High-power inductively coupled plasma (ICP) wind tunnels are widely used to reproduce high-enthalpy environments relevant to atmospheric entry and hypersonic testing. Despite their importance, radiative heat transfer in ICP facilities is commonly neglected or modeled using simplified optically thin assumptions, and the impact of non-equilibrium radiation on plasma dynamics remains poorly quantified. In this work, a loosely coupled, multi-physics framework is developed to systematically investigate radiative cooling effects in the 350 kW Plasmatron X facility at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The approach self-consistently couples a magnetohydrodynamic plasma framework with a spectral radiative transport solver, eliminating the need for optically thin or empirical models. Simulations are performed for nitrogen and air plasmas over a wide range of operating pressures (1–101 kPa) and powers (100–350 kW). The results reveal a strong pressure dependence of radiative losses, with radiation contributing negligibly at low pressures, but becoming a dominant energy sink at elevated pressures. At atmospheric pressure, radiative losses account for up to approximately 32% and 22% of the input power for nitrogen and air plasmas, respectively, leading to substantial reductions in core plasma temperatures. Nitrogen plasmas consistently exhibit higher radiative losses than air as a result of increased concentrations of radiatively active species and higher electron number densities. Pressure–power maps of radiative heat loss relative to input power are constructed to quantify combined operating effects and to provide guidance for facility operation and modeling fidelity. Finally, an assessment of self-absorption demonstrates that the Plasmatron X torch operates predominantly in an optically thin regime, even at the highest power and pressure conditions considered.

This work presents a multi-solver, coupled computational framework for predicting the thermo-chemical material response of thermal protection systems in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) wind tunnels. The framework integrates a high-fidelity Navier-Stokes plasma solver, an electromagnetic field solver, and a discontinuous-Galerkin material response solver using a partitioned coupling strategy. This enables an ab initio, end-to-end simulation of the 350 kW Plasmatron X facility at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), including plasma generation, electromagnetic heating, near-wall thermochemistry, and time-accurate material ablation. The model captures key ICP physics such as vortex-mode recirculation, Joule-heating-driven plasma formation, and Lorentz-force-induced flow confinement, and accurately predicts the transition from subsonic to supersonic jet behavior at low pressures. Validation against cold-wall calorimetry shows that predicted stagnation-point cold-wall heat fluxes fall well within experimental uncertainty, while coupled ablation simulations accurately reproduce measured stagnation temperature histories and recession rates with errors below 12

A field experiment was planned and conducted during the rainy (Kharif) and winter (Rabi) seasons of 2021–22 and in the summer (Zaid) season of 2022 at Agronomy Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) to investigate the productivity, profitability, and resource efficiency of rice based cropping systems under irrigated conditions in eastern Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was designed in randomized block design with three replications and ten treatments, viz. rice–wheat–fallow, rice– wheat–greengram, rice–french bean–greengram, rice–chickpea–Cowpea, rice–mustard–greengram, rice–linseed– blackgram, rice–berseem–sorghum, rice–oat–maize + cowpea, rice–cauliflower–okra and rice–potato–cowpea. The maximum rice equivalent yield was recorded (20.16 t/ha) with the rice–potato–cowpea cropping system, which was significantly higher than the others. System profitability was also found to be maximum (`727.22/ha/day) in rice–potato–cowpea and the lowest was with rice–berseem–sorghum (`251.33/ha/day). The rice–potato–cowpea cropping system recorded the maximum net returns (`265,435/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.11). The highest system productivity 298.90 kg/ha/day was recorded by the rice–berseem–sorghum sequence followed by rice–oat– maize + cowpea (287.50 kg/ha/day). So, rice–potato–cowpea could be recommended for better productivity and profitability for the farmers of eastern Uttar Pradesh.

This paper introduces a three-dimensional model for the 350 kW Plasmatron X inductively coupled plasma facility at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, designed for testing high-temperature materials. Simulations of the facility have been performed using a three-dimensional, multiphysics computational framework, which reveals pronounced three-dimensional characteristics within the facility. The analysis of the plasma and electromagnetic field in the torch region reveals the influence of the helical coils, which cause a non-axisymmetric distribution of the plasma discharge. Additionally, simulations of the torch-chamber configuration at two operating pressures have been conducted to examine the impact of plasma asymmetry in the torch on jet characteristics in the chamber. The results indicate an unsteady, three-dimensional behavior of the plasma jet at high pressure. Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition has been performed on the unsteady flow field to identify the dominant modes and their associated frequencies. At low pressure, a steady, supersonic, nearly axisymmetric plasma jet forms with consistent flow properties, such as temperature and velocity. However, strong non-equilibrium effects at low pressures lead to substantial deviations in species concentrations from axial symmetry despite having an almost axisymmetric distribution for quantities such as velocity and temperatures.

