The concurrent therapeutic application of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin has been suggested as a potential approach for addressing mixed bacterial infections in poultry. The present investigation aimed to determine the hematological and biochemical safety profile of concurrently administered ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin through the oral route in poultry. This study involved a total of sixteen birds, which were divided into two equal but random groups of broiler chickens. In the first group, roxithromycin alone was administered orally for five days. Conversely, the Group II birds received repeated concurrent doses of roxithromycin and ciprofloxacin for consecutive five days adhering to their recommended therapeutic dosages. In both groups, blood samples were collected at various intervals, including before drug administration (0 days), and at 6 hours, 12 hours, 1st day, 2nd day, 3rd day, 4th day, 5th day, 7th day, and 10th day. Following haematological and biochemical analyses, a two-way statistical analysis (p ≤ 0.05) was conducted utilizing unpaired ‘t-tests’ to compare parameters within the group across various time points and between Groups I and II. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in haematological parameters such as heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, along with one biochemical parameter, specifically aspartate transaminase. Notably, the altered values primarily remained within the normal range and were often attributed to age-related changes, with certain fluctuations being of a temporary nature and reverting to normal levels by the 10th Day. The study findings support the conclusion that the concurrent oral administration of roxithromycin and ciprofloxacin appears to be safe for therapeutic use in poultry.

Pneumonia is a leading cause of economic losses in the ruminant industry throughout the world. This study aimed to determine the relevance of species-specific procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as clinical biomarkers in goat pneumonia. Forty-six confirmed cases of goat pneumonia and 10 apparently healthy goats were included in this investigation. Detailed clinical examination involved recording of vital parameters in diseased as well as in apparently healthy goats. The level of PCT and CRP was analyzed in serum samples collected on day 0 and day 5 from all the 46 diseased goats and on day 0 from 10 healthy goats. A significantly higher pre-treatment concentrations of PCT (229.88±38.79 pg/mL) and CRP (44.13±2.72 µg/mL) in diseased goats was observed when compared with the control group. Significant positive correlation was found between PCT and CRP. Both PCT and CRP revealed a high level of discrimination between diseased goats and healthy ones (AUC= 1.0). Significant inhibition was observed in the values of PCT and CRP 5 days post-treatment in goats treated with two different antimicrobial drugs. Moreover, the obtained data showed a high degree of accuracy for both PCT and CRP in predicting the therapeutic response of infected goats at the selected thresholds (AUC = 1.0 and 1.0, respectively). Positive correlation between PCT and CRP with body temperature and heart rate was recorded. Measurement of PCT and CRP with clinical examination might be useful in assessing severity of goat pneumonia.

The present study was designed to investigate the oral pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of roxithromycin, a macrolide class antimicrobial drug, in broiler chickens at a single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Plasma concentrations of roxithromycin were measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method using UV (ultraviolet) detector. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were calculated from plasma concentrations versus time data using 'PK Solver 2.0' software. Following single intravenous administration, the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) and total body clearance (Cl) were 3.04 L/kg and 0.45 L/hr/kg, respectively. Following oral administration of roxithromycin at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg body weight in broilers, a characteristic short lag phase of 15 minutes in absorption was observed and thereafter mean maximal plasma concentration (Cmax: 3.60 mu g/ml) was achieved at 2 hr. The mean values of elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) and mean resident time (MRT) were 8.30 and 9.57 hr, respectively. Calculated oral bioavailability (F) ranged from 51.95 to 62.57% with a mean value of 56.86%. Based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) integration efficacy predictor, oral dose at 20 mg/kg body weight of roxithromycin twice a day, is predicted to be effective for treating the susceptible bacterial infections in the broiler chickens with a MIC value <= 1.0 mu g/ml.

