Butternut (Juglans cinerea), also known as white walnut, is a native hardwood related to black walnut (Juglans nigra) and other members of the walnut family. Butternut is a medium-sized tree with alternate, pinnately compound leaves that bears large, sharply ridged and corrugated, elongated, cylindrical nuts born inside sticky green hulls that earned it the nickname lemon-nut (Rink, 1990). The nuts are a preferred food of squirrels and other wildlife. Butternuts were collected and eaten by Native Americans (Waugh, 1916; Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975) and early settlers, who also valued butternut for its workable, medium brown-colored wood (Kellogg, 1919), and as a source of medicine (Johnson, 1884), dyes (Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975), and sap sugar.

Butternut (Juglans cinerea), also known as white walnut, is a native hardwood related to black walnut (Juglans nigra) and other members of the walnut family. Butternut is a medium-sized tree with alternate, pinnately compound leaves, that bears large, sharply ridged, cylindrical nuts inside sticky green hulls that earned it the nickname lemon-nut (Rink, 1990). The nuts, a preferred food of squirrels and other wildlife, were collected and eaten by Native Americans (Waugh, 1916; Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975) and early settlers, who also valued butternut for its workable, medium brown-colored heartwood (Kellogg, 1919), and as a source of medicine (Johnson, 1884; Lawrence, 1998), dyes (Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975), and sap sugar.

Exotic insect pests and pathogens have dramatically reduced the quantity and quality of several trees species in North America. Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) is one such species. This review discusses the identification of butternut, the current status of butternut, and thenature of the threats that influence its survival, all in the context of what forest managers need to know to make difficult choices they face when managing butternut. Options for encouraging regeneration are presented, as well the current status of recovery efforts.

A total of 83 children with different special educational needs (SEN) assessments were contrasted with a control group (N = 40) without special needs on measures that aimed to identify potential areas of strengths as well as weaknesses in these SEN groups. Carefully selected groups of dyslexics, dyspraxics, children with specific language difficulties, moderate learning disabilities, attention deficits and emotional/behavioural disorders were assessed on measures of literacy, phonological and verbal skills, non-verbal ability, problem behaviour scales and cognitive interference. Scores indicated that individual measures were relatively poor at specifically differentiating one SEN group from the controls and that all SEN groups presented evidence of literacy deficits despite potentially different causes for such acquisition difficulties. For most of the six SEN groups targeted, assessments that considered strengths as well as weaknesses provided a profile that specifically differentiated the group from the controls in contrast to the other SEN groups tested.

Purpose: To report the anesthetic management of labour pain and Cesarean section in a patient with urticaria pigmentosa at risk for systemic mastocytosis. Clinical: A 37-yr-old patient with a history of urticaria pigmentosa and an allergic reaction to a local anesthetic agent was seen in consultation at 36 weeks gestation. She previously tested negative for an allergy test to lidocaine. Recommendations to avoid systemic mastocytosis included: avoidance of histamine-releasing drugs, using lidocaine for labour epidural, and regional anesthesia in case of a Cesarean section. The patient presented at term in labour. Intravenous fentanyl was used for early labour, followed by a combined spinal-epidural. The spinal contained lidocaine and fentanyl, but because of pruritus, the epidural infusion contained lidocaine only. Most likely because of tachyphylaxis to lidocaine, an epidural bolus of lidocaine with epinephrine failed to provide adequate anesthesia for a Cesarean section. The block was supplemented with nitrous oxide by mask, with fentanyl postdelivery. Postoperative pain control was managed with an epidural infusion of lidocaine and fentanyl for three days. The patient was discharged without complications four days postsurgery.

Présenter ľanesthésie utilisée pendant la césarienne pour contrer la douleur chez une patiente atteinte ďurticaire pigmentaire à risque de mastocytose diffuse.

In order to assess the effects of individually selected learning programmes groups of year 2 and 3 mainstream school children used individualised techniques for learning new spellings. Techniques ranged from phonic to visualisation to multi-sensory methods. Each child was directed to use a particular technique based on the findings of a trial phase in which several different methods were used with each child when learning sets of word spellings. The method that produced the fastest rate of learning for the individual child was chosen from this trial phase. The child was encouraged to use this method whenever new spellings had to be learned. No further alterations or additions were made to the school curriculum. The effectiveness of the individualised methods was assessed by comparing the children’s improvements in spelling ability with matched control children in schools where the normal curriculum was followed, together with extra sessions involving free writing/drawing tasks. The findings indicated that both year 2 and 3 children given the individualised method showed significantly larger increases in spelling ability over the school year. These results suggest that individualising learning may be a valuable tool in the effective teaching of literacy and can be used to produce significant advances in learning about spelling.

