The aim of this study was to investigate the disease problem, mortality pattern and live weight performance of broiler chicken flocks raised in the rural farms of Assam and compare the results of current study with the corresponding data obtained from an instructional farm.On the basis of obtained results level of income generation by farmers from the sale proceeds was also determined in this study.The rural farms witnessed higher (17.21%) mortality than that of instructional farm (2.16%).Average live weight performance of birds at a market age of 49 days was 2.34 kg/bird in the rural farms against an average record of 2.79 kg/bird in the instructional farm.Post-mortem examination of dead birds showed that the farms were affected with coccidiosis (44.44%), colibacillosis (22.22%) hydropericardium syndrome (15.55%), gout (13.33%), brooder pneumonia (8.88%) and enteritis (6.67%) of which enteric infections were found to be the major cause of death.Experimental subclinical coccidiosis resulted an average 451.67g less weight gain compared to healthy controls and this also paralleled to the lower performance observed in the rural farms.The farmers were found to incur 15.38% and 13.65% losses of sale proceeds obtained in instructional farm due to higher mortality and lesser weight gain respectively with a total 29.03% income loss.The findings of the study warrant technical support to untrained farmers in the neglected areas of litter management, health care and disease prevention for a better prospect towards improving the farmers' income.

The study was designed to assess the physiological responses in weaned male pigs reared under scavenging and semi-intensive system in Lakhimpur district of Assam, India. Fifty (50) nos. of weaned crossbred male pigs were selected for the study. 25 pigs were reared under scavenging system and 25 under semi intensive system. There was significant difference P<0.01 in the respiration and pulse rate whereas temperature did not differ significantly.

In the present study , a total of 60 eggs were assessed for egg quality parameters of Kadaknath and Vanaraja chicken reared under deep litter farming system . All chickens were provided uniform diet of Chick (0-8 weeks), Grower (9-20 weeks) and Layer (above 20 weeks) ration. Except for the shape index, the internal egg quality parameters were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in Vanaraja eggs as compared to Kadaknath. Results revealed that the quality of egg of Vanaraja chicken was found to be better as compared to Kadaknath chicken.

Mango trees grown under high density planting systems show a gradual decline in yield after 11-12 years due to overcrowding of canopies. To find out the effect of high density planting systems on physio-biochemical parameters of mango, an experiment was conducted on an old senile, rejuvenated high density cv. Amrapali orchard over two consecutive years. High density planting systems showed significant effect on physiological, biochemical and nutritional parameters of plants. Among the different planting systems, plants under cluster planting system recorded the highest leaf area (156.68 cm(2)), transpiration rate (3.77 m mol(-1) m(-2)s(-1)); and N (1.28%) P (0.20 %) and K (0.54%) contents. The maximum leaf relative water content (87.63%) was noted in plants under square planting system, while, the photosynthetic rate (8.36 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)) was highest in hedge-row planting system. The stomatal conductance (0.17 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)) was the highest in plants under double-hedge row planting system. The highest internal carbon concentration was recorded in paired planting system, while the maximum chlorophyll 'a' (1.50 mg g(-1)), chlorophyll 'b' (0.65 mg mg g(-1)) and total chlorophyll (2.02 mg g(-1)) contents were found in plants under square planting system. The highest total phenolics (53.09 mg g(-1)) content was recorded under paired planting system. The micronutrient contents in plants, viz. Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn also differed among different planting systems.

A comparative Study on egg characteristics of four type of indigenous chicken based on plumage pattern and a crossbred, (PB-2 x indigenous) was carried out. In the present study a total of 75 eggs, 15 eggs from each group were included. Out of five egg qualities, egg weight, shape index shell thickness, yolk index and albumen index, except shape index, four characteristics were found significantly higher in group V(PB-2 x indigenous eggs); only shape index value of indigenous chicken groups were higher than the group V. The results of the present study indicated that the egg quality characteristic for crossed chicken (broiler parent line X indigenous chicken) is superior to indigenous chickens. Among indigenous chicken groups, group II (black with brown hackle) plumage colour pattern eggs were found to be higher for egg quality characteristics parameters.

This study was aimed to evaluate the utilization of cricket (insect) meal as protein source in growing sheep ration. The experiment was conducted using Completely Randomized Design using three treatments with four replicates of local growing sheep (BW 11.24±1.62 kg). The treatments consisted of concentrate containing soybean meal (C), concentrate containing cricket meal with 50% replacement of soybean meal (CM-50) and concentrate containing cricket meal with 100% replacement of soybean meal (CM-100). All the animals were fed 40% forage Brachiaria humidicola and 60% concentrate. The parameters measured were nutrient consumption, rumen fermentation, including methane production, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites level (glucose, triglyceride and total protein). Result showed that there were no significant differences in dry matter, protein and energy consumptions among three treatments. The digestibility of nutrients and blood metabolites were also similar in all treatments. Concentration of total VFA in control (113 mM.L1) and CM-50 (116.33 mM.L−1) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than in CM-100 (135 mM.L−1) treatment. Methane estimated from VFA partial in CM-50 (25.22 mmol) was significantly lower than CM-100 (33.93 mmol).