Present paper recorded electrocardiographic (ECG) variables in 22 Kankrej cattle calves using the base apex lead system (Lead I).The mean values of heart rate (HR), 'P' amplitude, 'P' duration', 'PR' interval, 'QRS' duration, 'ST' segment, 'T' amplitude, 'T' duration, 'S' amplitude, 'R' amplitude, 'QT' interval and 'RR' interval recorded were 66.59±2.33 (40-80) bpm, 0.231 ±0.016 (0.1-0.5) mV, 0.086±0.003(0.08-0.14) s, 0.232±0.123(0.16-0.44) s, 0.089± 0.002 (0.08-0.12) s, 0.301 ± 0.015 (0.18-0.4) s, 0.365± 0.034 (0.1-0.7) mV, 0.108±0.005(0.08-0.16) s, 1.140±0.094(0.4-1.9) mV, 0.500±1.00(0.0-1.0) mV, 0.499± 0.158 (0.4-0.6) s and 0.927± 0.368 (0.75-1.5) s respectively.Significantly (P≤0.05) higher HR was observed in the female calves (71.36±2.78)as compared to male calves (61.81±3.25).Also, significant (P<0.05)differences between RR interval of male (1.00±0.058)and female (0.854±0.035) calves were recorded.It is concluded that the base apex system is a suitable lead for monitoring heart rhythm in cattle calves.This study provided information on the HR, duration, and amplitude of ECG deflections in Kankrej cattle calves, one of the common cattle breed of Gujarat state of India.Values of electrocardiographic indices for Kankrej cattle calves reported here in can be used as reference values by the practitioners to clinically evaluate cardiac healthiness/cardiovascular fitness, life threatening arrhythmias and, to take appropriate therapeutic measures. HIGHLIGHTSm This study proposes the reference range of HR and, the amplitude and duration of ECG indices, analyzed for the base apex system in Kankrej cattle calves.m This study also determines the electrocardiographic values (Mean ±S.E) between genders in bipolar derivation /base-apex lead I in Kankrej cattle calves.m Cardiac arrhythmias observed in the clinically healthy Kankrej cattle calves in this study could be accepted as the physiological arrhythmias.

The pandemic of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) remains to nag human race with its more infectious second wave in most of highly populated countries including India. Till date, no specific antiviral drug is discovered or developed which is cent-per-cent effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. The efficacy of developed vaccines are said to reduce severity of disease, but the mutation led to origin of more infectious variants. In such scenario, medical management of COVID-19 largely depends upon repurposed drugs like azithromycin, remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab. However, none of these repurposed drugs is devoid of side effects or drug-induced toxicities which may be fatal too sometimes. Scientific research literature on phytochemicals hints that these miracle phytomolecules may not only be useful in direct therapeutic effect but also have potential to reduce or ameliorate the side-effects of current repurposed drugs used in treatment of COVID-19. This review critically elaborates the side-effects of COVID-19 drugs and the six potential phytochemicals, viz., quercetin, baicalein, kaempferol, curcumin, catechins and gingerols which have potentials to ameliorate such side-effects. The very purpose of the review paper is to promote the scientific studies on these phytomolecules in the management of COVID-19, as there are predictions that human kind has to learn to live with this disease.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an OIE notifiable, transboundary pox viral disease of livestock. LSD is an emerging disease severely affecting livestock economics. The zoonotic potential of the LSD virus has not been extensively studied and reported. In approximately 90 years, the virus dispersed to numerous world locations after its first emergence in Zambia. LSD virus emergence in South Asia prevailed among livestock (cattle and water buffalo) owners due to economic/financial losses. The estimate of the economic impact of LSD in the southern, eastern and southeastern countries suggested direct losses of livestock and production of approximately USD 1.45 billion. In 2019, nearly the same time, the disease was reported for the first time from many bordering countries, such as India, Nepal, China, and Bangladesh. In 2020, the LSD was also recorded in Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Southeast China. In 2021, it further spread to new countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Cambodia. Cattle affected with LSD show a characteristic nodular lesion or skin lump over the whole body and may occasionally be associated with systemic signs. Hematophagous arthropod-borne mechanical transmission is considered primary and the most common route; however, other transmission routes related to illegal animal trade have played a role in the emergence of LSD in countries otherwise/earlier free from it. Among serological diagnostic tests, OIE recommends virus neutralization as the standard gold test. Diagnosis in LSD-free countries requires virus isolation and further sequencing of the isolate. Control of LSD is possible by most of the measures applied for rapidly transmitting viral infection, including vaccination. LSD virus-specific vaccines are considered suitable to confer protection to cattle and buffalo over heterologous vaccines. In countries such as India, the lack of a specific policy for LSD at the time of the first onset of this disease, the high density of susceptible unvaccinated populations, unawareness among farmers, veterinarians and prevailing laws of no slaughter of cattle created a favourable situation of its spread to many states. Amid COVID-19, the whole world is in turmoil; the emergence of diseases such as LSD is further lowering the economy, and hence must be reviewed to save and sustain the backbone of the developing country's economy in Southeast Asia.

