Despite the bulk of international migrants being youth, little is known about the factors driving young people’s migration behavior at the global level. Using the individual-level survey data from Gallup World Poll across 139 countries over the period 2010–2016, this study contributes to the literature by exploring a wide range of factors potentially shaping young people’s (aged 15–34) desire, and a more concrete plan, to migrate abroad permanently. Results show that factors, such as holding post-secondary education, being unemployed, and working part-time involuntary, are increasing the desire of youth to migrate abroad as well as the probability that they turn this aspiration into a more concrete plan over the following year. Similarly, having negative expectations about the economic outlook, the number of available job opportunities, and the prospects for upward career mobility are found to increase the propensity to migrate abroad, both among unemployed and employed youth. Results also show that material deprivation may represent a significant push factor behind youth migration, although budgetary constraints may prevent youth from transforming their migration desires into actual plans in low-income countries. Moreover, findings suggest that contextual factors, such as discontent with local amenities and national governments, increase the desire of youth to migrate abroad, but they have little or no influence on the probability that these dreams are turned into more concrete plans. Finally, this study shows that while youth’s and adults’ migration propensities are often driven by the same motives, the influence of education and labor market-related factors on migration intentions is considerably stronger among youth than adults.

This Chapter investigates the long‐term trends in the reallocation of employment across sectors, and assesses their implications for overall working conditions and employment arrangements. Results show that differences in working conditions are sizeable across sectors, so that employment shifts across sectors have the potential to change the quality of employment. However, improvements along this dimension hinge on the assumption that transitioning workers are able to find jobs with better working conditions, which is by no means guaranteed.

The chapter provides an overview of the labour market challenges posed by a fast ageing global population. It shows that, while the ratio of potential retirees per person participating in the labour market is expected to increase markedly by 2030, the average age of those in the labour force is also set to gradually increase over the same period. These dynamics pose the dual challenge of keeping retirees out of poverty while promoting decent work outcomes for the growing share of older workers in the labour force. The chapter concludes by highlighting a number of policy options to tackle these challenges.

Due to low fertility rates, higher life expectancies and substantial outward migration, Lithuania is one of the fastest ageing countries in Europe. As a result, the working-age population is expected to decline dramatically, giving rise to a number of economic, labour market and social challenges. In order to mitigate the effects of ageing, policies are needed to raise the participation rates of older workers. This includes placing greater emphasis on active labour market programmes and other measures to ensure older workers are given the opportunity and skills to return to work and remain attached to the job market. Social dialogue and tripartite discussion are vital to successful policy design as well as generating the public support to implement the necessary reforms. In addition, a number of complementary policy options will also be merited to fully attenuate the downside risks, notably by increasing the productive capacity of the core working-age population through enhanced labour productivity, increased participation of all groups and addressing the root causes of emigration. This working paper discusses theses labour market implications in more detail and provides international policy examples on how best to address these challenges.

This report finds that EU Member States are either diverging in terms of socio-economic performance or converging towards deteriorating outcomes such as worsening inequality and widening structural imbalances. Furthermore, there is a risk that, if left unaddressed, the gaps within and across countries will widen in the context of rapid changes taking place in the world of work. In September 2015, the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, announced in his speech on the State of the Union, the establishment of a European Pillar of Social Rights. The Pillar would support the construction of a fair and truly pan-European labour market. Furthermore, Member States’ convergence towards better socio-economic outcomes, underpinned by such a Pillar, would be the foundation for a more integrated and stable Europe and a necessary condition for a well-functioning Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). It is therefore imperative that the EU continues to strive collectively towards economic, employment and social improvements for all its members. Guided by international labour standards, this report presents a range of policy and institutional levers at the EU level that could be considered central to such a Pillar. It further argues that the role of the social partners both at the EU and national levels is key to building consensus and strengthening the societal support for the continued construction of the EU.

ABSTRACT The article explores the relationship between top marginal tax rates on personal income and economic growth. Using a data set of consistently measured top marginal tax rates for a panel of 18 OECD countries over the period 1965–2009, this article finds evidence in favour of a quadratic top tax–growth relationship. This represents the first reported evidence of a nonmonotonic significant relationship between top marginal income tax rates and economic growth. The point estimates of the regressions suggest that the marginal effect of higher top tax rates becomes negative above a growth-maximizing tax rate in the order of 60%. As top marginal tax rates observed after 1980 are below the estimated growth-maximizing level in most of the countries considered, a positive linear relationship between top marginal tax rates and GDP growth is found over the sub-period 1980–2009. Overall, results show that raising top marginal tax rates which are below their growth maximizing has the largest positive impact on growth when the related additional revenues are used to finance productive public expenditure, reduce budget deficits or reduce some other form of distortionary taxation.

