In an age of globalization, social networking sites are integral to student life as in Bangladesh as well as globally. Among others, Facebook and YouTube are the most popular and widely utilized social networking platforms among Bangladeshi students. This article examines how students at the University of Dhaka, Bangladesh use social networking sites (such as Facebook and YouTube) for their formal and informal studies. Following mixed methodology, data collection was completed using a structured survey questionnaire and a few semi-structured interviews. Social Learning Theory (SLT) is relevant for this research since social networking sites such as Facebook, YouTube, etc., have contributed to education through observation, imitation and modeling. Attending online classes, communicating with class teachers and classmates, collecting information about the class and exam schedules, uploading, downloading, and sharing academic materials, participating in group discussions, downloading tutorial videos of educational courses and informal education topics, and completing online coursework have come forth as the most prevalent uses of Facebook and YouTube by University of Dhaka students during their studies. Teacher’s World: Journal of Education and Res arch, 50(1): 95-118

In Bangladesh, more than 90% of people are Muslim. During Eid-Ul-Azha, around 4.58 million cattle are slaughtered—almost half of the yearly total of 10.04 million cattle slaughtered. Thus, the demand for beef cattle is particularly high during Eid, and as a result raising and fattening of cattle is a popular trade. The present study was conducted to investigate cattle fattening profitability and its marketing. The data were collected through structured interviews with 90 farmers, 15 beparies, and 15 meat sellers. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were applied to determine the factors that affect profitability. According to the analysis, about 53% of farmers fattened cattle during the whole year, while 47% of farmers fattened cattle only before Eid-Ul-Azha. The average benefit-cost ratio was estimated to be 1.25, which implies that beef cattle fattening is a profitable enterprise. The coefficients of the variables of treatment cost, feeding cost, and labour cost were significant at the 1% level, indicating a positive association with profitability. The average net return for beparies was BDT 1,964, and the average net return of meat sellers was BDT 1,944. The predominant marketing channels were identified as (i) farmer–bepari–meat-seller–consumer and (ii) farmer–bepari–consumer. However, the preferable channel was farmer-consumer because this channel enabled farmers to maximise profit. Marketing efficiency was also the highest in this channel. We recommend the provision of appropriate education and training as well as improved access and availability of market information to reduce the challenges of establishing sustainable cattle fattening practices in Bangladesh.

Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) is one of the most important stored products pests in the world. In Bangladesh, annual losses to different stored commodities occurs more than 20%. In this research, an environmentally safe & species specific method i.e. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) was applied as a part of integrated pest management approach. This experiment was done by implementing gamma irradiation (Cobalt-60) for sterilization of Indian meal moth to suppress the reproductive potential of the moth. The effects were more significant in F1 early progeny than parental generation because it was possible to suppress the egg production, hatchability & finally adult emergence successfully in F1 generation. The dose of radiation required to prevent fecundity of Plodia interpunctella from irradiated adults was 400 Gy in parental generation (P), whereas it was 300Gy & 400Gy in F1 generation in the present study. The hatchability would be prevented by the cross schedule of treated male with treated female (TM x TF). 400 Gy dose would be sufficient to control the hatchability of Indian meal moth both in P & F1 generation. Higher doses of radiation had a significant effect on adult emergence in F1 early progeny of the moth. Surprisingly, the number was zero for the cross schedule of normal female with treated male (NF x TM) & treated male with treated female (TM x TF) at all the selected doses except 50Gy in F1 early progeny in the present study. The 300Gy & 400Gy doses used in the present experiment would be sufficient to control the population of Indian meal moth.

Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a cosmopolitan pest of stored grain commodities & processed food. About 30% of crop losses occur due to pests & diseases each year in Bangladesh. Due to negative effects of pesticides or the increasing resistance of the pests we adopted an alternative way i.e. Sterile Insect Technique methods, friendly to the environment. This experiment was done by implementing gamma irradiation (Cobalt-60) for sterilization of Indian meal moth to suppress the reproductive potential of the moth. Present study reveals that gamma radiation surprisingly prevented egg production, the number of eggs was zero at all the doses that we selected, when treated male were mated with treated female adults (TM x TF) in F1 generation. Higher doses of radiation were more effective on late adults to control the population in F1 generation than parental generation. 500 Gy dose was completely effective on late adults to prevent the hatchability for all cross schedules that we did in F1 generation. This (TM x TF) would be sufficient to control the fecundity & hatchability of late adults, Plodia interpunctella. The main objective of using SIT was to prevent the losses of this stored grain pest while mitigating the risks of pesticides on the environment, non- target organisms including human health.

We report the complete genome sequences of four bacterial strains that were isolated from Blattella germanica (German cockroaches) that were found in three wards of the Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. Multiple antibiotic resistance genes were identified in each genome, with one genome containing multiple plasmid-encoded resistance genes.

Even today, the diagnosis and classification of brain tumors still rely on the histopathological examination of clinical samples. The current method is invasive, cumbersome, and prone to human error. These shortcomings highlight the importance of implementing a fully automated deep learning-based method for classifying brain tumors. The purpose of this research is to use a deep feature ensemble-based hybrid model to multi-classify brain tumors using convolutional neural network (CNN) and Machine Learning (ML) classifiers. Three CNN-based architectures namely 'HeuniNet’, ‘GlorotNet’, and ‘HenorNet’ is proposed in this study and the top two features are chosen based on how well the proposed CNN model performs. Then, the top two features are concatenated to form a deep feature ensemble model, which is then used as input by three ML classifiers to predict the outcome. Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) are the three ML classifiers used in this study. The SVM outperforms other classifiers, achieving 94.95% accuracy with features extracted from the deep feature ensemble model. The experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed ensemble-based hybrid model can help improve the accuracy of the multi-class (glioma, meningioma, normal, and pituitary) dataset containing 3264 brain images.

Bangladeshi vegetable growers rely heavily on chemical pesticides to manage pests. Botanical pesticides are often promoted as an environmentally friendly way to control pests that can help to mitigate the harmful effects of chemical pesticides. This study analyzed vegetable growers' knowledge and willingness to adopt botanical pesticides. The data was collected from 202 vegetable farmers using face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics and a set of econometric models were used to analyze the data. Only 20% of the farmers had good knowledge of botanical pesticides. About 43% of the farmers were willing to adopt botanical pesticides. Education, training, extension contact, and cosmopolite behavior (communication with other people) significantly enhanced the knowledge of the vegetable growers. With membership in IPM club and extension contacts, the odds of willingness to adopt increased by a factor of 7.60 and 4.23, respectively. The use of modern information and communication technology can assist the adoption of botanical pesticides by increasing farmers' knowledge. Providing farmers with training on the easy preparation of homemade botanical pesticides can also aid in their widespread adoption.

Ciprofloxacin is a syntheticfluroquinolone derivative. It is prescribed as a potent antibiotic to treat bacterial infections. An attempt was made to assess the quality of six brands of ciprofloxacin tablets marketed in Bangladesh. Various physicochemical tests, viz., weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution and assay for the content of the active ingredient, were performed in accordance with the methods described in the United States Pharmacopoeia 38 (USP 38). UV-Vis spectrophotometric technique was used for dissolution test while High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to estimate the potency. All the samples passed the physical tests carried out except one sample (code 004), which failed the friability test.Dissolution profile of each brand was satisfactory. All the brands of examined for the content of the active ingredient complied with the limit stipulated in USP 38 for ciprofloxacin except two brands (003 and 004) which showed slightly higher potency of the drug. Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 10(1 & 2): 9-17, 2021 (June & December)

