Background: Polygonum effusum Meisn., locally known as Ars-smerte, is a significant food plant yet to be explored in Pakistan for its phytochemical and biological potential. Our objective was to evaluate phytochemical profile of its aerial parts, assess their In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity and In-silico studies targeting PDE4. Methods: A hydromethanolic extract of Polygonum effusum was prepared through maceration. The phytochemical composition was evaluated through total phenolic contents, and total flavonoid contents, and GC-MS analysis. The biological activity was explored through In-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. In-vivo anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Results: The hydromethanolic extract was rich in phenolic compounds (275.04 f 4.28 mg GA. Eq. /g DE) and TFC (213.52 f 5.80 mg Q. Eq. /g DE).17 compounds were detected via GC-MS analysis from this extract. In the antioxidant assays, the same extract showed the highest antioxidant activity (557.15 f 0.65 mg T. Eq./g DE) in CUPRAC assay. Moderate antibacterial and antiviral activities were observed against all the tested microbial strains. In vivo anti-inflammatory assays showed that a 600 mg/kg dose reduced paw edema by 55 %, supporting the plant's traditional use for inflammation. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinities of hentriacontane (-5.872), ferulic acid (-5.589), and gallic acid (-4.976) with PDE4, confirmed by stable molecular dynamics interactions. Conclusions: This integrative study demonstrates that P. effusum is a rich source of phytoconstituents with potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The combined in vitro and in silico findings highlight its potential as a natural source for developing PDE4-targeted anti-inflammatory agents. Further studies, including isolation of active compounds and in vivo toxicity evaluations, are recommended to advance its therapeutic applications.

Pleurospermum candollei (DC.) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke is a wild edible herb, known for its nutritional benefits and has been used in traditional medicines. To explore the bioactivities responsible for its beneficial effects, in this study, we analyzed the n-butanol fraction of P. candollei for phenolic compounds using LC-ESI-MS/MS. It resulted in tentative identification of 12 polyphenols (4-hydroxy benzoic acid, umbelliferone, caffeic acid, quinic acid, pinocembrin, esculin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid 3-glucoside water adduct, caffeic acid 3-glucoside, kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) based on MS2 fragments. Molecular docking of the identified polyphenols showed their enzyme inhibitory potential. The IC50 values of the tested fraction for lipoxygenase, acetylcholinesterase, urease, tyrosinase, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B were 68.21 +/- 1.06, 49.09 +/- 1.63, 116.90 +/- 0.72, 52.30 +/- 0.15, 0.48 +/- 0.03, and 2.23 +/- 0.57 mu g mL-1, respectively. Based on current findings, we recommend the exploitation of the n-butanol fraction of P. candollei for use in biotherapeutic formulations.

Cotton is the main cash and fiber crop worldwide, including Pakistan. Sustainable cotton production is threatened by excessive and injudicious use of inorganic fertilizers, especially phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn). Due to their antagonistic interaction, P and Zn levels must be optimized. This study examined P-Zn interactions in the cotton crop under arid circumstances. A split-plot design was used to provide five doses of P (P1=0, P2=30, P3=60, P4=90, and P5=120 kg ha-1) and three doses of Zn (Zn1= 6, Zn2=12, and Zn3=18 kg ha-1). Cotton crop data included soil P and Zn availability, plant growth, morphology, and yield. This demonstrated that increasing Zn and P dosages steadily boosted the growth, physiology, and yield traits of the cotton crop. Compared to other combinations, 12 kg Zn ha-1 and 90 kg P ha-1 improved the studied growth, physiological, and yield parameters of the cotton crop. This combination had the maximum chlorophyll contents (62.2 SPAD value), net leaf photosynthetic rate (13.6 mu mol CO2 m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance (0.47 mmol m-2 s-1), sub-sub conductance (292.3 mu mol H2O m-2 s-1), leaf transpiration rate (9.6 mmol m-2 s-1), and water usage efficiency (2.42 kg ha-1 mm-1). Similarly, the highest plant height, peak leaf area index, sympodial branches, total bolls, and mean boll weight were obtained with the application of 12 kg Zn ha-1 and 90 kg P ha-1. The maximum soil available P (16.0 +/- 0.240 mg kg-1) and Zn (9.00 +/- 0.335 mg kg-1) was recorded in the P4Zn2 treatment. Thus, the present study found that increasing Zn and P dosages increased cotton crop growth, morphology, physiology, yield traits, and availability of P and Zn in the soil. The growth, morphological, physiological, and yield parameters of the cotton crop and soil available P and Zn were recorded the highest with 12 kg Zn ha-1 and 90 kg P ha-1. Therefore, the highest seed cotton yield (1.278 ton ha-1) and biological yield (10.492 ton ha-1) were with the application of 12 kg Zn ha-1 and 90 kg P ha-1. The findings of this research work suggest that the combined application of 12 kg Zn ha-1 and 90 kg P ha-1 is the best fertilizer management approach to increase cotton seed yield under the conditions of an arid climate.