This research investigated the impact of linking teaching approaches to cognitive profiles in two children with poorly developed literacy skills but with differing patterns of cognitive deficit. One child presented average ability levels but specific deficits in spelling and poor scores on tasks related to motor skills. The second child showed more wide ranging deficits and below average ability. Both children were taught spellings via six teaching programmes over a period of 15 months. Improvements indicated that the child with specific spelling deficits benefited greatly from teaching programmes that built upon visual/phonological strengths compared to areas of weaker motor skills. The child with low attainment levels in all areas except motor skills presented little evidence of learning with any method of instruction. The results are interpreted in terms of current theories of literacy development and disability. They indicate the need to consider effective individual strategies for learning beyond the application of one favoured teaching strategy, and how profiling strengths and weaknesses may inform strategy selection.

DyslexiaVolume 6, Issue 3 p. 215-216 Book Review Dyslexia, a teaching handbook, 2nd edition, by M. Thomson and E. Watkins. 1998. London: Whurr. Price £22.50. Sally Weeks, Sally Weeks University of Surrey, UKSearch for more papers by this author Sally Weeks, Sally Weeks University of Surrey, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 August 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0909(200007/09)6:3<215::AID-DYS168>3.0.CO;2-1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume6, Issue3July/September 2000Pages 215-216 RelatedInformation

PURPOSE:Transport after surgery under spinal anesthesia is associated with cardiovascular changes. The extensively vasodilated patient may be unable to compensate for postural blood flow redistribution. This observational study investigated pre- and post-surgery sensory levels as well as hemodynamic changes during the postoperative transfer period.METHODS:One hundred ninety nine women, ASA 1 and 2, undergoing Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were studied at the end of surgery. Hyperbaric bupivacaine 12-15 mg and morphine 0.25 mg were the agents used. Patients in group A (n = 111) were transferred to the Recovery Room on a stretcher with the upper body flexed 30 degrees head up: patients in group B (n = 88) remained supine during transport.RESULTS:At the end of Cesarean section 95% of patients had upper sensory levels of T4 and higher. In 17.5% the block ascended 2-7 dermatomes compared with the pre-operative level. The incidence of hypotension on arrival in Recovery Room was similar in both groups (group A 10% and group B 9%).CONCLUSION:These results draw attention to the persistence of extensive sympathetic block at the end of Cesarean section. Transport to the Recovery Room was associated with the development of considerable hypotension in 10% of patients and this was unaffected by position. We recommend recording the level of sensory block at the end of surgery and increased monitoring during transport to the Recovery Room.

PURPOSE:To evaluate the efficacy of ropivacaine 0.25% when administered epidurally for relief of labour pain and to compare it with bupivacaine 0.25%.METHODS:In a multicentre investigation, 60 ASA I and II labouring women were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either bupivacaine 0.25% or ropivacaine 0.25% administered epidurally by intermittent top-up for labour analgesia. Using a standardized technique, epidural analgesia was initiated after the woman received 10-15 ml-kg.1 crystalloid solution. Maternal blood pressure, heart rate, analgesia sensory level, degree of motor block and visual analogue pain scores were measured by the research nurse prior to, and at regular intervals, following the administration of analgesia. Total dose of local anaesthetic administered, duration of labour, mode of delivery, and maternal and fetal/neonatal side effects were noted. The fetus/neonate was assessed by the research nurse using the fetal heart rate tracing, Apgar scores at delivery and neonatal neurobehavioural assessments at 2 and 24 hr postnatally. Maternal and investigators' satisfaction with the analgesia achieved was assessed after delivery.RESULTS:No differences were found between the two agents in any of the variables studied.CONCLUSION:Ropivacaine 0.25%, when administered epidurally by intermittent top-ups for labour analgesia, was equally efficacious as bupivacaine 0.25%.

DyslexiaVolume 3, Issue 1 p. 57-58 Book Review This Book Doesn't Make (Sens Cens Sns Scens) Sense (Living and Learning with Dyslexia) 1995. Augur, J. London: Whurr, 1995. Price £9.95. SALLY WEEKS, SALLY WEEKS Research Officer, Helen Arkell Dyslexia Centre, Frensham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 3BWSearch for more papers by this author SALLY WEEKS, SALLY WEEKS Research Officer, Helen Arkell Dyslexia Centre, Frensham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 3BWSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 December 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0909(199703)3:1<57::AID-DYS57>3.0.CO;2-5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume3, Issue1March 1997Pages 57-58 RelatedInformation

We report a case of a parturient with peroneal muscular atrophy — Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 (CMT) — who received epidural anatgesia for labour. The effects of pregnancy and labour on the course of CMT are reviewed, together with the current literature on the provision of epidural and general anaesthesia in this disease.