This study was conducted to compare the productive and reproductive performances of indigenous chicken and a flock of broiler parent line X indigenous chicken in deep litter system of rearing. The body weights (g) at different ages were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group V than indigenous groups, but among indigenous groups no significant difference was observed. The birds of group V matured earlier than that of indigenous groups. Among indigenous groups, group III showed the earliest age at sexual maturity followed by group I, group IV and group II. The egg production was significantly higher in group V than indigenous groups. Among indigenous groups, group III showed higher egg production followed by group I, group IV and group II. From this study it can be concluded that the productive and reproductive performances in terms of body weight, age at sexual maturity and egg production were found to be far better in crossed (broiler parent line X indigenous chicken) than indigenous groups. Among indigenous chicken groups, group II (black with brown hackle), crossed chickens (broiler parent line X indigenous) was found to be higher in growth performances, earlier age at sexual maturity and higher egg production respectively.

Sub acute toxicity of oral administration of fenvalerate in chicks was assessed. Birds were divided into four groups, group C1, C2, T1 and T2 with each group containing 25 birds. The birds of group C1 was given no treatment and served as control. Group C2 was administered groundnut oil and served as vehicle. Group T1 and T2 were given 2mg/kg of fenvalerate suspended in groundnut oil for 10 and 15 day. The blood sample were collected from birds after 10th and 15th days of oral administration and analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters. The study showed that hematological parameter (Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count) remained unaffected except total leukocyte count was decreased significantly (P<0.05) and Total serum protein was also decreased significantly (P<0.01). Fenvalerate induced significant alteration in serum Aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.01) and Alanine aminotransferase (P<0.05) activity.

reatest importance for humankind. The specific status of Physio cycles (20010-11 and 2011 1.23m/s), TS (844mg/l), chloride (5.04mg/l), hardness (96.73mg/l)

Seasonal variation in physico-chemical and zooplankton communities of Dejla Dewada Reservoir (D.D.R.), West Nimar district (Khargone) was studied during October 2009 to September 2010. Protozoa, Rotifera, Copepoda, Cladocera and Ostrcoda were found dominated zooplanktonic groups. The total zooplankton density ranged between 879 unit/L to 2980 unit/L.The composition of zooplankton was found as Protozoa >Rotifera>Copepoda>Cladocera>Ostracoda.

Background Induction of labour (IOL) is indicated when the perceived benefits of delivery outweigh the potential risks of continuing the pregnancy. At term, the risk to the fetus is minimal. However, for the mother, IOL may be associated with an increased risk of operative delivery. Objectives To evaluate outcomes in women delivering at term after a spontaneous labour to those delivering after IOL during a 12 month period at Hinchingbrooke Hospital. Methods Data were reviewed for all women delivering live singleton, term babies throughout 2012. Planned caesarean deliveries were excluded. Results Of the 2101 eligible deliveries, the IOL rate was 30%. Emergency caesarean section (EMCS) rates were significantly higher following IOL than spontaneous labour (22% vs 9%, relative risk 2.2). EMCS was more frequent in nulliparous (18.4%) than multiparous women (8.6%). Instrumental delivery rates were equivalent following spontaneous labour (12%) or IOL (14%). IOL was associated with a greater incidence of major obstetric haemorrhage (>1500 ml); occurring in 6% and 2% of deliveries following IOL and spontaneous labour respectively. This difference was not accounted for by differences in caesarean section rates between the two groups. Conclusion IOL was associated with poorer maternal outcomes than spontaneous labour. These risks are greater in nulliparous than multiparous women. IOL rates are increasing which may reflect a lower threshold for intervention. Such consequences must be taken into consideration when deciding if IOL is indeed appropriate.

Background Rising caesarean section rates are frequently attributed to the medicalization of childbirth. Induction of labour (IOL) is a common obstetric intervention. NICE recommend IOL should be offered for post-dates pregnancy between 41+0 and 42+0 weeks gestation.1 Objectives To compare caesarean rates following IOL for post-dates pregnancy, with those delivering spontaneously at the equivalent gestation at Hinchingbrooke Hospital during a 12 month period. Methods Data were reviewed for all women delivering live singleton, term babies throughout 2012. Planned caesarean deliveries were excluded. Results Of the eligible 2101 deliveries, 28.9% delivered at or beyond 41+0 weeks. When indicated for post-dates at or beyond 41+0 weeks, IOL was associated with significantly higher rates of caesarean section than deliveries at the equivalent gestation following spontaneous labour (12% and 26% respectively). Even when carried out from 41+10 weeks, caesarean rates were higher following IOL (37%) than after spontaneous labour (26%). Conclusion In contrast to evidence-based literature,2 post-dates IOL was associated with an increased risk of caesarean section. The rationale for post-dates IOL is to reduce risks to the baby, although the absolute risk is small. Given that over a quarter of women delivered from 41+0 weeks, offering IOL from this gestation significantly contribute to avoidable caesarean sections, thus increasing risks to the mother, and their future offspring. All obstetric units should audit their outcomes to review if a policy of later IOL may be more appropriate. References National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2013) Induction of Labour (CG70). London: National Institute for Health and Excellence Gulmezoglu A, et al. Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012