Background: A previously unstudied medicinal plant, Leucophyllum frutescens (Berland.) I.M. Johnst. (Scrophulariaceae) was investigated to evaluate its potential in preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Methanolic leaf extract (MELE) and its fractions (HELE, CHLE, and BULE) were evaluated for their polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity by five different methods, including in vitro enzyme inhibition assays, which are clinically linked to neurodegenerative diseases. The potentially active n-butanol fraction (BULE) was further evaluated for its neuroprotective effects using an albino rat animal model and phytoconstituents profiling using Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), and in silico molecular docking by Maestro® Schrödinger. Results: The n-butanol fraction (BULE) in the hydroalcoholic leaf extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (230.435 ± 1.575 mg gallic acid equivalent gm-1± SD). The chloroform leaf extract exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (293.343 ± 3.756 mg quercetin equivalent gm-1± SD) as well as the highest antioxidant content, which was equivalent to Trolox, with five assay methods. Similarly, the chloroform and n-butanol fractions from the hydroalcoholic leaf extract significantly inhibited human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with their IC50 values of 12.14 ± 0.85 and 129.73 ± 1.14 µg∙mL-1, respectively. The in vivo study revealed that BULE exhibited a significant neuroprotective effect at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day in an aluminum chloride-induced neurodegenerative albino rat model. The LC–MS/MS analysis of BULE tentatively confirmed the presence of biologically active secondary metabolites, such as theobromine, propyl gallate, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-acetylrhamnoside, isoquercitrin-6′-O-malonate, diosmetin-7-O-glucuronide-3′-O-pentose, pinoresinol diglucoside, asarinin, eridictoyl, epigallocatechin, methyl gallate derivative, and eudesmin. The results from the computational molecular docking of the identified secondary metabolites revealed that diosmetin-7-O-glucuronide-3′-O-pentose had the highest binding affinity to human butyrylcholinesterase, while isoquercetin-6′-O-malonate had the highest to human acetylcholinesterase, and pinoresinol diglucoside to human salivary alpha-amylase. Conclusions: The present study concluded a need for further exploration into this medicinal plant, including the isolation of the bioactive compounds responsible for its neuroprotective effects.

Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G.Don ex Loudon) (family: Myrtaceae) is used for its medicinal properties in treating various metabolic disorders. We investigated the chemical characterization and biological screening of the n-hexane extract of C. viminalis. The total phenolic content was (37.45±7.40 mg GA.E/g D.E±S.D) and the total flavonoid content was (18.43±6.34 mg R.E/g D.E±S.D). GC-MS screening of the n-hexane extract tentatively identified 70 bioactive phytochemicals. The maximum antioxidant potential (289.99±9.01 mg T.E/g D.E±S.D) was observed via the FRAP assay. Enzyme inhibition assays revealed that n-hexane extract of C. viminalis showed enzyme inhibition against the enzymes including α-glucosidase (6.9±0.13 mmol of ACA.E/g D.E±S.D); α-amylase (7.2±0.56 mmol of ACA.E/g D.E±S.D), urease (4.95±0.9 mg of TU.E/g D.E±S.D), acetylcholinesterase (2.9±0.08 mg GALA.E/g D.E±S.D), lipoxygenase (4.93±1.05 mg of Indo.E/g D.E±S.D) and tyrosinase (4.33±0.62 mg of KA.E/g D.E±S.D). The extract showed maximum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (71.30±4.44 %) followed by Bacillus subtilis (68.55±2.70 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (57.86±6.02 %), and Salmonella typhi (53.90±5.05 %). Docking studies revealed good docking interactions between ligands and the studied enzymes, whereas ADME analysis revealed the pharmacokinetic profiles of the phytoconstituents. C. viminalis possesses promising therapeutic potential and can be further explored for drug development and drug design.

PMLQ has a political career spanning over decades. Their political career is full of landmarks where they proved themselves as a party working for the betterment of Pakistan. Also, their political struggle is reminiscent of their sincerity towards service, for the prosperity of Pakistan. In a nutshell, if we look at the decades-long political struggle of PMLQ it can be deduced that though today they do not have the same political stature that they had in their early years of inception, it would be a miscalculation to entirely write them off from the political scenario of Pakistan. During their early years of inception, PMLQ was known as one of the greatest and most impactful political parties of Pakistan. It didn’t have to do much to prove this due to being affiliated with the independence movement and letter its leaders being prominent former members of the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz). It was after their disassociation with the PMLN that Pakistan Muslim League Quaid began its actual movement of struggle.

Trigonella hamosa (Genus: Trigonella; Family: Fabaceae), also known as branched Fenugreek, is a medicinally important plant traditionally employed for the treatment of common ailments. This study aimed at the evaluation of the chemical composition and biological profile of T. hamosa. The hydro-methanolic extract of T. hamosa (METH) was prepared through maceration, and subjected to solvent–solvent fractionation to obtain n-hexane fraction (HFTH), chloroform fraction (CFTH) and n-butanol fraction of T. hamosa (BFTH). Chemical profiling was carried out through preliminary phytochemical screening and determination of total phenolic (TFC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) and GC–MS analysis. In biological profiling, the extract and fractions were analyzed for in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral and thrombolytic activities. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites in extract and fractions of T. hamosa, polyphenolic quantification of METH showed highest TPC (139.32 ± 2.07 mg GAE/g D.E.) and TFC (61.31 ± 3.12 mg QE/g D.E). Similarly, a total of 22 compounds were tentatively identified in the GC–MS analysis of HFTH. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for HFTH in the CUPRAC and DPPH assays followed by METH which presented maximum results in CUPRAC assay. In vitro antidiabetic assay of HFTH showed significant alpha-amylase inhibition potential (70.13%) followed by CFTH (53.42 %). In the anti-thrombolytic assay, maximum results were observed for HFTH (60.99 %) followed by METH (45.24 %). The comparative bioactive fraction was subjected to antibacterial assessment which presented a concentration-dependent increase in antibacterial activity against various strains; Escherichia coli with a zone of Inhibition (16 mm), Bacillus subtilis (15 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), Bacillus pumilus (14 mm). Similarly, HFTH exhibited strong antiviral potential against all the tested viral strains; avian influenza A H9, avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV, and Newcastle disease virus NDV with strong hemagglutination titers 2, 0, and 2 respectively. Furthermore, the phytoconstituents identification by GC–MS was further analyzed by subjecting to in-silico molecular docking analysis for determination of interaction between identified phytoconstituents and α-amylase enzyme. This study highlighted the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic potential of aerial parts of Trigonella hamosa that could be further explored for the selection of leads which may contribute to novel drug development.