In the present study, a total of 33 clinical cases of microfilaraemic dogs various regions of Gujarat state were assessed for alterations in haemato-biochemical and mineral level changes. Microfilariae were detected using modified Knott technique and microfilariae of Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) reconditum was more common (23 cases; 69.69%) than Dirofilaria immitis (10 cases; 30.30%). Apparently healthy asymptomatic ten dogs were kept as control. The haematological findings for different circulating microfilariae in the present study indicated highly significant (p≤0.01) decrease in Hb concentration and increase in lymphocyte percentage in Dirofilaria immitis group. Highly significant (p≤0.01) decrease in platelet count and monocyte percentage and, increase in eosinophil count was observed in both the groups as compared to control. Highly significant (p≤0.01) increase in total protein (TP) and globulin concentration in both the groups was reported as compared to control. Mineral estimation indicated a significant (p≤0.01) decrease in zinc (Zn) and increase in calcium (Ca) concentration in dogs suffering from Dipetalonema reconditum.

Aim: The present investigation was conducted to study the prevalence of microfilaremia in dogs in Gujarat. Materials and Methods: A total of 418 adult dogs aged between 2 and 14 years with signs of weakness and non-specified complaints, presented at TVCC, Deesa (North Gujarat), Nandini Veterinary Hospital, Surat (South Gujarat), and Private Clinics, Ahmedabad (Central Gujarat), were included in the present investigation for studying the prevalence of microfilaremia from July 2016 to May 2017. Results: A total of 418 dogs were screened, of which 33 were found positive for circulating microfilariae with the prevalence rate of 7.89% in the population. Among microfilaremic dogs, the finding of microfilariae of Dipetalonema (Acanthocheilonema) reconditum was more common (23 cases; 69.69%) than Dirofilaria immitis (10 cases; 30.30%) making their prevalence in the population of 418 dogs as 5.50% and 2.39%, respectively. Breed-wise distribution of microfilaremic dogs revealed that 12 (36.36%), 8 (24.24%), 5 (15.15%), 4 (12.12%), 2 (6.06%), 1 (3.03%), and 1 (3.03%) cases were observed in Pomeranian, non-descript, German Shepherd, Labrador, Great Dane, Lhasa Apso, and Pug dogs, respectively. Of 10 cases of D. immitis, 5, 2, 2, and 1 were observed in Pomeranian, Labrador, non-descript, and Great Dane dogs, respectively. Cases of Dipetalonema reconditum were highest in Pomeranian (7), followed by non-descript (6), German Shepherd (5), Labrador (2), Great Dane (1), Lhasa Apso (1), and Pug (1). Age-wise distribution recorded significantly (p≤0.01) higher number of cases in adult dogs (4-14 years) for D. immitis (30.30%) and D. reconditum (39.39%). Sex-wise distribution of microfilaremic dogs showed that male (22/33, 66.66%) was more predisposed to microfilaremia rather than females (11/33, 33.34%). It is apparent from the study that the number of dogs with microfilaremia due to D. reconditum was significantly (p≤0.01) higher than that of D. immitis. Conclusion: The present study revealed that microfilaremia due to D. immitis and D. reconditum is prevalent in the state of Gujarat. The infection with D. immitis was associated with severe lung and cardiac pathological manifestations.

Minerals play very important role in physiology and metabolism of all living organisms. Plasma macro and micro minerals profile of 226 dogs reported to Referral Veterinary Polyclinic (RVP), IVRI, Izatnagar, belonging to different age and being provided with vegetarian homemade diet by their owners was assessed for estimation of macro (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K) and microminerals (Cu , Fe, Zn, Se and Co), and their status analysis. Selected dogs were further subdivided into six (0 - 1 yr, 1 - 2 yr, 2 - 3 yr, 3 - 4 yr, 4 - 5 yr and >5 yr) different age groups. Present study revealed deficiency of plasma macro (Ca, P and Mg) and micro minerals (Cu , Fe, Zn, Se) in the surveyed dogs.

