Abstract Mayurbhanj district is predominantly inhabited by tribal communities. Among the various tribal groups in Odisha, Mayurbhanj alone accommodates 45 distinct categories. These tribal communities primarily rely on natural water sources such as rivers, streams, and tube wells for drinking purposes without undergoing additional purification processes. Hence, investigating the factors affecting groundwater quality is essential to ensure its safety for drinking purposes and mitigate the health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated water. In the present study, groundwater quality of 145 water samples from different sources of Mayurbhanj district was analysed. The geographical coordinates of sample locations and measurements of groundwater quality parameters were used in Geographic Information System software, ArcGIS pro, to construct the spatial distribution and spatial variation maps. Five significant principal components having eigen value greater than 1 with total variance of 73.43. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was above 0.5 which shows that data collected from the study area are accurate for analysis. Electrical conductivity, F−, pH and NO3− varies in the range of 42 to 1754 µS/cm, 0.01 to 1.97 mg/l, 5.5 to 7.9 and 0.1 to 21.2 mg/l respectively. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment indicates that the hazard quotient (HQ) values attributed to fluoride ion and nitrate ion exposure range from 0.43 to 0.46 for children and 0.23 to 0.26 for adults, and from 0.002 to 0.6 for children and 0.001 to 0.3 for adults, respectively. The children are comparatively at slightly more prone to health risk in comparison to adults. Gibbs diagram shows that most of the water samples comes in the region of rock-water interaction dominance in Gibbs plot of TDS vs chloride ion concentration. In the loading biplot for the study area, the first principal component in the horizontal axes has positive coefficients for carbonate, chloride, bicarbonate, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, fluoride. TDS has positive correlation with EC (0.98), chloride (0.525), nitrate (0.445), sulphate (0.445), total hardness (0.438), total alkalinity (0.524), carbonate (0.528) and bicarbonate (0.535). The software used for statistical study are, Minitab, Origin and SPSS. The results of this study would be useful for the Government and policy makers to provide safe and quality drinking water to the tribal community.

The sustainability of groundwater in Mayurbhanja, Odisha, is in grave danger, despite its role as the primary water source for the localities. A systematic hydrogeochemical investigation of 92 groundwater sampling points found an average Water Quality Index (WQI) of 68.74, categorizing most sources as “poor” and unsuitable for direct consumption. Fluoride reaching 20.3mg/L, tenfold the WHO limit, alongside increased levels of nitrate. Significant risks of methemoglobinemia and fluorosis were suggested by health risk assessment, which showed hazard quotient (HQ) values of 1.15 for nitrate and 0.813 for fluoride, particularly for vulnerable groups such as children. Groundwater contamination in the study area caused by geogenic factors like weathering of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and anthropogenic sources such as agricultural runoff and insufficient sanitation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) successfully identified five geochemical components responsible for 76.73% of the variance. Significant correlation between hardness, bicarbonate, and chloride serve as clear indicator of the effect of mineral dissolution and carbonate equilibrium. With an LSI of −3.94 and AI of 9.90, the water exhibits a tendency towards corrosion, suggesting potential infrastructure deterioration and subsequent metal leaching. These findings act as a reminder that technical failures in water distribution come with consequences for community health. Untreated groundwater poses an alarming risk to tribal communities; ensuring long-term water security requires source protection, resilient infrastructure, and grassroots- level monitoring for public health.

Groundwater quality in Deogarh district, Odisha, was assessed with a focus on fluoride contamination and its potential impact on human health. While most samples showed fluoride levels within safe limits, about 5.3% exceeded the permissible standards set by WHO, BIS, and USEPA, raising health concerns. Interestingly, 76% of the samples had fluoride levels below the recommended minimum, which could lead to issues such as dental caries and weakened bones. Based on the water quality index (WQI), the groundwater in the area was classified as moderately polluted. A clear link was observed between higher fluoride levels and factors like increased pH and bicarbonate concentration, suggesting that natural rock weathering plays a major role in fluoride release. Human activities, including the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and industrial waste discharge, further contribute to the contamination. Health risk analysis showed that children are more vulnerable to fluoride exposure than adults. These findings highlight the urgent need for better water management practices, regular monitoring, and awareness to ensure safe drinking water for communities in the region.

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