The effects of alkali halogen and P2O5 additives on the recyclability, structural, optical, and magnetic properties of automotive windshield waste glasses are investigated. The waste glasses were remelted at 1550 degrees C in a Pt-Rh crucible with various additives. The incorporation of alkali halogens modifies the silicate structural units, resulting in a decrease in density accompanied by an increase in molar volume, although no systematic trend is observed in either parameter. In contrast, the addition of P2O5 leads to higher density and molar volume values, along with reduced optical transparency, compared to pristine glass. All recycled glass samples exhibit optical band gap values ranging from 3.58 to 3.65 eV, with the lowest and highest values observed for KCl and P2O5 containing glasses, respectively. The Vickers hardness of the recycled glasses varies between 5.34 and 7.09 GPa, corresponding to LiCl and P2O5 modified compositions. Notably, the glass containing P2O5 demonstrates properties closely comparable to those of pristine windshield glass, confirming this method as a viable, effective, and environmentally friendly approach for automotive glass recycling. Furthermore, all recycled glasses exhibit weak ferrimagnetic behavior with low coercivity (Hc) and saturation magnetization (Ms), suggesting their potential applicability in magnetic hyperthermia-based cancer treatment.

Ho2O3-doped calcium borosilicate glasses (20CaO-10ZrO2-10Y2O3-30B2O3-(30-y)SiO2-yHo2O3, y = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 1.5 mol%) are synthesized via melt-quenching to investigate their physical, structural, optical, and thermal properties for application in optoelectronics. Ho2O3-undoped glass has the lowest density and increases with increasing Ho2O3 doping. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the amorphous nature of the Ho2O3-undoped and Ho2O3-doped glasses, while FTIR, Raman and NMR spectra elucidated structural changes. The absorption spectra revealed characteristic Ho3+ transitions (5I8 to 3H6, 5G4, 5G5, 5G6, 5F3, 5S2, 5F5, 5I5, 5I6). Increasing Ho2O3 doping resulted in an increase in the optical band gap (3.07 to 3.35 eV) and a decrease in the refractive index. The SH-1.5 glass exhibits the highest phonon energy (0.325 eV), whereas Ho2O3-undoped glass shows the lowest (0.009 eV). The rise in the average glass transition temperature from 568 to 576 degrees C with the Ho2O3 doping indicates good thermal stability of the as-developed glasses. The CTE decreases from 9.30 & times; 10-6 K- 1 to 5.07 & times; 10-6 K- 1, whereas hardness increases from 6.12 GPa to 7.40 GPa with increasing Ho2O3 content. Emission spectra identified excitation bands at 550 nm, corresponding to the 5F4 + 5S2 -> 5I8 transition, which produced green emission.

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of four different rare earth doped NaNb0.995RE0.005O3-δ (RE3+ = Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, and Dy3+) ceramics prepared via a solid-state reaction process. The orthorhombic crystal structure with the Pbcm space group is observed with Pr3+, Sm3+, and Eu3+ doped samples, whereas Dy3+ substitution results in a symmetry modification to a different orthorhombic structure with Pbma symmetry. Raman spectroscopy verified the presence of oxygen vacancies and confirmed that the variation in electronegativity leads to increased broadening and a red shift in the Raman bands. UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy revealed a significant reduction in the band gap from 3.49 to 3.42 eV with reduced dopant ionic radii. Photoluminescence (PL) studies demonstrated that the Sm3+-doped NaNbO3 sample contained various oxygen-vacancy-related bands. The bluish-white to white light region was observed as the ionic radius of the dopants decreased, i.e., Pr3+ > Sm3+ > Eu3+ > Dy3+. The potential of these materials for specialized optoelectronic applications was highlighted by the correlated color temperature (CCT), which was found to be very sensitive to the chemical nature of the dopants and ranged from cold white (6348 K for Sm3+) to cool bluish-white light (8889-8952 K for Pr3+ and Dy3+).

