Urease enzyme is crucial to the nitrogen metabolism of plants during seed germination, and it plays a major role in the pathophysiology of gastric and peptic ulcers, since it enables Helicobacter pylori to survive in the low pH of the stomach. Urease-associated pathophysiology in plants and humans highlights the need for effective therapeutic and management strategies to mitigate its impact. Over the past decades, hybrid molecular conjugates of different 1H-1,2,3-triazole pharmacophores have been extensively explored in medicinal chemistry. With this aim, we designed two click-enabled libraries of novel quinoline-piperazine-linked 1H-1,2,3-triazole macromolecular scaffolds (10a-10f) using Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Their structures were elucidated using multiple advanced spectroscopic techniques (1H and 13C NMR and ESI-HRMS). X-ray crystallography unambiguously confirmed the exact structure of compound 6. All the synthetic hybrids were tested for their inhibitory potential against urease. Among all compounds, 7 and 10e exhibited excellent urease inhibition with IC50 values of 19.65 ± 3.21 µM and 21.19 ± 2.90 µM, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking reflects stable binding of most active inhibitors (7 and 10e) within the catalytic site of urease. Overall, the combined in-vitro and in-silico outcomes reflect quinoline-piperazine-linked 1H-1,2,3-triazole macromolecular scaffolds (10a-10f), particularly analogues 7 and 10e, as promising lead molecules for further development for urease-linked diseases.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology have been revolutionizing the lives of people on this earth through technology, healthcare, textiles, robotics, and diagnostics industries. In the current study, novel zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using biosurfactants isolated from bacteria growing in petroleum-contaminated soils (ZnORL nanoparticles). The synthesized ZnORL nanoparticles were characterized through FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. The ZnORL nanoparticles exhibited half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) against DPPH of 60.10 ± 3.90 μg/mL and against ABTS of 17.19 ± 0.74 μg/mL, thus indicating remarkable antioxidant activity against free radicals. In terms of anticancer activity, the synthesized ZnORL nanoparticles exhibited significant effectiveness against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cells, demonstrating inhibition percentages of 88.08 ± 0.62% and 82.96 ± 1.26%, respectively, at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. Importantly, it was observed that the evaluated nanoparticles did not present any cytotoxicity or hemolytic activity when human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and red blood cells were exposed, respectively. Further studies through flow cytometry and confocal microscopy revealed the production of high concentrations of ROS, which altered the cellular machinery of the cancerous cells. Thus, this study establishes that the newly synthesized rhamnolipid-coated ZnO nanoparticles (ZnORL) exhibited remarkable antioxidant and anticancer properties in vitro, suggesting their therapeutic potential for breast cancer.

In this study, we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of triterpenoid metronidazole-linked 1H-1,2,3-triazole conjugates (16-23) as potential targeted therapies. These compounds were screened across a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic profiles of all β-AKBA and β-ABA metronidazole-triazole hybrids were evaluated against normal endothelial cells (HUVEC), cisplatin-sensitive ovarian cancer cells (A2780-S), and cisplatin-resistant cells (A2780-CP). Several derivatives showed enhanced cytotoxicity relative to their parent triterpenoids, with compound 21 exhibiting the most favourable selectivity index (SI ≈ 1.61), demonstrating preferential toxicity toward malignant cells while sparing normal cells. The selective cytotoxicity is controlled by reaching an ideal balance of molecular weight, topological polar surface area, hydrogen-bonding characteristics, and nitrogen-rich substituents, according to structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Computational docking studies further confirmed that compound 21 displays strong complementarity and robust binding affinity toward PARP6, suggesting a possible mechanism of action through PARP6 modulation. The study provides a promising platform for advancing triterpenoid-based targeted therapeutics in ovarian cancer therapy.

The current study explores the fabrication and characterization of gelrite gellan gum biopolymer films loaded with boswellic acid derivative (1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) methyl) carbamoyl) 3 alpha-acetyloxy-11-oxo-urs-12-en-24-oate (SK-C5). The synthesized SK-C5 was successfully integrated into the gelrite gellan gum films using the casting method. The physicochemical structural properties of the produced films were characterized. The obtained values were measured by using One-way ANOVAwas used followed by Fisher's post hoc test at a 5% significance level. The antioxidant activity of the films improved via increasing theABTS radical scavenging activity from 14.46%to 33.50% compared to its control sample. The incorporation of SK-C5 also led to an increase in the thickness and haze value of the film samples and a decrease in the transmittance and swelling index of the film samples. The functional group between the polymer and SK-C5 was observed by using FTIR spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of the films did not change significantly. Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity of the surface was increased. The results indicate that boswellic acid derivatives-loaded biopolymer-based packaging material possess great potential as active food packaging.