Neutrosophic set (NS) is one of the extensive tools to handle unpredictability, vagueness and incompleteness that arise in real-world problems due to its miraculous characteristics. In this study, a generalization of NS, namely Probabilistic Fermatean Neutrosophic Hesitant Set (PFNHS) have been proposed to delineate the randomness and imprecision in a single framework. As a way of enhancing its pragmatic applicability in real-world problems, our set has been examined in terms of its fundamental operations, basic properties, score function, and accuracy function. Also, we have proposed Triangular Probabilistic Fermatean Neutrosophic Hesitant Number (Tr-PFNHN) along with its characteristics as a triangular form of PFNHS to depict the uncertainty by integrating probabilistic information in a fuzzy framework. On the other hand, to safeguard the wellbeing of community and environment from the hazardous impact of biomedical wastes (BMWs), the proper management of these wastes is extremely crucial. In this direction, a three-dimensional transportation model for the sustainable transportation of BMWs has been introduced with an aspiration to optimize the transportation cost, time, carbon emission and job opportunities in PFNH environment. Thereafter, fuzzy and non-fuzzy techniques namely fuzzy programming (FP) and global criterion method (GCM) have been utilized to deal with aforementioned model for the sustainable transportation of BMWs. Moreover, numerical computations, results, as well as the future objectives and restrictions are encompassed.

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torches generate high-enthalpy jets to study the thermochemical response of materials at high temperatures. The current paper presents a simulation framework capable of modeling the plasma jet generated by an ICP facility in a three-dimensional and time-accurate manner. This framework provides a valuable resource for studying the hydrodynamics of plasma jets and for assisting in the design of experimental campaigns. The framework is applied to study the plasma jet in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Plasmatron X ICP facility and compare predictions with experimental data obtained using high-speed imaging. The comparison shows that the numerical results are qualitatively similar to the experimental data, providing preliminary validation for the simulation framework. The high-fidelity spatio-temporal numerical data are used to visualize and analyze the plasma jet. Under the adopted operating conditions, the plasma jet is found to be highly turbulent, with periodic releases of hot pockets of gas from the jet inlet being observed. The baroclinic torque is shown to have a significant effect in destabilizing the plasma jet flow field.

The purpose of the present work is to investigate the plasma characteristics (e.g., three-dimensionality, stability, turbulence) of the Plasmatron X facility using a state-of-the-art multi-physics computational framework developed at The Center for Hypersonics and Entry Systems Studies (CHESS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The plasma is modeled under the Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium assumption. The flow governing equations (i.e., Navier-Stokes) are discretized in space based on a cell-centered finite volume method. Electromagnetic equations are solved in a mixed finite-element solver. The plasma and the electromagnetic solvers are coupled via the Joule heating and Lorentz forces in the energy and momentum equations and the electrical conductivity in the Maxwell equation. The steady-state simulation of the Plasmatron X torch shows that the plasma flowfield is non-axisymmetric as a result of the three-dimensional nature of the electromagnetic field induced by the helical coil. Further, a time-resolved simulation of the facility (torch along with the chamber region) reveals a significant unsteadiness in the plasma jet due to the shear layer instabilities between the hot plasma core and the cold ambient gas. These instabilities quickly break into smaller eddies and lead to a 3-dimensional flowfield in the jet region which may significantly impact the response of the material being tested in the facility.

The paper presents the electromechanical modelling of straight bevel gear pair with multiple fault conditions such as healthy tooth, chipped tooth, and missing tooth. The time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) of straight bevel gear pair is developed analytically using Tredgold approximation. The developed model is simulated by incorporating TVMS value at different fault conditions one by one to study the system’s dynamic characteristics. In this study, the severity of multiple faults are effectively shown by vibration responses in time and frequency domain. The simulated results are compared and verified with experimental results under multiple fault conditions. The comparative results show that the developed model successfully give similar trend like experiment. The paper may provide some important understanding about the dynamic behaviour characteristics of straight bevel gear system under different fault conditions.

