This paper examined the disparities in agricultural development at the regional and district levels in Uttar Pradesh using a composite index (composed of 15 indicators) of agricultural development from 2001 to 2018. The study showed that sharp disparity existed in agricultural development at the regional and district levels in Uttar Pradesh. The primary policy recommendation was that the government should maximize; its efforts to promote the diversification of agriculture toward high-value crops, particularly in the agriculturally backward regions. On the other hand, natural constraints to agricultural production must be minimized through flood control methods and the development of reliable irrigation, particularly in the eastern region and Bundelkhand.

An attempt was made to understand the recurrent debate about the relationship between returns to cultivation per hectare and size-class of land cultivated in eastern Uttar Pradesh using primary data collected from the five districts from each agro-climatic zones of the eastern region. The research showed the statistical validity of the farm size and crop productivity, which was the crucial exploration. The analysis was done separately for relationship to the total value of agriculture output and yield of different crops grown in the study area. The empirical evidence proved the hypothesis that there was a negative association between land size and crop yield. The study further argued that the efficiency of the small-land holders must be taken with a pinch of salt because their low absolute returns bring into focus the question of their livelihood sustainability which was further aggravated on account of higher unit costs incurred. The first exercise in a series of proposed explorations into disaggregated analyses across the State of Uttar Pradesh and for specific crops opens the classic debate on farm size and productivity in the 21 century.

The study examined the emerging trends and patterns of agricultural risk and insurance in Bundelkhand region of UP at district and farm levels. The result indicated that the level of agricultural risk was exceptionally high, with high disparities among the districts. The farm-level analysis indicated the crop insurance might be a vital tool to mitigate agricultural risk. It was also suggested that there was a need to focus on specific cropping pattern, improved irrigation services, provide rural infrastructure, expansion of financial services along with effective crop insurance scheme to mitigate the agricultural risk and enhance the farmer's income.

The present study was undertaken to explore the evolution of the impact of firm-level performance on employment level and wages in the Indian organized manufacturing sector over the period 1989-90 to 2013-14. One of the major components of the economic reform package was the deregulation and de-licensing in the Indian organized manufacturing sector. The impact of firm-level performance on employment and wages were estimated for Indian organized manufacturing sector in major sub-sectors in India during the period from 1989-90 to 2013-14 of the various variables namely profitability ratio, total factor productivity change, technical change, technical efficiency, openness (export-import), investment intensity, raw material intensity and FECI in total factor productivity index, technical efficiency, and technical change. The study exhibited that all explanatory variables except profitability ratio and technical change cost had a positive impact on the employment level. Out of eight variables, four variables such as net of foreign equity capital, investment intensity, TFPCH, and technical efficiency change showed a positive impact on wages and salary ratio and rest of the four variables such as openness intensity, technology acquisition index, profitability ratio, and technical change had negative impact on wages and salary ratio. In this context, the profit ratio should be distributed as per the marginal rule of economics such as the marginal productivity of labour and capital.

In this paper we are examines the structure change and population growth trend in Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the country, accounting for 16.4 percent of the country’s population. The structure of state income shows that the contribution of primary sector has declined to 41 percent of the state income, though the sector still sustain 73 percent of the total working force. Availability of land & natural resource and environment play an important role in the development of any country or states. But utilization of these resources and best use of economic development is possible only by people. People are searching and best utilize these natural resources according to their needs. The demographics population of Uttar Pradesh is a multifarious subject, which is undergoing dynamic change. To understand the population it is very important to understand its all charterstic in which age composition has an important role. The working population and work participation rate highlights the occupational distribution of a states. The information is essential for calculating state domestic product at factor cost popularly known as “State Income” for important tertiary sectors by adopting statistical methods of interpolation/extrapolation. The generally well performing states are Kerala, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, and Punjab, which occupy the first five places in the years. On the other hand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, and Chhattisgarh appear at the bottom of the list in the years. Thus, despite some catching-up witnessed in the states with low human development, the progress has not been rapid enough to change the inter se ranking radically.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 3, Issue-4: 228-238