This study was conducted from May 11 to September 17, 2021 on 329 male and 161 female students from Rajshahi University (RU), a public university (n=490 from 10 departments) and 130 males and 72 females (n=202 from 4 departments) from three private universities viz., Varenda University (VU), North-South University (NSU) and Asian International University of Bangladesh (AIUB). Each respondent was interviewed personally to collect desired information for the present study. A total of 1164 lectures from 82 courses and 286 lectures from 26 courses were delivered by the public and private universities, respectively. Attendance for the male and female students from RU was found to be 88.31% and 85.39% in comparison with 83.91% and 85.31% from the private universities. Irrespective of the gender, 48.77% RU students liked (L) the online method of teaching, 34.08% disliked (DL), 12.44% undecided (UD), 2.65% strongly disliked (SDL) and 2.44% strongly liked (SL) the online courses during the pandemic. In contrast, 50.00% students of the private universities liked (L), 35.64% disliked (DL), 6.44% each undecided (UD) strongly disliked (SDL) and 1.48% strongly liked (SL) the virtual courses. In RU, 60.62% males and 32.40% females used mobile phones (MP) for learning, while only 0.2% males each used laptop (LT) and desktop (DT) computers, but 6.13% male and 2.45% female respondents used both mobile phones and laptop computers (MP+LT) for their online learning. This scenario is different for the learners of the public universities, where 30.69% males and 31.18% females used their MPs and 22.27% males and 6.53% females used MP+LT devices for attending the online deliveries. Findings of this cross-sectional study revealed the public and private university students’ perceptions towards online teaching and learning during COVID-19 pandemic in Rajshahi Metropolis, Bangladesh, which might provide an essential guideline for the government policymakers, technology developers and university authorities for making better policy choices in the future. Moreover, the study might also be helpful for the policy makers such as top government personnel, ministry of higher education and University Grants Commission (UGC) of Bangladesh in designing the policies and programmes on e-learning portal success in the country.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. The coronary artery calcium (CAC) score is a readily and widely available tool for noninvasive diagnosis of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). Aims: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of combined CAC score with Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) for the diagnosis of CAD. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the National Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (NINMAS) during July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 33 participants with known or suspected cases of CAD were included in this study who underwent SPECT MPI and CAC imaging. Statistical analyses of the results were obtained by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22). Results: Nearly half (48.5 %) of the participants belonged to age 51-60 years. Was male predominant in this study, 93.9% and 6.1% ware female. Regarding MPI 69.7% participants had severely abnormal perfusion and 21.2% had normal perfusion. According to CAC score 33.3% participants had moderate calcification in coronary artery. Significant CAD was found in 81.82% participants in Coronary Angiogram (CAG) study. Combined SPECT MPI and CAC score diagnosed significant CAD in 90.9% patents. The performance test of CAC score showed 96.3% sensitivity, 33.3% specificity, 84.8%accuracy, 86.7% positive predictive value (PPV) and 66.7% negative predictive value (NPV) for diagnosis of significant CAD. The performance test of SPECT MPI has sensitivity of 85.2%, specificity 50%, accuracy 78.8% and PPV 88.5% and NPV 42.8%. The performance test of combined SPECT MPI and CAC score, has 96.3% sensitivity, 50% specificity, 87.8% accuracy, 89.6% PPV and NPV 75%. CAC score with a cut off value of 12.5 had best combination of sensitivity 93.9% and specificity 50% for identifying the CAD missed by SPECT MPI. Conclusion: The CAC score may offer incremental diagnostic information over SPECT MPI for identifying patients with significant CAD and negative MPI results. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 23(1&2): 21-28, 2020