The purpose of this work is the development of a self-consistent multi-physics modeling framework for ICP discharges. Unlike a monolithic approach, the hydrodynamics and electromagnetic field are handled by separate solvers, all developed within the Center for Hypersonics and Entry Systems Studies (CHESS) at the University of Illinois. Hydrodynamics is modeled using HEGEL , a finite volume solver for non-equilibrium plasmas. This solver is interfaced with the PLATO library, which is responsible for evaluating all plasma-related quantities (e.g., thermodynamic and transport properties). The electric field is handled by FLUX , a finite element solver. Coupling is realized using the PRE CICE open-source library. Applications are here presented and discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling strategy.

The objective of this work is to model the plasma jet in the plasmatron X ICP facility, located at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) using high-fidelity numerical schemes. The governing equations are solved using a finite volume based fluid solver called hegel, developed at the Center for Hypersonics and Entry Systems Studies (CHESS). The plasma is assumed to be in the state of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The convective terms are discretized using a combination of non-dissipative central skew-symmetric scheme and a dissipative upwind scheme. This combination is used to achieve appropriate amount of filtering of high frequency scales and dissipation due to the sub-grid scales, hence performing an implicit large eddy simulation (ILES). The validity of the scheme is studied by applying it to Taylor-Green vortex testcase. To replicate no-reflection boundary conditions, sponge regions are added near each boundary by adding source terms to force the flowfield to a target state. The ILES method and sponge boundary zones are applied to simulate a subsonic turbulent jet of Reynolds number 3600 and Mach number 0.9. The sponge zones can be seen to avoid reflections back into the physical domain. Using the same numerical schemes, the plasma jet in plasmatron X ICP facility is simulated. Due to very high translational temperatures in the core compared to the ambient flow (Delta T approximate to 10000 K), a sharp gradient is seen in the density field across the jet shear layer. The high temperatures also cause the transport properties to vary by an order of magnitude within the physical domain. It is seen that the plasma jet dynamics were affected by these significant differences in density and viscosity between the plasma core and the ambient fluid. The cold dense ambient fluid is seen to be periodically entrained into the plasma core.

With simplicity and accuracy, conductive hard materials may be machined using the non-traditional material removal technique known as electrical discharge machining (EDM). In the present research endeavour, the influence of using vegetable oil (fresh vegetable oil (FVO), Used Vegetable Oil (UVO) and Mixed Vegetable Oil (MVO)) as an eco-friendly dielectric fluid during die sinking EDM of HCHCr steel has been investigated. Effects of several input variables, including current, pulse width, gap voltage, duty cycle, and using copper and copper chromium electrodes have been examined by employing the Taguchi L18 mixed orthogonal array (OA) technique, to assess the response in terms of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), and Surface Roughness (SR).

Electrically conductive materials are suitably machined with the aid of electrical discharge machining (EDM). But now a day’s it has limited applications because of the time-consuming machining rate. In the current scenario, its replacement is Powder Mixed EDM (PMEDM) in which fine particles mixed with EDM oil outcome in superior machining rates and improved surface value. The objective of this effort is to evaluate the performance of PMEDM by using Inconel-800 material. The MRR varied from 5.022 to 33.744 mm3/min. The micrographs show that, the most influencing parameters are current, Ton and electrode material which affect the integrity of the machined sample. In this work electrodes i.e. Cu, Cu-Cr and Gr have been chosen along with fine particles i.e. W4C, boron carbide and cobalt for optimization of MRR.Input parameters that we used are pulse off-time, pulse on-time, peak current, electrode and powder particles. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is used to analyze the microstructure analysis.

This study presents a numerical investigation of the impact of radiative processes in inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) using a state-of-the-art multi-physics computational framework developed at The Center for Hypersonics and Entry Systems Studies (CHESS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The physical model addresses non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) effects in plasmas through a multi-temperature model formulation. Fluid governing equations are spatially discretized using a cell-centered finite volume method and are tightly coupled to the electromagnetic and radiative transfer equations required for modeling external fields and radiation transfer. The electromagnetic (EM) equations are numerically solved with a mixed finite-element solver capable of handling both time-dependent and frequencydomain Maxwell’s equations, while the radiation transport equation is discretized using a finite volume-based method. The problem under investigation involves the flow within the CHESS Plasmatron X facility, the country’s largest ICP plasma wind tunnel. The analysis focuses on the flow within the torch used for plasma generation. Findings from the investigation reveal that the effect of radiation transport becomes necessary for pressures exceeding 5 kPa.

Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is part of spintronics and topological physics. There is a significant amount of research being conducted to discover new material mixtures that combine superconductivity with spintronics to enhance the performance and operation of various devices. One of the burgeoning areas that would be used in the creation of the subsequent generation of nanoelectronics devices is spintronics and it is one of the ways that power consumption could be reduced while simultaneously enhancing memory and processing capabilities. The manipulation of superconductivity opens new doors for the processing and storing of information and it is anticipated that significant progress would be made in this area very quickly, expanding information processing to the quantum level. The superconducting proximity effect could be used in spintronics to forecast the thickness of free layers. The highest thickness of Pd0.96Fe0.04 and Pb is 20 nm. Pt, Pd0.92Fe0.08, Co, Cu, and CoOx had thicknesses of 5,12 nm, 0.7 nm, and 2 nm, respectively. Spintronics can create circuits with logic operations driven by spin currents that are both quicker and more energy-efficient than their charge-based equivalents in the technology used for semiconductor transistors.

The fruiting bodies of the latest strains of edible mushrooms were obtained from the ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during 2020–21. The objective of the study was to evaluate the nutritional values including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, dietary fiber, energy, moisture and ash contents of cultivated mushrooms with the view to increase awareness regarding benefits of mushrooms. The samples were analyzed for different parameters from Punjab Biotechnology Incubator, Mohali, India. The results showed 15.27 to 38.75% proteins, 0.84 to 3.88% lipids, 39.33 to 69.60% carbohydrates, 30.22 to 40.48% dietary fibers, 319.9 Kcal/100 g to 363.1 Kcal/100 g energy, 87.02 to 92.44% moisture and 6.75 to 9.5% ash content. The results of the present study also showed closeness to the results of the previous studies.

Cricket is a hugely popular sport, the popularity of the shorter forms of cricket, and particularly T20 cricket, is undoubtedly increasing apparently complicated the process of player selection. Visual Insights of players performance help in find out the best players. Data Analysis Expressions and Data Visualization has the potential to revolutionize the pruning process by creating the insights from huge datasets. The goal of the project is to create dashboards using Data Analysis Expressions and Microsoft power bi to determine the player analytics on website that can be easily available for everyone. The project is divided in to five dashboards. The first module focuses on selecting a team from total players. The second dashboards comprise of entire matches summary that exist in the dataset. The third dashboard provides the players who could have the potential to hold the winning possibilities over 90 percent. The fourth dashboard provides the analytics of every player. The final dashboard generates analytics based on the user requirements.

This work presents a vibrational and electronic state-to-state model for nitrogen plasma implemented within a multi-physics modular computational framework to study non-equilibrium effects in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharges. Within the computational framework, the set of vibronic (i.e., vibrational and electronic) master equations are solved in a tightly coupled fashion with the flow governing equations. This tight coupling eliminates the need for invoking any simplifying assumptions when computing the state of the plasma, thereby ensuring a higher degree of physical fidelity. To mitigate computational complexity, a maximum entropy coarse-graining strategy is deployed, effectively truncating the internal state space. The efficacy of this reduced StS model is empirically substantiated through zero-dimensional isochoric simulations. In these simulations, the results obtained from the reduced-order model are rigorously compared against those obtained from the full StS model, thereby confirming the accuracy of the reduced StS framework. The developed Coarse-grained StS model was employed to study the plasma discharge within the VKI Plasmatron facility. Our results reveal pronounced discrepancies between the plasma flow fields obtained from StS simulations and those derived from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) models, which are conventionally used in the simulation of such facilities. The analysis demonstrates a substantial departure of the internal state populations of atoms and molecules from the Boltzmann distribution. These nonequilibrium effects have important consequences on the energy coupling dynamics, thereby impacting the overall morphology of the plasma discharge. A deeper analysis of the results demonstrates that the population distribution is in a Quasi-Steady-State in the hot plasma core.

The present work focuses on the study of non-equilibrium effects in radio frequency inductively coupled plasmas (ICP) using state-of-the-art State-to-State model for Nitrogen plasma. A multi-physics computational framework has been developed to simulate the complex MHD phenomena inside ICPs. The fluid governing equations are discretized in space based on a cell-centered finite volume method. A preconditioned compressible formulation is adopted to tackle the stiffness resulting from low Mach numbers. Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (NLTE) calculations are performed using either multi-temperature or State-to-State models. Electromagnetic equations are solved via the mixed finite element method and coupled with the fluid solver in an explicit fashion to model NLTE ICP discharges. Calculations using vibronic State-to-State model for nitrogen plasma has been presented to show the versatility of the presented framework in modeling non-equilibrium ICPs. The State-to-State calculations show a significant deviation of the internal state populations from Boltzmann distribution giving considerably different thermal and flow fields inside the ICP torch as compared to the one obtained using conventional 2-T model.