In this paper, we examine the industrial growth and structure ratio at all Uttar Pradesh in the industrial sector. We have used the Annual Survey of Industry data from 1998-99 to 2012-13 on some of the major structural and technical parameters. To analysis the structural ratio at all state levels, variables like the number of factories, fixed capital, total number of workers, net value added, gross value added, total emolument and total output are used. To examine the industrial performance, structural ratio such as major variables, they are as follows; (i) what is the increase in the cost of creating one employment (FC/NE), (ii) what id the growth level in the productivity of employee and fixed capital (VA/NE and VA/FC), (iii) what is the increase in the wage of employee (EMO/NE), (iv) what is the change in the share of wages in value added (EMO/VA), (v) what is the ratio of fixed capital and output (FC/VO), (vi) what is the increase in average output of an employment (VO/NE). (vii) To the increase in labour cost per unit of output (EMO/VO) and (viii) what is the change in value added generating by one unit of output (VA/VO). Finally, all these are structural ratio explain the increasing production and growth of industrial sector.

This paper examines sub-sectors wise total factor productivity growth and its components in the Indian Food Processing Industry during pre liberalization and the post-liberalization period and also assesses the impact of new economic policy variables on the productivity and technical efficiency of the industrial sector in India. The study uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) to derive Malmquist productivity indexes. The result indicates that the distribution of employment in different types of food processing units shows that Other Food Items subsector employs 37.1 percent persons out of the total employed in TE-2010. During the last three decades, all segments of the food processing industry experienced a positive change in TFP with varied magnitude, but Meat/Meat Products, Fish/Fish Products, Fruits and Vegetables , and oils& fats experienced a negative change in TFP. The overall TFP change in the Indian food processing industry increased from 0.94 during the pre-liberalization period (1981-1989) to 0.95 during the post-liberalization period (1990-2000) and 1.05 during the liberalization/ globalization period (2001-2010). These results clearly indicate that after market liberalization the capital investments across the food processing industry had significantly increased, after having not been fully utilized in most of the food processing segments in the initial years. This emphasizes the need for identification and implementation of sustainable sources of productivity growth in the agriculture sector of the Indian food processing industry. Therefore, technology is the key to enhancing growth and efficiency in the food processing sector. It is also noticed that there is a wide gap found across the states with respect to productivity growth and efficiency aspects.

The present paper is an attempt the firm level performance of manufacturing and service sectors in India in terms of the level of technical change, technical efficiency change, and productivity growth. The study uses the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) model to estimate the total factor productivity growth index for manufacturing and service sectors with decomposition into catching up effect and the innovation effect of the common set of over the study period during 1991–92 to 2010–11. For analytical convenience, this period has been divided into two sub-periods, namely, 1990–91 to 1999–2000 (Phase-I: Liberalization) and 2000–01 to 2010–2011 (Phase-II: Liberalization). The study also examines the total factor productivity growth (TFPG) of manufacturing and service sectors and the factors determining the level of total factor productivity growth of both sectors with the help of the regression model. The study also recommends that for the enhancement of TFPG the level of openness, raw material, energy, and advertising, profit margin, and investment are the major contributions.

This paper will try to develop an analytical framework and employs it to empirically test if liberalization reforms in the Indian manufacturing sector has raised total factor productivity (TFP) growth. In this paper, we would also examine the technical efficiency and technical change in the manufacturing sector. Finally, the paper would conclude with some general observations and suggestions. Firm level performance in the manufacturing sector will be measured in the form of productivity growth in the present study. In the last two decades, the productivity growth measurement literature has been extended from the standard calculations of TFP employing production function framework towards more refined decomposition methods. To overcome the shortcomings of the growth accounting approach and to identify the components of productivity change, techniques have been developed that are based on the decomposition of TFP index. Malmquist index will be used for measuring the Total Factor Productivity. Finally, the paper would conclude with some general observations and suggestions.