The aim of this chapter is, first, to examine the link between economic growth and poverty reduction over time, including an examination of key macroeconomic drivers (section A). Section B analyses in detail the sources of economic growth and the extent to which these may affect its poverty-reducing impact, underscoring the importance of productive transformation. Finally, section C presents concluding remarks and introduces Part II of the report.

This chapter takes a comprehensive approach to assess how best to support people and promote quality employment. It does so by examining ways to (i) provide income support to those persons outside the labour market most vulnerable to poverty; (ii) assist jobseekers to find new (and better) jobs; and (iii) boost employment quality. All the while ensuring overall policy coherency.

The chapter analyses factors influencing medium-term employment growth, highlighting the importance of labour force participation, occupational changes and income inequality as key determinants. The chapter also discusses the role of manufacturing employment for overall job creation and challenges that the early decline in manufacturing employment in a series of emerging economies poses for their future economic and social development.

World Employment and Social OutlookVolume 2015, Issue 1 p. i-4 EspañolFree Access Resumen: Nuevas turbulencias en el horizonte del empleo Vladimir Andrianov, Vladimir Andrianov ILOSearch for more papers by this authorValia Bourmpoula, Valia Bourmpoula ILOSearch for more papers by this authorJuan Chacaltana, Juan Chacaltana ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSukti Dasgupta, Sukti Dasgupta ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMarta Duda, Marta Duda ILOSearch for more papers by this authorEkkehard Ernst, Ekkehard Ernst ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSalwa Haidar, Salwa Haidar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRichard Horne, Richard Horne ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPhu Huynh, Phu Huynh ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAya Jafaar, Aya Jafaar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSameer Khatiwada, Sameer Khatiwada ILOSearch for more papers by this authorKee Beom Kim, Kee Beom Kim ILOSearch for more papers by this authorStefan Kühn, Stefan Kühn ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMary Kawar, Mary Kawar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorXinrong Liu, Xinrong Liu ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMakiko Matsumoto, Makiko Matsumoto ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRossana Merola, Rossana Merola ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSanto Milasi, Santo Milasi ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mwasikakata, Michael Mwasikakata ILOSearch for more papers by this authorVeda Narasimhan, Veda Narasimhan ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAlena Nesporova, Alena Nesporova ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPrakash Pathak, Prakash Pathak ILOSearch for more papers by this authorClemente Pignatti, Clemente Pignatti ILOSearch for more papers by this authorDamien Roche, Damien Roche ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSteven Tobin, Steven Tobin ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRaymond Torres, Raymond Torres ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSher Verick, Sher Verick ILOSearch for more papers by this authorChristian Viegelahn, Christian Viegelahn ILOSearch for more papers by this author Vladimir Andrianov, Vladimir Andrianov ILOSearch for more papers by this authorValia Bourmpoula, Valia Bourmpoula ILOSearch for more papers by this authorJuan Chacaltana, Juan Chacaltana ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSukti Dasgupta, Sukti Dasgupta ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMarta Duda, Marta Duda ILOSearch for more papers by this authorEkkehard Ernst, Ekkehard Ernst ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSalwa Haidar, Salwa Haidar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRichard Horne, Richard Horne ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPhu Huynh, Phu Huynh ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAya Jafaar, Aya Jafaar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSameer Khatiwada, Sameer Khatiwada ILOSearch for more papers by this authorKee Beom Kim, Kee Beom Kim ILOSearch for more papers by this authorStefan Kühn, Stefan Kühn ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMary Kawar, Mary Kawar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorXinrong Liu, Xinrong Liu ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMakiko Matsumoto, Makiko Matsumoto ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRossana Merola, Rossana Merola ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSanto Milasi, Santo Milasi ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mwasikakata, Michael Mwasikakata ILOSearch for more papers by this authorVeda Narasimhan, Veda Narasimhan ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAlena Nesporova, Alena Nesporova ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPrakash Pathak, Prakash Pathak ILOSearch for more papers by this authorClemente Pignatti, Clemente Pignatti ILOSearch for more papers by this authorDamien Roche, Damien Roche ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSteven Tobin, Steven Tobin ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRaymond Torres, Raymond Torres ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSher Verick, Sher Verick ILOSearch for more papers by this authorChristian Viegelahn, Christian Viegelahn ILOSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 April 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.60AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume2015, Issue1January 2015Pages i-4 RelatedInformation

The chapter gives a global overview of recent labour market developments and short- and medium-term projections for employment and wages. The chapter discusses recent changes in occupational employment and how they affect inequality and wages. The chapter also highlights the importance of rising youth unemployment for social unrest across major world regions.

The chapter gives a detailed overview of recent labour market trends across eight major world regions. The chapter discusses each one of them, highlighting the divergent trends both within and across regions. In particular, the continuous improvement in some major advanced economies contrasts sharply with the ongoing difficulties in many European countries and the first signs of slowdown in key emerging markets.