ABSTRACT In the current work, a new series of novel Δ 2 ‐pyrazoline‐1 H ‐1,2,3‐triazole derivatives ( 6a‐6j and 7a‐7f ) were synthesized, followed by in situ biological evaluation to assess their antiproliferative and immunomodulatory potential against breast cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7), HUVECs, and PBMCs. The compounds demonstrated antiproliferative effects with IC 50 values ranging from 116.92 to 549.73 µM. Seven compounds ( 6c , 6f , 6h , 6i , 7b , 7e , and 7f ) exhibited promising antiproliferative activities with IC 50 values below 140 µM in both MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 cancer cell lines. Compound 7f demonstrated the highest antiproliferative effect with IC 50 values of 116.92 µM in MDA‐MB‐231 and 124.72 µM in MCF‐7, with an acceptable cytotoxicity profile in normal HUVEC cells (IC 50 = 208.41 µM); thus, immunomodulatory effects of 7f on checkpoint signaling were further evaluated. Compound 7f showed a dose‐dependent increase of TIGIT, PD‐1, and LAG‐3 expression in CD3 + T cells. These changes may enhance responsiveness to checkpoint‐targeted therapies while reflecting complex regulation of T‐cell function. In silico target fishing and molecular docking reflect calpain as a probable target for 7f , while DFT analysis indicates electrophilic and nucleophilic positions within 7f may help its interaction with the target. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation supports strong binding of 7f with binding energy (−22.259 ± 4.71 kcal mol −1 ).

A global growth in the market for plant-based food products has occurred as a direct consequence of the growing demand for low-carbon lifestyles and sustainable strategies for development. The public's interest in plant-based egg analogs (PBEAs) has increased significantly in recent years, specifically as a result of the growing demand for vegetarianism and the health concerns surrounding conventional eggs. To meet the needs of a sustainable and balanced diet, high-quality PBEAs with optimal texture and functional performance are essential. In spite of major efforts, technological and nutritional constraints continue to exist in the process of adjusting the characteristics of plant-based alternatives across a variety of food systems. This review discusses the functional qualities of PBEAs and their significance in food formulation and product development. It is crucial to shed light on the functional qualities that are bestowed upon plant-based eggs as well as the mechanisms involved in the various components of each application system because egg substitute ingredients frequently offer fewer capabilities than hen eggs. Also, explores the plant-based components for egg substitutes, along with useful methods for creating and manufacturing these alternatives for usage in contemporary food items.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with limited targeted therapies, and elevated HDAC activity contributes to tumor progression and drug resistance. In the current study, we designed and synthesised a new series of piperazine-linked 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (6a-6f, 7a-7f, and 8a-8f) and evaluated their antiproliferative activities in human breast cancer cells. All synthesised compounds were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS-ESI + -MS) to confirm their structures. The compound 7e exhibited potent growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC₅₀ of 27.59 μM, while showing low toxicity toward HUVEC cells. Cell-cycle analysis revealed significant accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase. Mechanistically, compound 7e significantly decreased HDAC activity (63% compared to control) at 30 μM, and induced mitochondrial dysfunction as evidenced by a marked loss of ΔΨm. Furthermore, Molecular docking across selected HDAC isoforms indicated that 7e can adopt favorable binding poses within conserved HDAC catalytic pockets; HDAC2 showed the best Glide XP docking score, whereas MM-GBSA refinement predicted a more favorable binding free energy for HDAC4. Collectively, these results identify this piperazine-triazole scaffold as a promising lead for TNBC therapy and support further structural optimization and preclinical investigation.

