO3 lattice was doped with Ca ions. The optical and electrical characteristics of BaTiO3 (BTO) and BaCaTiO3 (BCTO) ceramics change with a change in the internal structure of a perovskite. In addition, the decrease in the tetragonal of the BCTO compound with increasing CaO concentrations, as confirmed by structural analysis, leads to a decrease in the dielectric constant and a shift of the patterns towards room temperature. The electrical measurements of the fabricated device response were observed due to the enhancement of the layer surfaces of the compositions. Chemical analysis was performed using elemental mapping with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which revealed that all elements (Ti, Ba, Ca, and O) are homogeneously distributed in the nanostructures.

In this work, hematite alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical route technique. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed the existence of a hematite phase with rhombohedral crystal structure upon calcination of as-synthesized goethite alpha-FeO(OH) at 600, 700, and 800 degrees C. The average crystallite size increased from 11.4 nm to 20.6 nm, while microstrain decreased from 2.27 x 10(-3) to 1.25 x 10(-3) with increasing calcination temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs and dynamic light scattering measurements revealed spherical nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 200 nm to 500 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirmed the existence of Fe-O and O-H bonds. The dielectric measurements in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 100 MHz exhibited extremely high dielectric constants similar to 10(9) at low frequencies and were found to increase with increasing calcination temperatures. Empirical models were proposed to estimate dielectric constants as a function of calcination temperature and crystallite size with excellent coincidence with the experimental data.

We investigated the impact of doping ion type on the performance of a ZnO-based ammonia gas sensor to show the capability of these ions to achieve high-performance gas sensing at room temperature. A sol-gel method was used to synthesize both doped and undoped ZnO nanostructures, while the gas sensor device was made by casting ZnO onto a glass substrate for a uniform thin film. Then Al electrodes were attached to the film. The characterization was carried out via field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis, Pl luminescence, Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller, I-V characteristic, and gas sensor setup device. PL measurement shows an increase in green emission spectra with Ba ion shifting the peaks from VO to VO+ and VO+ to VO++ states. The gas sensor test at room temperature greatly enhances performance for certain ions. The Ba ions greatly influence gas sensor performance, increasing the response to 24 compared to 5 for undoped ZnO. The room-temperature enhancement achieved by the Ba ions could open the way to investigate more effective dopants for NH3 gas sensors.

Эффект замещения феррита ранее не использовавшимися элементами для управления магнитными свойствами представляет большой интерес для исследователей. Данное исследование иллюстрирует влияние низкого замещения Cs с молярными соотношениями y, равных 0,0, 0,05, 0,15 и 0,25, на структурные и магнитные свойства наночастиц CsyCo1-0.5yFe2O4. Метод синтеза являлся методом осаждения. Хлориды металлов использовались для проведения реакции в дистиллированной воде с использованием NaOH для достижения pH 10. Для всех образцов были проведены рентгеновская дифракция, полевая эмиссионная сканирующая электронная микроскопия, электронно-дисперсионная рентгенография и магнитометрия вибрирующих образцов. У всех образцов шпинельная структура в значительной степени совпадает с структурой феррита Со. Наблюдалось общее увеличение постоянной решетки с ростом содержания Cs, в то время как размер кристаллитов уменьшался примерно с 18-ти до 12,2 нм при увеличении молярного соотношения от 0 до 0,25. Электронно-микроскопическое исследование показало, что все образцы имеют сферические наночастицы без каких-либо других форм. Средний размер частиц составлял от 40 до 60 нм при увеличении содержания Cs1+. Магнитные параметры в основном показали относительно высокую коэрцитивную силу (широкие петли) и снижение насыщенности намагниченности (до 50,43 мкГ/г), кристаллической анизотропной постоянной и коэффициента квадратичности.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are often known as drones and are designed to introduce considerable benefits for privacy security and surveillance systems applications. However, the common use of drones demonstrates great threats to public security and personal privacy. Drone objects usually have mixed vision with bird objects due to their behavioural and physical similarity. Lightweight deep learning is a paradigm of machine learning that stands to efficacy and compactness for improving the performance of deep learning models. It is beneficial and suitable to apply with low-powered, Internet of Things (IoT), and edge devices, which have constrained resources. In this paper, a lightweight deep-learning model for drone vs. bird visual detection in colour images is introduced and investigated. The proposed model encompasses customized layers of convolution neural network CNN for feature extraction purposes as well as dense layers for binary classification tasks (drone/birds). The training process was accomplished using forward and back-propagation workflows to find the drone object in the input images. For training data, a pre-processing stage is performed to prepare the drone’s color image dataset for the input layer with various image resolutions, shapes, backgrounds, and localization in the input images. In the validation phase, an optimal set of hyperparameters was selected and investigated accurately to enhance the classifier performance. Layer pruning and network quantization techniques are applied in the initial network design phase and network training phase respectively, meaningfully reducing its parameters and memory usage for realizing a lightweight deep network. The experimental results and tests demonstrated that the increase in network layers or the number of the used filters, with each convolution layer in the proposed CNN structure, will not enhance or support the detector performance with higher accuracy. By increasing the trained drone/bird images, we have motivated the proposed model to be more converged and get a lower learning/validation error rate in addition to higher classification accuracy in the testing phase. Based on various experiments with public image datasets (drones/birds), the performance evaluation metrics have been exposed to a detection accuracy of 97.5