World Employment and Social OutlookVolume 2015, Issue 1 p. i-4 FrançaisFree Access Résumé: Nouvelles turbulences du côté de l'emploi Vladimir Andrianov, Vladimir Andrianov ILOSearch for more papers by this authorValia Bourmpoula, Valia Bourmpoula ILOSearch for more papers by this authorJuan Chacaltana, Juan Chacaltana ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSukti Dasgupta, Sukti Dasgupta ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMarta Duda, Marta Duda ILOSearch for more papers by this authorEkkehard Ernst, Ekkehard Ernst ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSalwa Haidar, Salwa Haidar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRichard Horne, Richard Horne ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPhu Huynh, Phu Huynh ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAya Jafaar, Aya Jafaar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSameer Khatiwada, Sameer Khatiwada ILOSearch for more papers by this authorKee Beom Kim, Kee Beom Kim ILOSearch for more papers by this authorStefan Kühn, Stefan Kühn ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMary Kawar, Mary Kawar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorXinrong Liu, Xinrong Liu ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMakiko Matsumoto, Makiko Matsumoto ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRossana Merola, Rossana Merola ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSanto Milasi, Santo Milasi ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mwasikakata, Michael Mwasikakata ILOSearch for more papers by this authorVeda Narasimhan, Veda Narasimhan ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAlena Nesporova, Alena Nesporova ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPrakash Pathak, Prakash Pathak ILOSearch for more papers by this authorClemente Pignatti, Clemente Pignatti ILOSearch for more papers by this authorDamien Roche, Damien Roche ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSteven Tobin, Steven Tobin ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRaymond Torres, Raymond Torres ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSher Verick, Sher Verick ILOSearch for more papers by this authorChristian Viegelahn, Christian Viegelahn ILOSearch for more papers by this author Vladimir Andrianov, Vladimir Andrianov ILOSearch for more papers by this authorValia Bourmpoula, Valia Bourmpoula ILOSearch for more papers by this authorJuan Chacaltana, Juan Chacaltana ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSukti Dasgupta, Sukti Dasgupta ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMarta Duda, Marta Duda ILOSearch for more papers by this authorEkkehard Ernst, Ekkehard Ernst ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSalwa Haidar, Salwa Haidar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRichard Horne, Richard Horne ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPhu Huynh, Phu Huynh ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAya Jafaar, Aya Jafaar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSameer Khatiwada, Sameer Khatiwada ILOSearch for more papers by this authorKee Beom Kim, Kee Beom Kim ILOSearch for more papers by this authorStefan Kühn, Stefan Kühn ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMary Kawar, Mary Kawar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorXinrong Liu, Xinrong Liu ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMakiko Matsumoto, Makiko Matsumoto ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRossana Merola, Rossana Merola ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSanto Milasi, Santo Milasi ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mwasikakata, Michael Mwasikakata ILOSearch for more papers by this authorVeda Narasimhan, Veda Narasimhan ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAlena Nesporova, Alena Nesporova ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPrakash Pathak, Prakash Pathak ILOSearch for more papers by this authorClemente Pignatti, Clemente Pignatti ILOSearch for more papers by this authorDamien Roche, Damien Roche ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSteven Tobin, Steven Tobin ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRaymond Torres, Raymond Torres ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSher Verick, Sher Verick ILOSearch for more papers by this authorChristian Viegelahn, Christian Viegelahn ILOSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 April 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.59AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume2015, Issue1January 2015Pages i-4 RelatedInformation