Pulses play an important role in providing a nutritionally balanced diet. These are the principal source of protein for vegetarians. India is the world’s largest producer of pulses, followed by Canada. Brazil produces large beans only. Pulses are the second main source of protein after cereals in Indian diet. India is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. Basically the total pulses area occupied 26.28 million hectares which contributed production 18.10MT during 2010-11. However, the growth rate of pulses area and production were found negligible as compared to cereal like wheat and paddy and there exit wide inter states variability in their yield in the country. This study results the growthrate of area-0.09, -0.60 and 1.62 and production 1.52, 0.59 and 3.35 during 1980s, 1990s and 2000s decades, which affect the net per capita per day availability of pulses, has declined sharply from 61 gms to 32 gms from 1951 to 2010. Therefore, the gap of domestic demand and supply widen sharply. This paper analyses the status of pulses growth, and constraints of technology inadequacy as well as policy reform. The paper also focus on constraints of non-availability essential inputs i.e. quality seed, life saving irrigation, fertilizers and nutrients, price policy implication and marketing to be reoriented to bring it in tune with the emerging demand and supply of pulses in India.

Increasing integration of global markets after WTO has brought several changes in fresh mango export. The sustainability of exporters' income depends on acceptance of consignments by the importing countries who have established legally vetted system of safe import of food commodities. To adjust to these changes, the Indian system of export controls faltered to meet the standards of overseas markets. Adherence to safe export norms is sine qua non to have credible sustainable export. Visualizing the need to discern and quantify the direction of fresh mango export, time series data spanning from 1990-2012 was analysed. From the analysis, it can be concluded that domestic supply of mango is mainly driven by expansion of area rather than productivity. High standards of SPS measures of importing countries raised cost of compliance of safe export norms for which Indian exporters faced problems to adjust to these standards. These challenges need to overcome through generation of research based scientific knowledge for structuring food safety norms and policy alignment according to the changing global regulations. Policy options for streamlining diversified export are to encourage food testing laboratories to get accreditation from international agencies setting up world class food testing and inception infrastructure particularly in clusters with significant presence of exporters to encourage importing countries to set up office for certification of export consignments, and to strengthen prerequisite physical resources for safe export of fresh mango.

The main objective of paper is to present the findings about the female workers’ contribution in family income for two districts (Muzaffarnagar and Baghpat) of rural Western Uttar Pradesh. The study is based on primary data collected through a survey of 240 farm households. The study pertained to the agricultural year 2007–08. The study reveals that the average per household income from all sources contributed significantly in Muzaffarnagar and Baghpat district which was Rs. 236610 and Rs. 257933 respectively to household income in Western Uttar Pradesh, out of this women's share in household income in Muzaffarnagar and Baghpat districts is 46412 and 57427 respectively. Yet they lack education, health and support services and frequently do not have access of economic resources. The proportionate contribution of females declined with increasing farm size while vice versa is true for absolute income. The strategies adopted by the Government to increase women's welfare during the past decades have not yielded adequate results. The study suggests the need to remove the bottlenecks through a well-planned strategy suited to their socio-cultural milieu.

Production efficiency and technical progress are crucial elements in analyzing industries’ international competitiveness and growth trends. One way to assess competitiveness of countries or economic sectors within them considers the tendency of their unit costs of production to decline, which is expressed by positive growth rates of their Total Factor Productivity (TFP). A methodology developed by Fare et al. (1994), and derived from the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, allows for the estimation of TFP growth rates and its components, technical efficiency, and technical change. We use a firm-level panel data to apply this methodology to compute TFP growth rates for five selected Indian manufacturing sub-sectors in 1991–2011. Our results show the aggregate of all period the selected manufacturing sub-sector namely, Transport Equipment, Metals, Non-metals, Miscellaneous and Diversified is 4.00, 5.00, 3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 per cent respectively, over the period study.