Broadband ferromagnetic resonance (BFMR) spectroscopy analysis can be achieved with different setups involving the frequency-sweep and field-sweep setups. To evaluate and compare the two former regimes, a frequency-sweep and a field-sweep shortcut BFMR regimes were conducted on Co–Ni ferrite nanoparticles that were synthesized by the co-precipitation method of metal chlorides. The nanoparticles were structurally and magnetically characterized, with an average particle size of around 23 nm and a spinel structure. The saturation magnetization was about 59 emu/g, and the coercivity was about 30 Oe. The BFMR analyses were achieved through a frequency range of (2–26) GHz and a field range of (0-104)Oe. The two regimes, frequency sweep and field sweep, showed linear behavior between the resonance field and resonance frequency. The frequency–sweep regime displayed more complicated curves involving small multi-peaks within the multi-FMR absorption band that were not found in the field sweep regime. The intercepts of the linear dispersion relationship between the two regimes are nearly equivalent to each other. The field-sweep g-factor was higher and more reasonable than the frequency-sweep one, whereas its damping factor was lower. The fluctuation in the frequency linewidth vs. resonance field in the frequency-sweep method is higher than that for the field-sweep.

The effects of 180, 210, and 230°C reaction temperatures on the structural and magnetic properties of synthesized iron sulfide nanoparticles were studied. The Rietveld refinement analysis result of the X-ray diffraction data indicated that greigite was the dominant phase in all samples. The sample was prepared at 210°C for 18 h and had a greater wt% ratio of the greigite phase. The crystallite and particle sizes increased with increasing reaction temperatures. Scanning electron microscope images confirmed the presence of aggregation of synthesized rod-shaped nanoparticles. The magnetic hysteresis curves of all samples showed ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. The magnetic saturation of three samples increases with increased reaction temperature, but the coercive force has the opposite behavior. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the sample synthesized at 210°C were investigated. This sample killed cancer cells at relatively moderate and high concentrations with high viability of normal cells, demonstrating the sample's suitability for use in killing cancer cells while avoiding normal cells.

A High current power supply was built and controlled by a personal computer using a simple design and a low-cost components for magnetic measurement applications. The design depends on the Arduino Uno board and Scilab software. Three Scilab block diagrams were given to simulate three magnetic tests, which are constant field block diagram (single field value), increasing and decreasing fields for FMR and magnetocaloric tests, and field for hysteresis loop test. Each Scilab block diagram contained different xcos blocks to control the Arduino output voltage and other blocks to sense, read, and calibrate the field value. This control was done via controlling pulse width modulation in the range (0-255). The output of each block diagram was simulated by measuring its variation with time using a cscope block display. The Arduino signal was amplified by a simple electronic circuit that involved two stages, BUL680 transistor as the first stage. Two high-power transistors EVK71-050 or Q50z were used in the second stage. The output of 107V-39.8A from the first one and 108V- 39.7A from the second one produces a magnetic field of about 30000Oe. The linearity between the current and the field value is better for Q50z due to the variation of α with the wide variation of collector current.