The glass sealants of compositions (15+x)BaO-15La2O3-5ZnO-5Al2O3-20B2O3-(40-x)SiO2 (x= 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mol%) were synthesized using the melt and quench method. The physical, structural, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the as-prepared samples are examined using various characterization techniques to assess their suitability as a sealant for solid oxide fuel cell applications. The density increases from 4.19 to 4.51 g cm-3 while, the molar volume shows a nonlinear trend with increasing BaO content. The XRD patterns confirm the amorphous nature of the as-prepared samples. FTIR and Raman spectra confirm depolymerization of silicate units. An increase in the coefficient of thermal expansion and a decrease in glass transition temperature, hardness, and Young's modulus are observed with the addition of BaO content. The impact of BaO on dielectric constant, tangent of loss, and conductivity is studied using an impedance analyzer. The conductivity of glasses are found to increase from 0.7 to 1.3 x10-7 S cm-1 with an increase in BaO content due to the creation of non-bridging oxygens. Therefore, the as-prepared glasses can be used as a sealant for SOFC applications due to their promising coefficient of thermal expansion, mechanical, and electrical properties.

The role of the MnO/Dy2O3 ratio on efficient conversion of bluish-pink into white light emission is reported in 70P2O5 + 10Na2O + 10Nb2O5 + (10 - x)MnO + xDy2O3 (where x = 0, 1, 2, and 3 mol%). The structural changes are studied using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The characteristic temperatures are obtained using a differential scanning calorimetry thermograph. Absorption spectra are employed to calculate the oscillator strengths of Dy3+ absorption transitions and bond formation with O2- ions in the glass network. The Judd-Ofelt theory was applied to derive radiative parameters, demonstrating the potential of these glasses for optical applications. The optical band gap confirms the formation of bridging oxygens with an increasing concentration of Dy2O3. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra, attributed to the de-excitation of the 4F9/2 level to the 6H15/2, 6H13/2, and 6H11/2 states, exhibited two strong emission peaks in the blue (478 nm) and yellow (573 nm) regions, along with a weaker emission in the red region (700 nm). The decay time of de-excitation is 211 & micro;s, which is comparable to other reported glasses. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates derived from the PL spectra are found to lie in the bluish-pink to white light region. These glasses find application as a coating in protecting from UV light by absorbing it and giving off white light radiation.

This study explores the MnO doping effects on mechanical, non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and luminescence properties of 30SiO2-50B2O3-(20-x)Li2O-xMnO (where, x = 4, 6, 8, and 10 mol%) glasses produced by melting and quenching method. Makishima-Mackenzie (MMR) and Rocherulle (RM) models are used to study the mechanical properties of the prepared glass samples. The FTIR spectra confirm the presence of different structural units of borate and silicate in the prepared glass samples. The Kissinger and Augis-Bennett models are used to study the activation energies (Eg, Er, and Ec) of the prepared glasses. The substitution of Li2O with MnO is responsible for weakening the glass network, and, consequently, glass with the highest doping of MnO (LM-10, 10 mol%) exhibits lowest network rigidity. Glass with the lowest doping of MnO (LM-4, 4 mol%) exhibits the highest activation energy (Eg) for crystallization. While glass with the highest doping of MnO (LM-10, 10 mol%) exhibits the lowest activation energy (Eg) of crystallization. The fragility index shows a decreasing trend with MnO doping and heating rates, while thermal stability shows an increasing trend with increasing MnO doping. The value of correlated colour temperature lies between 1692 and 1712 K and confirms that the MnO-doped borosilicate glasses predominantly emit in the bluish-pink region, highlighting their potential utility in photonics applications.

A series of rare-earth (Re2O3 = Pr2O3, Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Dy2O3) containing P2O5-MgO-Na2O-Li2O-TiO2 glasses were synthesised via the melt-quenching technique to investigate changes in structural and optical properties with ionic radii and electronegativity variations. X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of the glass matrix, while Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the influence of different rare-earth oxides on the phosphate network structure. Optical absorption analysis showed that the optical band gap energy increases up to Eu2O3 content, correlating with changes in the localised state tails. Photoluminescence studies demonstrated tunable emission characteristics; the CIE 1931 coordinates shifted from the greenish-blue towards the white region as the ionic radii decreased. The Dy2O3 doped glass achieves near-white light emission (colour purity similar to 2%). The correlated colour temperature (CCT) was highly dependent on the chemical nature of the dopant, ranging from warm white light (1687 K for Sm2O3) to cool daylight (5721-6465 K for Pr2O3 and Dy2O3). These results highlight the potential of these glasses for compositionally tuned solid-state lighting applications.