World Employment and Social OutlookVolume 2015, Issue 1 p. i-4 EnglishFree Access Summary: Renewed Turbulence Over the Employment Horizon Vladimir Andrianov, Vladimir Andrianov ILOSearch for more papers by this authorValia Bourmpoula, Valia Bourmpoula ILOSearch for more papers by this authorJuan Chacaltana, Juan Chacaltana ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSukti Dasgupta, Sukti Dasgupta ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMarta Duda, Marta Duda ILOSearch for more papers by this authorEkkehard Ernst, Ekkehard Ernst ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSalwa Haidar, Salwa Haidar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRichard Horne, Richard Horne ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPhu Huynh, Phu Huynh ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAya Jafaar, Aya Jafaar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSameer Khatiwada, Sameer Khatiwada ILOSearch for more papers by this authorKee Beom Kim, Kee Beom Kim ILOSearch for more papers by this authorStefan Kühn, Stefan Kühn ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMary Kawar, Mary Kawar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorXinrong Liu, Xinrong Liu ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMakiko Matsumoto, Makiko Matsumoto ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRossana Merola, Rossana Merola ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSanto Milasi, Santo Milasi ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mwasikakata, Michael Mwasikakata ILOSearch for more papers by this authorVeda Narasimhan, Veda Narasimhan ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAlena Nesporova, Alena Nesporova ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPrakash Pathak, Prakash Pathak ILOSearch for more papers by this authorClemente Pignatti, Clemente Pignatti ILOSearch for more papers by this authorDamien Roche, Damien Roche ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSteven Tobin, Steven Tobin ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRaymond Torres, Raymond Torres ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSher Verick, Sher Verick ILOSearch for more papers by this authorChristian Viegelahn, Christian Viegelahn ILOSearch for more papers by this author Vladimir Andrianov, Vladimir Andrianov ILOSearch for more papers by this authorValia Bourmpoula, Valia Bourmpoula ILOSearch for more papers by this authorJuan Chacaltana, Juan Chacaltana ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSukti Dasgupta, Sukti Dasgupta ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMarta Duda, Marta Duda ILOSearch for more papers by this authorEkkehard Ernst, Ekkehard Ernst ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSalwa Haidar, Salwa Haidar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRichard Horne, Richard Horne ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPhu Huynh, Phu Huynh ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAya Jafaar, Aya Jafaar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSameer Khatiwada, Sameer Khatiwada ILOSearch for more papers by this authorKee Beom Kim, Kee Beom Kim ILOSearch for more papers by this authorStefan Kühn, Stefan Kühn ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMary Kawar, Mary Kawar ILOSearch for more papers by this authorXinrong Liu, Xinrong Liu ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMakiko Matsumoto, Makiko Matsumoto ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRossana Merola, Rossana Merola ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSanto Milasi, Santo Milasi ILOSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Mwasikakata, Michael Mwasikakata ILOSearch for more papers by this authorVeda Narasimhan, Veda Narasimhan ILOSearch for more papers by this authorAlena Nesporova, Alena Nesporova ILOSearch for more papers by this authorPrakash Pathak, Prakash Pathak ILOSearch for more papers by this authorClemente Pignatti, Clemente Pignatti ILOSearch for more papers by this authorDamien Roche, Damien Roche ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSteven Tobin, Steven Tobin ILOSearch for more papers by this authorRaymond Torres, Raymond Torres ILOSearch for more papers by this authorSher Verick, Sher Verick ILOSearch for more papers by this authorChristian Viegelahn, Christian Viegelahn ILOSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 April 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.55AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume2015, Issue1January 2015Pages i-4 RelatedInformation

La economia espanola ha comenzado a recuperarse tanto de la crisis economica mundial de 2008 como de la crisis de la deuda soberana de 2011, al mismo tiempo que las mejoras en terminos de empleo comienzan a manifestarse. Sin embargo, la recuperacion sigue siendo incompleta y fragil. Asi, si se mantuviesen las actuales tendencias, la tasa de desempleo no volveria a los niveles anteriores a la crisis hasta por lo menos dentro de una decada. Por lo tanto, es fundamental fortalecer la recuperacion del empleo con el fin de asegurar un crecimiento economico sostenible y evitar una mayor erosion de las condiciones sociales. Este informe senala una serie de areas sobre las que el gobierno y los interlocutores sociales podrian actuar conjuntamente para consolidar estos logros recientes y construir un nuevo camino hacia mas y mejores puestos de trabajo.

The employment situation remains a major source of concern in the majority of countries in the European Union. Half of the region’s unemployed have been without work for more than a year, and unless the policy approach changes, the prospects are for a sluggish employment recovery. The Investment Plan proposed by the European Commission is thus a welcome initiative that recognizes the immediate need for stimulating growth, fostering Europe’s competitiveness and tackling the employment crisis. This report finds that for the Investment Plan to make a significant dent in unemployment, the design of the programme is crucial. Taking into account the magnitude and diversity of the labour market challenges, placing greater emphasis on complementary labour market policies and ensuring that small enterprises have access to credit will lead to better outcomes. In addition, any measures developed as part of the Investment Plan need to form the basis of a medium-term employment strategy that aims at quality job creation and avoids a “race to the bottom” in terms of wages and working conditions.

During the last thirty years most OECD countries have accumulated large public debts. The same period has been characterized by a considerable increase in the concentration of income at the top of the distribution and by substantial cuts to taxation imposed on high incomes. The paper argues that the concentration of income at the top, along with the decreasing taxation imposed on top incomes, may have affected OECD countries' fiscal performances in recent decades. Using a panel of 17 OECD countries between 1975 and 2005, the paper presents the first reported evidence of a positive relationship between the top 1 percent income share and budget deficits. Moreover, the disaggregated analysis of the budget components suggests that such result is due to a negative relationship between concentration of income at the top and budget revenues.