This paper introduces a new Database Transposition, Substitution and XORing Algorithm (DTSXA) based on using chaotic maps. It is based primarily on two well-known security properties: confusion and diffusion. A random number generator was depended on to produce the keys for the algorithm of encryption and decryption. The encryption of the Arabic language in addition to the English language was done, besides it can encrypt a table, individual row and individual column. The suggested algorithm was obeyed and analyzed by different tests involving brute force attack analyses, statistical attack analyses (security analysis histogram, correlation coefficient analysis and information entropy analysis), key sensitivity analysis, differential attack analysis, and mean square error analysis. This algorithm passed all the applied analyses well-deservedly, which indicates that the presented encryption algorithm has a high security level due to its large key space and high sensitivity to the change in the cipher keys.

Four compositions of spinel NixBa1-xFe2O4 of x =0, 0.05, 0.01, and 0.15 were prepared by the autocombustion route. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses were utilized to determine the structural properties. All samples showed a cubic spinel structure with a noticeable FTIR tetrahedral band blue shift as the molar ratio x was increased. The crystallite size and particle size have the same behavior as x changed from 0 to 0.15. Spherical nanoparticles aggregated into large clusters were found throughout the samples. Magnetic properties, displayed a drop in magnetization saturation as x increased to its max value. A saturation magnetization (M-s) of more than 48 emu/g was achieved at x = 0 and x = 0.15 while the coercivity did not change clearly. The fitting by the Langevin equation using Originlab software showed very close values of Ms to those measured by the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) test. Magnetic parameters are generally affected by both composition and particle size.

Three samples of Fe-S were prepared with different hydrothermal periods (6, 12, and 18 h). X-ray diffraction (XRD) test showed that the first produced sample contained 42.3 wt % of magnetite, 35 wt % of greigite, and 22.7 wt % of pyrite phases. The same phases were formed during the second period but with different wt % ratios. The greigite increased to 67.8 wt % by the third period, while the magnetite and pyrite phases vanished and were associated with a low ratio of the presence of pyrrhotite and FeO2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed the formation of the nanoparticles. The increase in the hydrothermal time produced a reduction in the saturation magnetization (39.8 to 9.1) emu/g and the remanence magnetization (8 to 2.4) emu/g, and increasing in the coercivity. To assess the viability of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HdFn) cells, a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity (MTT) was applied to the third sample. The outcome verified iron sulfide's cytocompatibility against HdFn cells even at high concentrations and good anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines. The result of the DPPH test confirmed that the third sample had antioxidant activity equivalent to that of ascorbic acid. The influence of hydrothermal treatment time on Fe-S composition was studied. A clear change in the sample phases with the treating period was observed which is associated with a variation in the magnetic properties. Electron microscopy images confirmed the formation of the spherical nanoparticles. The outcome of the anticancer activity against some cancer cells verified that the prepared iron sulfide samples have good anticancer activity against this cancer cell. Also, the study confirmed that the nanoparticles have good antioxidant activity.image

A new substitution and permutation method for the encryption/decryption of two-channel audio files based on chaotic maps is presented. The proposed scheme's structure depends on encoding the original audio data into a new data range. Each value in the resulted range was translated to a binary sequence and both substitution and permutation operations are accomplished using the chaotic state and chaotic parameters. The substitution was attained using the XORing operation and Bernoulli substitution while the permutation method was based on the numbers sequence generated using a hyper chaotic system. A new key generation algorithm is proposed based on the properties of the square root of large prime numbers and a hyper chaotic system to produce the keys. The proposed cipher system was tested by various audio file sizes of (.WAV) extension. Performance evaluation and security measures to assess the algorithm’s security against various attacks. The results of the key space analysis, statistical analysis, mean square error analyses, Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) analyses, entropy analyses, homogeneity, contrast, SNR, etc. showed that the proposed cipher is notably secured in opposition to the attackers and possesses an effective diffusion and confusion mechanism for better audio communication with inside the area of telecommunication.