Islam is a complete religion that addresses every facet of existence. Islam's political structure is based on the caliphate. During the early years of Islam, the Pious Caliphate ruled for over three decades. Since then, there has been debate and conflict over whether the Caliphate can be revived on its original principles. The author of this essay, Dr. Israr Ahmed, who founded the Tanzeem-e-Islami organization, the Society of Khudam-ul-Quran, and served as the Caliphate's preacher, presents and analyzes his points of view on this topic. He dedicated his entire life to educating Pakistan's population about the actual political system of Islam and how Pakistan is falling behind. His opinions on the state of democracy, the political system, the problem of dual citizenship, and Islamic institutions in the context of the Caliphate in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan are discussed in the article.

Portulacaria afra Jacq (Portulacaceae) is a medicinal plant used traditionally in the treat-ment of pain and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, tox-icity, antinociceptive, and enzyme inhibition potential of P. afra. The methanol extract (PAME) was prepared through maceration and fractionated with ethanol to ethanol fraction of P. afra (ETPA). Both PAME and ETPA were found to be rich in total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). Similarly, PAME showed the highest antioxidant potential through ABTS 93.16 +/- 0.05 mg TE /g of dry extract (D.E.) while ETPA showed maximum results (462 +/- 1.44 mg TE/g) in the CUPRAC method. The RP-UHPLC-MS analysis of PAME showed tentative identi-fication of 101 compounds in the positive mode and 14 compounds in the negative mode of ioniza-tion while GC-MS profiling gave a total of 15 compounds. The acute oral toxicity study of PAME revealed the safety and biocompatibility of the extract up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg orally in rats. In -vitro data revealed that varying concentrations of P. afra significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited heat -induced BSA denaturation compared to indomethacin in a concentration-dependent manner. PAME suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema at the 4th hr with maximum inhibition. The analgesic efficacy of PAME was determined by the hotplate, writhing method, and tail-flicking rat models. In the hot plate method, PAME treated groups showed a significant effect (p < 0.0001). While in the writhing model, the PAME treated groups showed a significant (p < 0.0001) anti-nociceptive effect at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg compared to the control group. Similarly, PAME treated groups in the tail flicking model showed a significant (p < 0.001) anti-nociceptive effect at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. A dose-dependent increase in latency time (8.78 +/- 0.090 at (30 min), 11.39 +/- 0.005 at (60 min), 12.14 +/- 0.01 at (90 min) 15.19 +/- 0.03 at (120 min), p < 0.0001 was observed, compared to the control group. Similarly, the extract and frac-tion showed significant inhibitory potential against tyrosinase in in vitro and in-silico studies. Con-clusively the current study unveiled P. afra as a novel non-toxic source with good total antioxidant -mediated anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Typha domingensis, a medicinal plant with significant traditional importance for curing various human diseases, has potentially bioactive compounds but was less explored previously. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of T. domingensis by evaluating the phytochemical profile through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques and its biological activities (in vitro and in vivo) from the methanolic extract derived from the entire plant (TDME). The secondary metabolite profile of TDME regulated by reverse phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC–MS) revealed some bioactive compounds by -ve and +ve modes of ionization. The HPLC quantification study showed the precise quantity of polyphenols (p-coumaric acid, 207.47; gallic acid, 96.25; and kaempferol, 95.78 μg/g extract). The enzyme inhibition assays revealed the IC50 of TDME as 44.75 ± 0.51, 52.71 ± 0.01, and 67.19 ± 0.68 µgmL-1, which were significant compared to their respective standards (indomethacin, 18.03 ± 0.12; quercetin, 4.11 ± 0.01; and thiourea, 8.97 ± 0.11) for lipoxygenase, α-glucosidase, and urease, respectively. Safety was assessed by in vitro hemolysis (4.25% ± 0.16% compared to triton × 100, 93.51% ± 0.36%), which was further confirmed (up to 10 g/kg) by an in vivo model of rats. TDME demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) potential in analgesic activity by hot plate and tail immersion tests and anti-inflammatory activity by the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model. Pain latency decreased significantly, and the anti-inflammatory effect increased in a dose-dependent way. Additionally, in silico molecular docking revealed that 1,3,4,5-tetracaffeoylquinic acid and formononetin 7-O-glucoside-6″-O-malonate possibly contribute to enzyme inhibitory activities due to their higher binding affinities compared to standard inhibitors. An in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicological study also predicted the pharmacokinetics and safety of the chosen compounds identified from TDME. To sum up, it was shown that TDME contains bioactive chemicals and has strong biological activities. The current investigations on T. domingensis could be extended to explore its potential applications in nutraceutical industries and encourage the isolation of novel molecules with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