This paper investigates the effect of CaO on the structural, optical, thermal and photoluminescence properties of vanadate glasses with the composition V2_ xCaxO5_ delta (x = 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30) for optoelectronics applications. The density, molar volume, polaron radius, and fragility index increase with increasing CaO doping into V2O5. Structural characteristics studied through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The indirect and direct band gap energies are found to increase from 3.58 to 3.69 eV and from 4.12 to 4.22 eV with an increase in CaO concentration, respectively. It is observed that Tg increases from 293 to 310 degrees C with increasing CaO content at the cost of V2O5. The CIE chromaticity coordinates confirmed the greenish-blue emission in the prepared vanadate glass samples. The correlated colour temperature (CCT) is found in the range of 5305 to 18,029 K, confirming a daylight colour temperature. These findings highlight the multifunctional potential of CaO-doped vanadates for photonic, optical and emission display.

Magnesium-containing borosilicate glass samples reinforced with varying concentrations of Sm2O3 (0-1.5 mol%) have been produced via the conventional melt quenching method in order to investigate the mechanical properties, activation energy of crystallization and transition, thermal stability, fragility index, radiation shielding (MAC, HVL, Z(eff), EBAF) and Judd-Ofelt parameters. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the glassy nature of the prepared samples owing to the lack of distinctive X-ray diffraction peaks. The elastic moduli Em and Rm increased from 86.26 to 107.95 GPa and 62.11 to 95.55 GPa, respectively, with an increase in Sm2O3 concentration. Crystallization kinetics, especially activation energies (E-g, E-x and E-c), were analyzed via the Kissinger and Augis-Bennett methods and were found to increase with increasing Sm2O3 concentration. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) and the effective atomic number (Z(eff)) increased, whereas the half-value layer (HVL) decreased as Sm2O3 content increased in the glass networks. The MS-1 sample has higher relative photon attenuation efficiency over a broad energy range than the other samples. The Judd-Ofelt parameters follow the same trend (Omega(4) > Omega(2) > Omega(6)) for all the prepared glass samples. To examine the suitability of Sm3+-substituted borosilicate glass for photonic applications, transition probability (A(r)), branching ratio (beta(r)), radiative lifetime (tau(R)), and peak emission cross-section (sigma(p)) are obtained for each transition band. The examined glasses are promising candidates for laser applications as compared to the other Sm2O3 doped glass systems reported in the literature.

This study introduces a novel chitosan/graphene oxide (CS/GO) nanocomposite hydrogel designed for the sustained release of levofloxacin. The hydrogel was synthesized using electrostatic interactions and chemical crosslinking, resulting in significant mechanical reinforcement (G' = 0.94 MPa, G '' = 0.088 MPa) and homogeneous distribution of GO. It exhibited excellent swelling properties (1380 % at 0.05 wt% GO, 1070 % at 0.2 wt% GO at pH 2). Levofloxacin release was faster (similar to 95 % in 5 h) at 0.05 wt% GO and more sustained (similar to 97 % over 24 h) at 0.2 wt% GO. This hydrogel demonstrates potential as a robust platform for controlled drug delivery.

This study investigates the impact of CuO doping on the non-isothermal crystallisation, mechanical, and luminescence properties of 45P2O5 - (55 - x)Na2O - xCuO (where x = 0, 1, 3, and 5 mol%), prepared via a melt-quench technique. Mechanical properties are evaluated using the Makishima-Mackenzie and Rocherulle models, while crystallization kinetics are analyzed with the Kissinger and Augis-Bennett models. The substitution of Na2O with CuO weakens the glass network, with the 5 mol% CuO-doped glass (NC-5) exhibiting the lowest rigidity. Consequently, the activation energy for crystallization (Ec) decreased as CuO content increased. This is accompanied by an increase in thermal stability and a decrease in the fragility index. Furthermore, the glasses exhibited a strong greenish-blue luminescence, having the values of correlated color temperature in the range of 9404-9332 K, which makes them suitable for photonic applications.