Elderly women are very much prone to develop fracture at neck of femur sustained by even minute trauma. Most of the cases are due to fall. Osteoporosis gives rise to this vulnerable condition. In developing countries like Bangladesh the women of rural areas are the prime victims mostly due to illiteracy. To assess the quality-of-life (QOL) of elderly women (>60 years) with untreated hip fractures in a rural areas in Mymensingh, Bangladesh is the objective of this study. This prospective study was done from January 2019 to December 2019 in Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department of Mymensingh Medical Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Twenty-five elderly women with untreated fracture neck of femur were enlisted in this study. EuroQol (EQ-5D) was applied to assess the Quality of life of subjects before and after the situation. Twenty-five elderly women of healed operated neck of femur were included as comparison group, matched for age, economic condition and educational status among neighborhood people. So, sample size was fifty. Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to compare EQ-5D mean scores. Participants with hip fracture, 60% (15/25), 68% (17/25), 68% (17/25), 60% (15/25) and 92% (23/25) reported severe problems with mobility, pain, usual activity, self-care and anxiety respectively. The EQ-5D mean score among the elderly with fracture neck of femur was 0.198 (SD 0.14). It was low when compared with the same subjects before the occurrence of the event (Z-6.522, p<0.001) and as compared with the comparison group (Z-7.92 p<0.001). QOL scores assessed using EQ-5D index scores was poor among elderly women with untreated fracture neck of femur as compared with the healed operated comparison group. Vast majority of study participants in this study were reported severe problems like mobility, pain, usual activity and self-care and anxiety.

Pepper is cultivated all over the world and many farmers' subsistence depends on these crops. But unfortunately, farmers who are involved in the cultivation of pepper, have to fall on a huge loss because of the low production of pepper caused by several diseases of pepper. If the diseases can be detected accurately and in a short time, then the losses can be prevented. The incorrect identification and time needed process can't release from the diseases and also can't help reduce the losses. For acquiring great accuracy within a short time to recognize the pepper diseases, multirecognition methods can give promising results to the users. In this study, several pre-trained deep learning models such as VGG-19, Xception, NasNet Mobile, MobileNet-V2, ResNet-152-V2, and Inception-ResNet-V2 have been used to extract the deep characteristic from the images and these models provide great accuracy. Most of the diseases of pepper are caused by a fungal and bacterial attack. In this study, 386 images are used for training, 63 images are used for validation and 107 images are used for testing 4 classes of pepper diseases and one healthy image of pepper for identifying the diseases types of pepper. The customized CNN models have achieved the highest accuracy and fulfilled the target of this study. The picking accuracy has been achieved from the VGG-19 and ResNet-152-V2 is 96.26%. Also, Xception has provided better accuracy than Inception-ResNet-V2, MobileNet-V2, and NasNet-Mobile and that is 93.46%.

The tendo achilles is one of most important tendon in human body which often injured through direct trauma or indirect stress on a weakened tendon. Longer the duration after injury the injured parts likely to move apart, fibrosis and degeneration leading to difficulty in repair or reconstruction. Usually a phase of 4 weeks or more without specific treatment is regarded as chronic or neglected rupture. Different authors described many management protocols about the tendo achilles rupture but there is no procedure of choice for neglected rupture with long gap. Prospective case series of 21 patients of neglected tendo achilles rupture with long gap treated with flexor hallucis longus tendon (FHLT) transfer was taken for study from January 2019 to December 2020 in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Average age of patients was 39.47 years with range 22-65 years. Fifteen (15) cases of traumatic rupture in this study with average age 32.66 years and pathologic 6 cases with average age 56.5 years were recorded. We grafted FHLT from channel by incising Henry's knot. Krackow et al.'s technique was followed for tendon mobilization and bone fixation. We made procedure simpler and cheaper; instead of using interference screw the sutured tendon pulled through the heel and anchored over rubber tube or button by Cole method. Post-operative complications were less with one patient with superficial infection which eventually recovered 3 cases of mild pain and 2 cases of numbness. Questionnaire for surgical outcome measure are satisfactory in 19 patients (90.47%). Final follow up AOFAS score at 6 month (91.61±5.41) was highly significant (p<0.001) in comparison to preoperative score (38.71±9.78). These are comparable to other study. Above mentioned scores indicate the reliability of the surgical system. But our study is a prospective case series with minimum cases. To establish the best procedure for neglected tendo achilles rupture with long gap we recommend further study with larger group and Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) study among different procedure.