In the current work, a new series of novel Δ2-pyrazoline-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (6a-6j and 7a-7f) were synthesized, followed by in situ biological evaluation to assess their antiproliferative and immunomodulatory potential against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), HUVECs, and PBMCs. The compounds demonstrated antiproliferative effects with IC50 values ranging from 116.92 to 549.73 µM. Seven compounds (6c, 6f, 6h, 6i, 7b, 7e, and 7f) exhibited promising antiproliferative activities with IC50 values below 140 µM in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Compound 7f demonstrated the highest antiproliferative effect with IC50 values of 116.92 µM in MDA-MB-231 and 124.72 µM in MCF-7, with an acceptable cytotoxicity profile in normal HUVEC cells (IC50 = 208.41 µM); thus, immunomodulatory effects of 7f on checkpoint signaling were further evaluated. Compound 7f showed a dose-dependent increase of TIGIT, PD-1, and LAG-3 expression in CD3+ T cells. These changes may enhance responsiveness to checkpoint-targeted therapies while reflecting complex regulation of T-cell function. In silico target fishing and molecular docking reflect calpain as a probable target for 7f, while DFT analysis indicates electrophilic and nucleophilic positions within 7f may help its interaction with the target. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation supports strong binding of 7f with binding energy (-22.259 ± 4.71 kcal mol-1).

In this study, an effective heterogeneous catalyst based on titanium silicate-1 (TS-1) zeolite and CuClsalt was synthesized and used for click reaction. Initially, TS-1 was functionalized by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), and then in situ guanidinylation was performed on the surface of this zeolite. Subsequently, the copper (I) was coordinated on modified TS-1 zeolite. The prepared catalyst was used to convert phenylacetylene and benzyl azide into the 1-benzyl-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives. The mentioned reaction was optimized in terms of solvent, time, temperature, and catalyst quantity. It was found that 1,2,3-triazoles are formed with 86-99 % yields in water at room temperature, utilizing 3 mg of catalyst. The synthesized catalyst was reused for 5 consecutive cycles without a significant reduction in reaction efficiency, and the catalyst structure remained stable. Some of the advantages of this work include the preparation of products using a slight amount of catalyst with high efficiency, convenient route, green solvent, easy separation of the catalyst, and the possibility of using the catalyst for several times.

In the present study, novel naproxen analogues (NS9-NS12) were synthesized under microwave irradiation and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-ESI–MS advanced spectroscopic techniques. Their analgesic, anti-inflammatory and gastro-protective activities were evaluated in postoperative and chronic inflammatory pain models. Analgesic activity was determined by Eddy Hot plate and Acetic-induced Writhing tests using dose of 30 mg/kg (b.wt), while anti-inflammatory activity was determined by Egg induced method. Additionally, dose 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg (b.wt) were used for post-operative pain and ulcerogenicity was assessed at 100 and 150 mg/kg(b.wt) after finding that all naproxen analogues were safe. Among all analogues, NS12 showed high significant (p < 0.001 increase in paw latency, inhibition in of writhing and significant (p < 0.001) edema reduction in subplantar area after 4 h of egg-induced edema. NS12 also significantly (p < 0.001) reduced postoperative pain and inflammation in both acute and repeated testing studies when compared to other analogues and untreated group. Histological and biochemical characteristics confirmed that naproxen derivatives exhibited minimal ulcerogenicity at 100 and 150 mg/kg (b.wt) in comparison to aspirin and naproxen. Based on these findings, synthesized naproxen analogues, particularly NS12 demonstrated potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties with enhanced gastric safety, indicating their potential as safer therapeutic alternatives to traditional naproxen for the treatment of pathological disorders associated with inflammation and pain.

Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element responsible for maintaining redox balance, immune modulation, and the preservation of cellular homeostasis. In recent years, selenium nanostructures have been widely used in biomedical diagnosis due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, inherent biological function, and excellent biocompatibility. The nanostructure comprises selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), selenium quantum dots (SeQDs), and hybrid selenium nanocomposites. It exhibits properties such as tunable optical, electrical, and catalytic activities, allowing sensitive detection of disease-associated biomolecules. This review summarises the updated progress in the design of selenium nanostructures for diagnostic aims, including the synthesis methods, their surface functionalization and sensing mechanism. A new generation of selenium nanomaterials has been combined with carbon-based materials and polymers to enhance the sensitivity, amplification, and multiplexing of detection. Besides having significant potential in experimental studies, challenges such as large-scale production, batch-to-batch consistency, long-term biocompatibility, and obtaining regulatory approval limit clinical translation. The continued improvements in AI-based data analysis, data interpretation-supported automated systems, microfluidic platforms, and smart biosensor design will drive future research in this field. On the whole, selenium nanostructures are a low-cost and environmentally friendly material that shows potential for application in disease diagnostics and point-of-care implementation toward precision medicine.

The extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers in conventional farming practices has negative effects on both ecosystems and animals. Reduced usage of agrochemicals is essential to fulfil sustainable agriculture's goal of protecting ecosystems. The use of nanotechnology in farming has the potential to increase the efficiency of inputs while simultaneously reducing the adverse effects on agroecosystems through the proper use of nanoparticles (NPs). Because, bioaccumulation of NPs may case negative impact on ecosystem in term of toxicity. In this context, myco-nanotechnology possesses extensive agricultural applications, particularly in the formulation of innovative nano-agrochemicals. It substantially influences sustainable agriculture by enhancing agricultural output and diminishing the reliance on inorganic fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides along with managing plant abiotic and biotic stress and enhancing agricultural performance. The domain of myco-nanotechnology has garnered considerable interest recently owing to the prospective applications of biosynthesized NPs sourced from mushrooms. The utilization of mushroom extracts is considered significant due to their substantial secretion of biomolecules and enzymes, which serve as effective reducing and stabilizing agents for the biogenic creation of diverse NPs via extracellular or intracellular methods. Although there is a wide variety of mushrooms found around the world, very few demonstrate their potential as nano-agroproducts for sustainable agriculture. Simultaneously, there are concerns that excessive NPs absorption may adversely impact human health and the sustainability of future agriculture. This article provides a brief review of the myco-synthesis of NPs and highlights the potential of mushroom-derived NPs for sustainable agriculture as fungi-mediated NPs. Additionally, this review opens up possibilities for the synthesis of a wide range of NPs based on mushrooms in the future and their application to sustainable agriculture.

In this present work, we describe the syntheses of a new series of 32 1H-indole-based-meldrum linked 1H-1,2,3- triazole derivatives (2-13, 15a-15f, 16a- 16f, 17a- 17f and 19a, 19b, 20a ), which constitute a new class of 1H- 1,2,3-triazoles. Compounds 15a-15f, 16a- 16f, 17a- 17f have been prepared by employing "click" reactions between substituted 1H-indole-based meldrum alkynes (11, 12 and 13 ) and substituted aromatic azides ( 14a-14f) in the presence of copper iodide (CuI) and H & uuml;nig's base. Then, the synthesis of compounds 19 , 20 through decomposition of meldrum moiety. The resulting compounds have been screened for their dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibition activity. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13C NMR, 19 F NMR (spectroscopy when applicable), and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopy techniques. The X-ray crystallography studies have unambiguously confirmed the structure of compounds 6 , 11 and 13 . Furthermore, their DHFR-inhibitory activity was evaluated in-vitro. The results obtained from the DHFR-inhibitory assay revealed that all the synthesized 1H-indole-based-meldrum linked 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were highly potent inhibitors, with IC50 values in the range 3.48 +/- 0.16-30.37 +/- 1.20 mu M. Ten compounds ( 15c-15f, 16c-16f, 17e and 17f) among the 32 synthesized 1H-indole-based-meldrum linked 1H-1,2,3-triazole compounds were found to exhibit exceptional inhibitory while the rest of the derivatives showed moderate activities. Additionally, molecular docking analysis of the most active (16f), moderate (15c) and least active (16a) inhibitors reflect excellent binding of 16f with the binding residues of DHFR with higher docking score (-9.13 kcal/mol) than that of 15c and 16a. The docking analysis correlates well with the inhibitory potential of these synthesized molecules. Overall, this study may pave the way to medicinal analogues of 1H-indole-based-meldrum linked 1H-1,2,3-tri- azoles as potent DHFR inhibition activity.

In this current work, we report on the design, synthesis, cytotoxicity of new compounds, molecular docking studies, and in vitro and in silico evaluations of 24 new alicyclic triterpene amide-containing 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (4, 5, 7a-7k and 8a-8k). All new compounds were characterized by 1H-, 13C-, 19F-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic techniques. X-ray crystallography unambiguously confirmed the exact structure of 4. The antibreast cancer activity of all compounds was evaluated against two prominent human breast and one normal cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 352.31 to 61.47 μM (MDA-MB-231), 386.61 to 67.02 μM (MCF-7), and 445.37 to 103.41 μM (HDF), respectively. Eight derivatives (7b-7i) exhibited greater antiproliferative activities than the β-KBA (2) used as a reference compound. Compound 7f demonstrated noteworthy activity even at lower concentrations. In contrast, compounds 8a and 8k demonstrated relatively lower effects, being compared with parent compound 2. Furthermore, compound 7f significantly expanded CD4+ CD8- helper T cell population at both 5 and 10 μM concentrations, increasing the expression of PD-1 and TIGIT immune checkpoints at 5 μM. The binding modes of the most active hits (7b-7i) were deduced by in silico docking using cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) as a prominent target. The molecular docking studies demonstrated appreciable binding interactions and docking scores of compounds at CDK-4 ligand binding site and a significant role for -OH in compound 2 and the amide linker and triazole moiety in the binding of these compounds.