Interaction of any drug with nutritional components is an important clinical phenomenon having significant impact on therapeutic prognosis of diseased animals. Drug-Nutrient Interactions (DNIs) occur either directly between drug and nutrient or indirectly between drug and nutritional status or vice-versa. Antimicrobials being the largest segment of veterinary pharmaceuticals used clinically need special attention in this aspect. Abnormal nutritional status including protein-energy malnutrition and obesity has great impact on drug disposition. Foods may affect the disposition processes of antimicrobial drugs and their negative clinical impact can be minimized by correcting nutritional status, altering time interval between administration of drug and food, or by adjusting dosage regimen. Thus, proper knowledge of such interactions is indispensable to minimize harmful effects like therapeutic failure, emergence of antimicrobial resistance, nutritional adversities and drug-toxicities.

Marine derived micro-organisms secrete precious bioactive molecules in traceable amount as their secondary metabolites. These bio-molecules can be developed into antimicrobial agents, using modern tools of molecular biology and drug discovery. Exhaustion of terrestrial sources and demand of newer class of antibiotics due to ever-increasing resistance level in existing antimicrobial drugs, led a paradigm shift from land to ocean for discoveries of such agents. Marine bacteria, fungi and algae are potential sources of novel antimicrobial drugs. Many such agents are identified worldwide including India. Huge cost of marine bioprospecting and non-culturability of marine microbes are the major hurdles in marine drug development which emphasized need of public-private partnerships and advanced technologies like metagenomic tools, genetic recombinant techniques and chemoenzymatic synthesis.

Hair can be easily collected, stored and have several characteristics suggesting that it may be useful biopsy materials. The mineral contents of the primary hair give an overview of the mineral levels in the body's tissues and the changes that occur over time. In the present study correlation coefficients of three micro minerals viz. (Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn)) in primary hair-plasma of Pomeranian (n=10) and Labrador (n=10) dogs were evaluated. It has been observed that correlation coefficients of Cu and Zn in primary hair-plasma of Pomeranian and Labrador dogs were significant at 5% and 1% level whereas non-significant (p<0.05) in both the breed of dogs for Fe.

The report describes successful therapeutic management of unilateral corneal ulcer with hyphema in three Holstein Friesian crossbred cattle. Clinical recoveries were observed within seven days post treatment.

Telemedicine in recent years has become a dominant issue in the health care community due to the advances in technology that can provide patients with faster, cheaper and easier health care services. Telemedicine is not one specific technology but a means for providing health services at a distance using information and communications technology, medical and computer science. Telemedicine hinges on transfer of text, reports, voice, images and videos between geographically separated locations. Success relates to the efficiency and effectiveness of the transfer of required information. Evidence of technology is advancing in all aspects of our life and veterinary science is no different. Veterinary telemedicine era has also come and delegation of key skills to an emerging and evolving veterinary profession appears essential to the objectives of veterinary telemedicine.

The present report describes Ehrlichia canis infection in six thrombocytopenic dogs and role of Tranexamic acid in controlling bleeding. Dogs with history of epistaxis, dullness, depression, anorexia and high fever were observed with tachycardia, enlarged pre scapular lymph nodes and pale mucus membranes. Diagnosis was confirmed by heamatobiochemistry and microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears. All dogs were successfully treated with Doxycycline, Prednisolone, Tranexamic acid and supportive therapy. Tranexamic acid was found to be effective haemostatic drug in controlling nasal bleeding in canine ehrlichiosis without any adverse effect along with Doxycyline.

A total of four camels aged between seven to eight years were presented to the College Clinics with a history of inappetance and intense itching around neck, inguinal and perineal regions. Based on skin scrapping examination and clinical signs, mange infestation of Sarcoptes scabei was confirmed. Successful therapeutic management was done with the use of doramectin @ 0.2 mg/kg b.wt. s/c along with supportive therapy. Complete recovery and disappearance of mites from skin scrapping was noticed for all four camels after four weeks.