Marriage is a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman. It is a social ceremony that is continued in every religion of the world, in every region and in every nation, because it is related to the survival and continuity of life, which if left, the human race will be cut off. Christians believe that marriage is a gift from God. In Islam, marriage holds great value and importance. Islam and Christianity, both Semitic religions, have some commonalities regarding the concept of marriage. In both Islam and Christianity, the importance of marriage is emphasized, some relationships are forbidden for marriage and there are severe punishments for those who marry with mahrams. In both religions, certain conditions of marriage are necessary to fulfil. In both religions, the husband is declared as the ruler and administrator, and it is ordered to treat their wives with love, compassion and gentleness. We found some differences regarding marriage affairs. Unlike Islam, celibacy is permitted and encouraged in Christianity. Islam allows a man to have up to four wives at the same time while Christianity allows only one marriage. In Islam, there is a clear concept of haqq-e-mahr, while in Christianity there is no such concept. This article presents a comparative study of the concept of marriage in Islam and Christianity.

Introduction: Cardamine amara L. (Brassicaceae) is an important edible plant with ethnomedicinal significance. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxicity aspects of the hydro-alcoholic extract of C. amara (HAECA). Methods: The phytochemical composition was evaluated through total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC) determination and UPLC-QTOF-MS profiling. Anti-inflammatory evaluation of HAECA was carried out through the carrageenan induced paw edema model. Four in vitro methods were applied in the antioxidant evaluation of HAECA. MTT assay was used to investigate the toxicity profile of the species against human normal liver cells (HL7702), human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2) and human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). Three major compounds (Gentisic acid, skullcapflavone and conidendrine) identified in UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis were selected for in silico study against cyclooxygenase (COX-I and COX-II). Results and Discussion: The findings revealed that HAECA is rich in TPC (39.32 ± 2.3 mg GAE/g DE) and TFC (17.26 ± 0.8 mg RE/g DE). A total of 21 secondary metabolites were tentatively identified in UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. In the MTT cytotoxicity assay, the extract showed low toxicity against normal cell lines, while significant anticancer activity was observed against human liver and breast cancer cells. The carrageenan induced inflammation was inhibited by HAECA in a dose dependent manner and showed a marked alleviation in the levels of oxidative stress (catalase, SOD, GSH) and inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β). Similarly, HAECA showed maximum antioxidant activity through the Cupric reducing power antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay (31.21 ± 0.3 mg TE/g DE). The in silico study revealed a significant molecular docking score of the three studied compounds against COX-I and COX-I. Conclusively the current study encourages the use of C. amara as a novel polyphenolic rich source with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential and warrants further investigations on its toxicity profile.