Spinel ferrite nanoparticles of Co 0 . 2 Ni 0 . 8 Fe 2 O 4 composition are utilized as filler magnetic particles in the carrier fluid of sesame oil to prepare a magnetorheological fluid. The hydrothermal method is adopted to prepare CoNi ferrite nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis is used to check the crystalline phase, and transmission electron microscopy is used to image the particles to find the size and shape of particles. The average size is about 18 nm. The magnetic properties are determined by measuring the hysteresis loop by the superconducting quantum interference device technique. The saturation magnetization is 59.4 emu/g, and the coercivity is 30 Oe. The Langevin fitting is applied to the hysteresis loop to show that the particle moment is about 16 × 10 3 𝜇 𝐵 . The viscosity and shear stress are measured against the shear rate, where the latter parameters are extracted from the viscosity and the viscometer spindle speed. The viscosity behavior showed the shear thinning against the shear rate. The viscosity increases with the magnetic field. The shear stress increases with the shear rate and has a very good matching with the Bingham model, rather than with the Herschel–Bulkley model, while describing the measured data. We observed a clear high static shear stress at low shear rates that are growing with the magnetic field. The yield stress was increased linearly with magnetic field strength.

Nowadays, energy-related research is the main concern of researchers to find solutions to problems related to storage, such as thermal stability, and improve the efficiency and generation of energy in terms of energy correlation with the growth of the global economy. We successfully synthesized Nano-compositions based on (1 − x)BaCa0.05Ti0.95O3–(x)SrZn0.5Ti0.5O3 (x = 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, and 0.18) powders. Then, we made an optical ceramic device, such as a multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC), using the laser technique and electrodes from gold (Au) deposited on both sides of the coating layers using the sputtering technique. The obtained deposited film phase was investigated based on an X-ray diffractometer, which confirmed the formation of the tetragonal phase for the prepared specimens. The field emission scanning electron microscope test revealed that the increasing concentration of SrZnTiO3 (SZT) dopant in BaCaTiO3 (BCT) samples has improved the density of the composition. Further, electrical properties were improved by enhancement of dielectric constant when increased SZT quantity in the BCT system, as a result of the position of Zn2+‏ at the Sr2+‏ site in (SZT) dopant would be much more off-center, and the related dipole moments would also be big compared to that of Ca2+‏ in (BCT) composition. Furthermore, these composites showed thermal stability of dielectric constants and low-loss tangents. In addition, the optical characteristics of the samples investigated by UV–Vis are given in this article.

Spinel ferrite nanoparticles of Co0.2Ni0.8Fe2O4 composition are utilized as filler magnetic particles in the carrier fluid of sesame oil to prepare a magnetorheological fluid. The hydrothermal method is adopted to prepare CoNi ferrite nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis is used to check the crystalline phase, and transmission electron microscopy is used to image the particles to find the size and shape of particles. The average size is about 18 nm. The magnetic properties are determined by measuring the hysteresis loop by the superconducting quantum interference device technique. The saturation magnetization is 59.4 emu/g, and the coercivity is 30 Oe. The Langevin fitting is applied to the hysteresis loop to show that the particle moment is about 16 × 103 μB. The viscosity and shear stress are measured against the shear rate, where the latter parameters are extracted from the viscosity and the viscometer spindle speed. The viscosity behavior showed the shear thinning against the shear rate. The viscosity increases with the magnetic field. The shear stress increases with the shear rate and has a very good matching with the Bingham model, rather than with the Herschel–Bulkley model, while describing the measured data. We observed a clear high static shear stress at low shear rates that are growing with the magnetic field. The yield stress was increased linearly with magnetic field strength.

A stainless steel 316L (SS316L) wires reinforcing heat cure PMMA matrix samples were prepared for dentures applications. Mechanical scratching and electrochemical anodizing for PMMA denture base supported by wires of SS316L were used as straightforward and low-cost outside layer pretreatments. The two pretreatments were used to improve the flexural strength of PMMA denture bases. The mechanical scratching process acts to scratch the surface of stainless-steel wires by mixing the wires with silicon carbide powder inside a rotating Pyrex container. The pretreatment time was varied to be 60, 90, and 120min. The anodizing solution, containing ethylene glycol (EG) with HClO4 acid, was used with a 15V supply and a graphite rod as a cathode in the anodizing process. A variation in the pretreating time to be 15, 20, and 30min for the electrochemical anodizing process was included. A scanning electron microscope was utilized to examine the morphology of surfaces of the SS316L wires, which showed various morphology natures. The mechanical flexural strength test was conducted for all samples statistically to check the results. The flexural strength test results of the composite sample groups of PMMA reinforced with the scratched surface for 90 min stainless steel wire 316L presented the highest flexural strength value (113 MPa) with a 66% increment. All results proved that reinforcing PMMA by ss 316L are enhancing the flexural strength by comparing the results with previous works and pointing to the activity of the used scratching process.