Natural fibers have piqued the interest of researchers, academics, and manufacturers due to their increased environmental sustainability and biocomparability. As a result, natural fiber-reinforced composites have a significant potential to replace synthetic materials in structural applications. The goal of this research is to create green composites out of organically sourced flax and ramie fibers and a bio-epoxy matrix utilizing a compression mold process. The composites have been fabricated by varying the weight of flax and ramie fibers in ratio of 10

The optical-structural correlated properties of the 40B(2)O(3)-40SiO(2) - 10V(2)O(5) - (10- x)Fe2O3 - xDy(2)O(3) system, where 2, 4, and 6 mol%, were studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the glassy and amorphous nature of the samples. Adding Dy2O3 promoted the formation of bridging oxygens (upto 4 mol%) by converting BO3 into BO4 units, however, above 4 mol% Dy2O3 act as a modifier. The optical band gap increased from 3.70 to 4.01 eV, while the refractive index decreased from 2.23 to 2.16. The CIE coordinates indicated that the emission spectra fall within the green-blue region. The as-prepared sample exhibited the highest correlated colour temperature value above 5000 K, suggesting its suitability for cool light- emitting diodes sensitive to human vision. These glasses have potential applications in light-emitting diodes and optoelectronic devices.

This study focuses on the effect of the field strength of two alkali modifiers (Na2O/Li2O) on the physical, structural, and optical properties of 40P2O5 +20MgO+ (40-x)Na2O+xLi2O +1 mol% of TiO2 (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mol%). The melt-quenched samples are analysed using various experimental techniques such as Xray diffraction, Raman, UV-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy to assess their potential for solid-state laser application. As Li2O replaces Na2O, the density and molar volume decrease of all the glass samples. X-ray diffraction confirms the amorphous nature of the phase-separated sample. Raman spectra reveal the presence of metaphosphate (P2), pyrophosphate (P1) and orthophosphate (P0) structural units, indicating that the glass network becomes more polymerised as Li2O is added from 10 to 40 mol% in place of Na2O. The optical band gap is in the wide band gap semiconductor range, i.e., 3.85 to 4.40 eV. The correlated colour temperature value varies from 2325 to 3813 K, which indicates a warm colour temperature. These findings also suggest that the present sample exhibits good potential to be used in electronic and optoelectronic devices.

The aerospace and automotive engineering industries are seeing a growing need for materials that are both lightweight and very durable. This increased demand has prompted the development of innovative metal matrix composites based on aluminum. The current study aimed at developing and characterization Al7020 metal matrix composites by reinforcing micro boron carbide particles, Al7020/B4C MMCs are fabricated by stir casting method by varying the boron carbide particles in wt.% (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8wt. %). Lastly, the prepared samples were subjected to tensile, compression, hardness, and fracture toughness tests to evaluate the impact of B4C particles on density, mechanical, and microstructural parameters. By incorporating B4C particles into the Al7020 alloy, the experimental results demonstrated that metal matrix composites exhibited enhanced ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, and compression strength. In addition, the lowest density, highest toughness, and superior micrograph were observed in Al7020/B4C MMCs with 8 wt. % reinforcement of B4C particles with a minor decrease in elongation.

Solar photovoltaic glasses are waste materials after prolonged use and broken during the operations of solar cells. These waste glasses are recycled and have properties comparable to solar photovoltaic glasses. A comparative study of the composition, structure, optical, and mechanical properties of the recycled glass with the waste glass are performed using energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Vicker's microhardness tester, respectively. The re-melting process with the addition of NaCl has modified the glass network, exhibiting a reduction in density and an increase in molar volume compared to the waste glass, with an increase in Q2 units and a decrease in Q3 units. The optical band gap of the recycled and waste glass lies in the insulating 4.24-4.26 eV and hardness 4.8-5.2 GPa range. The recycled glass has better transparency than waste glass obtained from transmittance spectra.

Waste front windscreen glasses of cars are recycled to study their feasibility for reuse in automobiles. The waste glasses are remelted at 1550 degrees C using 1 mol% of B2O3, NaCl, KCl, and P2O5 as additives. The remelted glasses are characterised and tested using the Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Vicker's microhardness tester, respectively. The addition of additives modified the glasses by changing the silicate structural units. These modifications lead to an increase in density and a decrease in molar volume compared to the glass without the above additives, recycled glass (RB7). The optical band gap of all the recycled glass falls within the insulating range of 3.43-3.54 eV, with a hardness range of 4.295.74 GPa. The P2O5 contained recycled glasses that exhibited similar properties to those observed for pristine windscreen glasses. This approach finds away to reuse windscreen glasses for automobiles with a decreased carbon footprint.