Viola stocksii Boiss. is an important medicinal food plant. The powdered form of the species is mixed with butter and used as energy booster in subcontinent. The ethnomedicinal applications of the species include erectile dysfunction, inflammation and fever. In this study, the hydroethanolic extract of V. stocksii (HEEVS) was evaluated for its chemical composition, cytotoxicity, antineuropathic and antioxidant potential. The HPLC-PDA analysis revealed the presence of a total of 13 polyphenols, and 13 compounds were tentatively identified in the GC-MS profiling. The extract showed significant activity against the breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-23 and MCF-7) in MTT assay. The in vivo toxicity assessment revealed the biocompatibility of the extract with LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in mice. HEEVS significantly reduced the number of acetic acid induced abdominal writhings at 200 mg/kg. The extract reduced the vincristine induced neuropathic pain (VCINP) by increasing paw withdrawal threshold (g) and tail withdrawal latency time (s) significantly (p < 0.001) at 150 and 200 mg/kg. A marked (p < 0.001) alleviation observed in the levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in sciatic nerve tissues of the animals. The enzyme inhibition and antioxidant assays unveiled the activity of HEEVS against cyclooxygenase COX-I and COX-II and free radical scavenging potential. The in-silico analysis revealed the potential interaction of the selected compounds with COX-I and COX-II. This report suggests that V. stocksii is a biocompatible source with abundant of polyphenols and encourages the use of the species as food and therapeutic alternative for addressing chemotherapy induced neuropathy.

A comparative study between methanolic extract and n-hexane fraction of Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) was conducted for the evaluation of phytochemical potential, in vitro biological activities, and in-silico molecular docking studies. The phytochemical composition was estimated by total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and by GC–MS analysis. Several biological activities were performed such as antioxidant assays (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH, & CUPRAC), enzyme inhibition activity (Tyrosinase, Acetylcholinesterase & Butyrylcholinesterase), thrombolytic activity, and antimicrobial activity (antibacterial & antiviral) to evaluate the medicinal importance of Typha domingensis. The results of the comparative study showed that methanolic extract has more total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (95.72 ± 5.76 mg GAE/g, 131.66 ± 7.92 mg QE/g, respectively) as compared to n-hexane fraction which confirms its maximum antioxidant potential (ABTS 114.31 ± 8.17, FRAP 116.84 ± 3.01, DPPH 283.54 ± 7.3 & CUPRAC 284.16 ± 6.5 mg TE/g). In the case of in vitro enzyme inhibition study and thrombolytic activity, better results were observed for methanolic extract. Almost similar antimicrobial patterns were observed for both methanolic extract and n-hexane fraction of Typha domingensis. The major bioactive phytochemicals identified by GC–MS were further analyzed for in-silico molecular docking studies to determine the binding affinity between ligands and the enzymes. The docking study indicated that most of the bioactive compounds showed a better binding affinity with enzymes as compared to the standard compounds (kojic acid & galantamine). The results of this study recommended that Typha domingensis has promising pharmaceutical importance and it should be further analyzed for the isolation of bioactive phytochemicals which may be useful for the treatment of several diseases.

The present work is focused on the identification of 2-chloro-5-(1-hydroxy-3-oxoisoindolin-1-yl) benzenesulfonamides (5a-5k) Schiff bases as potent urease inhibitors. The rationale behind the urease activity was to introduce lead candidate for the treatment of GIT disorders including gastric and peptic ulcer and hepatic encephalopathy. The synthesized compounds exhibited excellent anti-urease activity which was further supported by in-silico investigations. Therefore, it can be suggested that these derivatives can be considered as a potential lead in future for synthesis of potent inhibitors.