Aims: The present study was aimed at assessing the bioactivity of the HPLC fractions and peaks from egg-pod materials of the crowd-reared desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) that elicited gregarious behaviour in the first-instar hatchlings derived from treated eggs of solitary-reared insects. Study Design: In a series of stepwise experiments using crude extracts of the egg-pod materials in different solvents, filtered foam-extracts, HPLC foam-extracts and their fractions, sub-fractions and peaks, bioactivities of the egg-pod foam of the crowd-reared locusts have been assessed in terms of behavioural gregarization in the hatchlings from treated solitary eggs. Place and Duration of Study: The initial experiments were carried out in the Departments of Zoology and Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK, during January 2002 and May 2003. Further analyses, manuscript writing and updated interpretations were performed in the Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, during September 2012 and February 2013. Methodology: Beginning with egg-pod wash and foam-extracts in ethanol, hexane and water, step-wise bioactivities of the filtered foam-extracts, HPLC foam-extracts, HPLC fractions, sub-fractions and their peaks were assayed in terms of behavioural gregarization of the hatchlings from treated solitary eggs. Behavioural assays and multiple logistic regressions (LR) analysis were used to determine the behavioural phase state in terms of median Probability (solitary) values of individual experimental hatchlings. Results: It has clearly been demonstrated that filtered foam-extracts at the concentrations of 0.1 foam-plug equivalent (FPE) and their HPLC reconstitutes at 0.2-0.4 FPEs significantly shifted the behavioural phase of the treated solitary hatchlings towards gregariousness. Further fractionations of the HPLC foam-extract at 0.4 FPE reconstitutes into four fractions (Fraction 1-Fraction 4), four sub-fractions (Fraction 3.1-Fraction 3.4), three sub-fractions of Fraction 3.2 (Fraction 3.2.1-Fraction 3.2.3) and five peaks (peak 1- peak 5) of the sub-fraction 3.2.2 revealed that peak 3 contained substances that induced the maximum behavioural gregarization in the hatchlings from treated solitary eggs. Conclusion: HPLC reconstitutes of the aqueous egg-pod foam-extracts of the crowd reared S. gregaria are capable of shifting the behavioural phase of the treated solitary hatchlings towards gregariousness. Further fractionations of the HPLC foam-extracts into sub-fraction 3.2.2 and five peaks revealed that peak 3 contained bioactive substances that elicited maximum gregarizing behaviour in the hatchlings from treated solitary eggs. The results deserve further investigation with regard to determining the precise nature of the causal factor(s) that escaped NMR’s detection thresholds in an earlier study.

In adults, distal humerus fractures are infrequent and frequently intra-articular. Customarily encompass both medial and lateral columns. Operative management gives constructive outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcome in intra articular distal humerus fractures in adults treated by different hardware. This prospective study consists of 20 purposively selected patients with intra articular distal humerus fractures treated by surgical intervention with different hardware who were admitted to Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh in between November 2016 to October 2018. Surgical approaches were standard dorsal with or without olecranon osteotomy. The mean age of the patients was 32.3 years, range between 18-55 years. The maximum patients i.e. 85% were between 18-45 years. Seventy percent (70%) of the cases admitted were due to Road traffic accident (RTA). Most of the patients were males 14(70%) with right upper limb was involved in 13(65%) cases. Mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 81.5 post-operatively. According to Mayo Elbow Performance (MEP) score clinical outcome was excellent in 20%, good in 50%, fair in 25% and poor in 10% of patients. Distal humerus fractures are censorious in nature. Proper anatomical articular reconstruction and stable fixation by surgical intervention helps in fruitful results.

Dairy enterprise is recognized as an integral component of livestock that plays important role in the economy of an agricultural country like Bangladesh. Here some vital productive and reproductive attributes from 100 indigenous and 318 crossbred dairy cattle reared in mini dairy farms of Natore District and adjacent area have been investigated.