Limnological parameter and plankton diversity are an important criterion for determining the suitability of water for irrigation and drinking purpose. River Bhagirathi has greatest importance for humankind. The specific status of Physio-chemical parameter and diversity of plankton in River Bhagirathi have been studied through monthly surveys in two annual cycles (2010-11 and 2011-12) and annual survey of fishes in two annual cycles (2010-11 and 2011-12). The water remained moderately alkaline (pH 7.7) while velocity (1.23m/s), TS (844mg/l), chloride (5.04mg/l), hardness (96.73mg/l) and alkalinity (67.11mg/l) showed low mean values. Average dissolved oxygen levels were at 8.54mg/l while average nitrate and phosphate levels were 0.048mg/l and 0.072 mg/l respectively.

The total 200 specimens of Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigla were worked out during the two year study periods, from Dejla Dewada reservoir of Khargone district. Total length and body weight were estimated. The correlation coefficient (“r”) and ponder index (“Kn”) have also been computed. The result showed the growth of two IMC is satisfactory. The value of exponent ‘n’ in the equation W=cLn were 1.9416 and 1.4798 for Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigla. The relative condition factor (“Kn”) remained greater than one fir both IMC indicating their good well being.

The present study deal with identify the ichthyofauna presented in Dejla Dewada reservoir. West Nimar (Khargone). is one of the district of M.P.. The dejla dewada reservoir is situated on the river kunda, near village Bhagwanpura about 35 Kms. away from the district head quarter of West Nimar (Khargone). The geographical position of this reservoir latitude 21- 36'-45" and longitude is 75- 37'-30". It is man made reservoir made in 1986-87 with the help of world bank. It is situated 369.56 M above the mean sea level. In all 28 species belonging to 5 order and 9 families have been found in this reservoir. The study gives initial information about fish production of reservoir.

Heterogeneities of ionic current expression and electrophysiological characteristics exist within the mammalian ventricle wall and are assumed to be the result of regional differences in myocardial membrane ionic current densities. This work describes computational approaches of modeling the cardiac cellular excitability and electrical activity propagation in the spatially inhomogeneous ventricular tissue. A three-dimensional (3D) unsteady Rogers model with one gating variable has been considered for simulating the cardiac electrical activity. Based on the paradigm of domain decomposition a 3D finite element scheme has been developed and implemented using PETSc Library under MPI environment. The numerical simulations are carried out on IBM SP3 machine. The computational studies provide insight into the underlying mechanisms during the normal and pathological cardiac excitation.

During course of study on virla reservoir West Nimar (Kargone) M.P., India, total 29 species of fish biodiversity were recorded these belong 6 orders, IO families and 16 genera were observed. On the basis of economic importance fishes weredivided into three major groups viz. catfish (Mystus seenghala, Mystus tengara, Wallago attu and Ompok bimaculattus), major carp (Cat/a cat/a, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) and miscellaneous (Channa sps., Mastacembelus sps. and Notopterus notoptereus). The water body was divided into three zones viz. upstream zone, reservoir zone and downstream zone for fish catch. Tha total annual fish catch computed in this water body was 2465.40 kg. and 2576.40 kg. during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 respectively. The minimum catch were observed in August while maximum in May. The percentage composition of major carp shows decline trend and catfishes shows increasing trend during two years study time. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) ranged between 0.015 to 0.191 kg/ hrs. The water level fluctuations and fish production show inverse relationship.

The present paper deals with the study of the effects of tourism on the physico-chemical parameters of Stream Nalhota a spring fed stream originates from the Robber's cave (Guchu Pani) Dehradun (Uttarakhand). This site is one of the famous picnic spots in Dehradun. The Parameters studied were temperature, velocity, TS, TDS, TSS, pH, free CO,, DO, hardness. calcium. magnesium, BOD, COD, chloride and alkalinity. The average value of all the parameters were found higher at sampling site C in comparision to sampling site A and B which may be due to higher activities of tourists and local people of near by villages. Maximum values of the studied parameters were observed during summer except DO and minimum values of these parameters obtained during winter due to less activities of localities and tourists in winter, while higher values of DO were observed during winter which may be due to super saturation of oxygen at lower ambient temperature. Nature of water of stream Nalhota with respect to pH is alkaline. The study indicates that the water quality of stream Nalhota is not suitable for drinking purpose with respect to BOD and TS.

This paper deals with the water quality status of river Ganga at Kangri village was studied with .respect to physico-chemical characteristics. Parameters studied was pH, Total solids, total dissolved solid, TSS, conductivity,alkalinity, hardness, DO, BOD, COD. With respect to plH the water of river Ganga was found alkaline.