The use of complementary herbal medicines has recently increased in an attempt to find effective alternative therapies that reduce the adverse effects of chemical drugs. Portulacaria afra is a rich source of phytochemicals with high antioxidant activity, and thus may possess health benefits. This study used the latest developments in GC-MS coupling with molecular docking techniques to identify and quantify the phytoconstituents in P. afra tissue extracts. The results revealed that n-butanol P. afra (BUT-PA) dry extracts contained total phenolic and flavonoids contents of 21.69 ± 0.28 mgGAE/g and 196.58 ± 6.29 mgGAE/g, respectively. The significant potential of antioxidants was observed through CUPRIC, FRAP, and ABTS methods while the DPPH method showed a moderate antioxidants potential for P. afra. Enzymatic antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase also showed a better response in the BUT-PA dry extracts. The thrombolytic activity of the BUT-PA extracts ranged from 0.4 ± 0.32 to 11.2 ± 0.05%. Similarly, hemolytic activity ranged from 5.76 ± 0.15 to 9.26 ± 0.15% using the standard (triton x) method. The BUTPA and CHPA showed moderate acetylcholinesterase and butrylcholinesterase inhibition, ranging from 40.78 ± 0.52 to 58.97 ± 0.33, compared to galantamine. The carrageenan induced hind-paw edema assay, while BUT-PA extracts showed anti-inflammatory properties in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 20 compounds were identified in the BUTPA extracts by GC-MS. Molecular docking was performed to explore the synergistic effect of the GC-MS-identified compounds on COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. A high binding affinity was observed for Stigmastan-3, 5-diene, Phthalic acid, 3. Alpha-Hydroxy-5, 16-androstenol. The computed binding energies of the compounds revealed that all the compounds have a synergistic effect, preventing inflammation. It was concluded that active phytochemicals were present in P. afra, with the potential for multiple pharmacological applications as a latent source of pharmaceutically important compounds. This should be further explored to isolate secondary metabolites that can be employed in the treatment of different diseases.

The Comparative Study of Religions is a branch of study that emerged in the West during the late nineteenth century. Being a branch of Social Sciences, Comparative Religions nourishes in a scientific environment; and therefore, started viewing religion as a secular branch of study and a subjective phenomenon. The term, ‘Comparative Study’ has been used as synonymous with Science of Religions, History of Religions and Philosophy of Religions. However, the paradigm of Comparative Religions differs from the traditional pattern of study of other religious traditions and faiths, viz. to prove the authenticity and veracity of one’s own religion over other religions. This paper intended to highlight the concept, history, objectives and paradigm of Comparative Religions. The Western modern Comparative Religionists employs it to develop a sound understanding of the history, origin, and structure (including religious beliefs, rituals, morals and other important teachings) as well as agreements and differences among various religions of the world. The objective of this kind of study is to create impartial observers of other religions; and to develop a universality to the world’s religion that can be acceptable to the whole of humanity. Keywords: Comparative Religions, History of religions, Individualism, Philosophy of religions, Universalism.

The purpose of this study was to find the biological propensities of the vegetable plant Pleurospermum candollei by investigating its phytochemical profile and biological activities. Phytochemical analysis was done by spectroscopic methods to investigate the amount of total polyphenols, and biological evaluation was done by the different antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory (tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase), thrombolytic, and antibacterial activities. The highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents was observed in methanolic extract (240.69 ± 2.94 mg GAE/g and 167.59 ± 3.47 mg QE/g); the fractions showed comparatively less quantity (57.02 ± 1.31 to 144.02 ± 2.11 mg GAE/g, and 48.21 ± 0.75 to 96.58 ± 2.30 mg QE/g). The effect of these bioactive contents was also related to biological activities. GCMS analysis led to the identification of bioactive compounds with different biological effects from methanolic extract (antioxidant; 55.07%, antimicrobial; 56.41%), while the identified compounds from the n-hexane fraction with antioxidant properties constituted 67.86%, and those with antimicrobial effects constituted 82.95%; however, the synergetic effect of polyphenols may also have contributed to the highest value of biological activities of methanolic extract. Molecular docking was also performed to understand the relationship of identified secondary metabolites with enzyme-inhibitory activities. The thrombolytic activity was also significant (40.18 ± 1.80 to 57.15 ± 1.10 % clot lysis) in comparison with streptokinase (78.5 ± 1.53 to 82.34 ± 1.25% clot lysis). Methanolic extract also showed good activity against Gram-positive strains of bacteria, and the highest activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis. The findings of this study will improve our knowledge of phytochemistry, and biological activities of P. candollei, which seems to be a ray of hope to design formulations of natural products for the improvement of health and prevention of chronic diseases; however, further research may address the development of novel drugs for use in pharmaceuticals.