Random number generation is considered a major problem for any digital color image cipher algorithm and secret communication protocol. Pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) are used in many security applications because they afford both features, the randomness efficiency and quality of the PRNG. The paper proposes a new PRNG depending on a combination of the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-2(256)) with the results of three chaotic maps: the 2D Henon map, the 2D Kaplan-Yorke map, and the 2D Tinkerbell map. In the proposed chaotic generator, 6 initial floating-point numbers with 10-16 precision are inputs to SHA-2(256) for generating the initial values of the three chaotic maps. Then the chaotic maps are iterated to produce a binary sequence that is processed to enhance the sequence complexity based on binary XOR addition operation and 2D shifting scrambling method. The random binary sequences produced by the proposed PRNG algorithm were tested using several number of analyses like the national statistical test suite, correlation analyses, key space analyses, Sum of absolute analyses (SAD), key sensitivity analyses, and histogram analyses. The results proved that scrambling binary sequences have passed successfully the NIST tests where the ratio & eta; of p-value concerns individual sequences between [0.9805, 0.9994], the correlation between the produced sequences is very small where the distributions of Pearson's correlation coefficients belong to [-0.03, 0.03] and the distributions of Hamming distance coefficients belonging to [0.49, 0.52], all the results of the SAD between [0.33237, 0.33451] which are almost close ideal values, and the key space of proposed PRNG is very large which is 2319. The proposed PRNG was applied as a random key generation algorithm on a new color image cipher algorithm, with strong permutation and substitution methods to encrypt and decrypt each image color channel. The practicableness of the algorithm was tested by different statistical and security analyses.

A comparison between using NaOH and NH 4 OH for synthesizing nano Ni 0.1 Ba 0.9 Fe 2 O 4 via autocombustion method was done. During the preparation of the two samples, metal salts were dissolved in distilled water and then the two chemical bases were added separately till pH reaches 7.5. The samples were fired at 600°C for 2h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) tests were utilized to characterize the samples. XRD test showed a spinel cubic pattern for the two samples and their lattice constants were comparable to that in literature. The calculated crystallite sizes for the two samples were so approximated. SEM images showed a greater average spherical particle size for the prepared sample by NH 4 OH. FTIR analysis illustrated some reaction residuals in the samples prepared by NaOH. The sample prepared by NH 4 OH showed higher magnetization saturation and low coercivity. Depending on particle size and squarness ratio, the sample prepared by NaOH is more super paramagnetic compared to the other.

Investigation of the role of hydrothermal temperature on hematite nanoparticles structural, magnetic, and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) properties was done. Ferric chloride and sodium hydroxide were used as the starting precursors. The hydrothermal temperature was varied in the range of 140–200∘C by a step of 20∘C. XRD, SEM, VSM, and FMR analyses were used to check the particles’ properties. The prevailing strongly phase was hematite with some small peaks related to other phases. A reduction in lattice constant and increase in the crystallite size to more than 27[Formula: see text]nm is observed. The particles’ morphology exhibited polygon particles down to spherical particles as the average particle size gets larger up to 45[Formula: see text]nm. The hysteresis loops showed unsaturated curves with rising coercivity up to 150Oe. The antiferromagnetism permeability, magnetization saturation, and dipole moment were found by Langevin fitting to the experimental hysteresis loops, where all of them have the same behavior represented by an initial drop followed by increase in their values. The FMR spectra are characterized by low intensities and low linewidths accompanied by very low blue shift in the resonance field. All samples showed Lorentzian distribution as checked by the Lorentz function. Landé [Formula: see text]-factor has values very close but less than 2 due to the effect of crystal field and particle magnetic moment variations.