Abstract Natural products play an important role in novel drug discovery by providing structural leads for the pharmacotherapeutic agents against a variety of diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the possible, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic activity and analgesic potential of hydro-methanol extract (HMPA) of Portulacaria afra ( (acq ) in a rat model to support its folk use. The ingredients in HMPA extract were identified by using GC.MS followed by molecular docking of 1-Coprosten-3-one semicarbazone, Phenol, 2, 2-methylenebis,7,9-ditert-butyl-1-oxaspiro [4.5] deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione against Cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes. The phytochemical test of HMPA extract showed a positive result for secondary metabolites of tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosterol, saponins, cardiac glycoside quinolones, triterpenoids, and carbohydrates. The HMPA extract showed a good concentration of total flavonoid content (163.25 ± 2.50 mg GAE/g) and total phenolic contents (153.21 ± 1.17 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant capacity of HMPA extract showed significant potential by DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC, FRAP methods. The Chromatogram by GC.MS showed compounds with anti-inflammatory potentials such as methyl octadeca-9, 12-dienoate, 9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienoic acid, palmitoleic acid, methyl palmitate, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Parthenolide. In carrageenan-induced hind paw edema, assay results showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory action. The different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) had anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. The analgesic activity by hot-plate, tail flicking, writhing test in rats HMPA extract demonstrated significant (p<0.05) potential. The antipyretic activity was investigated by using yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats. At the dose of 100 and 200, 400 mg/kg HMPA extract significantly decreased the temperature with maximum effect at the 3 rd , 4th, and 5th h. The results of in vitro and in vivo experimental research confirmed the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic capabilities of P.afra and sustained folkloric claims of this plant.

Rondeletia odorata Jacquin is a flowering plant that belongs to the coffee family. As a rich source of polyphenols with significant antioxidant potential, R. odorata may have health benefits. Therefore, in the current work, ethanolic extract of aerial parts and its n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol soluble fractions were analyzed for their antioxidant potential and various enzyme inhibition properties. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the crude ethanol extract (ROE) and its n-hexane (ROH), ethyl acetate (ROEA), and n-butanol (ROB) fractions were determined spectrophotometrically, while metabolic profiling was established through UHPLC-MS analysis, which revealed the presence of 58 phytochemicals. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ROE extract were measured as 51.92 mg GA.Eq./g of dry extract and 52.35 mg Qu.Eq./g of the dry extract, respectively. In the DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, ROE and ROEA showed the highest potential with values of 62.13 ± 0.62 and 76.31% ± 1.86%, respectively, comparable to quercetin (80.89% ± 0.54%). Similarly, in the FRAP assay, the same pattern of the activity was observed with ROE and ROEA, which displayed absorbance values of 1.32 ± 0.01 and 0.80 ± 0.02 at 700 nm, respectively, which are comparable (1.76 ± 0.02) with the reference compound quercetin, whereas the ROH showed maximum metal-chelating capacity (62.61% ± 1.01%) among all extracts and fractions. Antibacterial activity assay indicated that the ROEA fraction was the most active against Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus, while the rest of the fractions showed good to moderate activity. Enzyme inhibition assays showed that ROEA fraction exhibited the highest activity with IC50 values of 2.78 ± 0.42 and 3.95 ± 0.13 mg/mL against urease and carbonic anhydrase (CA), respectively. Furthermore, the docking studies of some of the major compounds identified in the extract revealed a strong correlation with their inhibitory activity. All extracts and fractions were also tested for their thrombolytic activity, and the ROB fraction showed a notable potential. Antiviral assay led to remarkable outcomes. Thus, it can be inferred that aerial parts of R. odorata are potential sources of bioactive components with several significant pharmacological activities.