The present research work is employed with the synthesis of 4,4 '-sulfinyldiphenol-linked hydrazones, their in- vitro evaluation as cholinesterase inhibitors, and their molecular docking analysis. A total of 29 new bis(acylhydrazones) scaffolds (4-32) were recently synthesized in moderate to high yields utilizing 4,4-dithiophenol to serve as precursor. All the synthesized compounds were characterized through spectroscopic techniques such as H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and HRMS-ESI+. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were used as biological targets in order to conduct in-vitro anticholinesterase efficacy using these substances. Among all, compounds 11 (IC50 = 66.3 +/- 1.3 mu M) and 13 (IC50 = 62.3 +/- 0.6 mu M) showed the most significant AChE inhibitory potential as compared to the standard inhibitor, galantamine (IC50 = 69.7 +/- 0.18 mu M). While compound 9 showed excellent inhibition of BChE (IC50 = 53.9 +/- 2.6 mu M), and compounds 14, 25 and 32 exhibited the significant dual inhibition of AChE and BChE. The molecular docking of most active compounds (13 for AChE and 14 for BChE) indicates excellent binding potential of those inhibitors with their respective targets. The study reflect that those molecules can be considered as drug-like candidate upon further optimization.

Food adulteration is the deceitful practice of misleading consumers about food to profit from it. The threat to public health and food quality or nutritional valuable make it a major issue. Food origin and adulteration should be considered to safeguard customers against fraud. It has been established that artificial intelligence is a cutting-edge technology in food science and engineering. In this study, it has been explained how AI detects food tampering. Applications of AI such as machine learning tools in food quality have been studied. This review covered several food quality detection web-based information sources. The methods used to detect food adulteration and food quality standards have been highlighted. Various comparisons between state-of-the-art techniques, datasets, and outcomes have been conducted. The outcomes of this investigation will assist researchers choose the best food quality method. It will help them identify of foods that have been explored by researchers and potential research avenues.

Background/Aims: Adipogenesis, a process involving preadipocyte differentiation and lipid droplet accumulation, is linked to obesity. 3-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), a frankincense-derived triterpene, has anti-inflammatory and cancer properties, but its role in regulating adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis remains unclear. Methods: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate into adipocytes using a differentiation cocktail, with or without varying concentrations of AKBA. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, while lipid accumulation was quantified through Oil Red O staining in the differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Apoptosis was determined using the FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) annexin V apoptosis detection kit. Expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bcl2, adipogenic transcription factors, lipid accumulation-related proteins, and autophagy marker proteins were analyzed via Western blotting. Additionally, molecular docking simulations were conducted to investigate the binding affinity and interactions between the bioactive compounds and the targeted proteins. Results: AKBA treatment inhibited adipocyte differentiation by suppressing the protein levels of essential adipogenic markers CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Further, AKBA treatment significantly reduced lipid accumulation and increased apoptosis in 3T3-L1 cells by increasing Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Notably, AKBA treatment profoundly reduced autophagy indicators, including ATG5 and LC3b protein expression in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, concurrent with increased AMPK phosphorylation (P-AMPK). Further, a molecular docking study revealed that AKBA can block PPARγ and ATG5. Conclusion: The results indicate that AKBA exhibits anti-adipogenesis effects by suppressing adipocyte-specific transcription factors C/EBPα and PPARγ, autophagy-related marker ATG5, promoting apoptosis and activating AMPK.

In the present study, we designed and synthesized novel fluoro-substituted urea-linked 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (6a-k and 7a-h). All synthesized compounds were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS-ESI+-MS) to confirm their structures. Additionally, compounds 3b and 4b were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm the structural data obtained from spectral analysis. These compounds were evaluated for their in vitro biological activity, specifically screened against the tyrosinase enzyme. Substituents attached to the phenyl ring of the 1H-1,2,3-triazole core influenced the activity of the basic fluoro-substituted urea-linked 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (6a-k and 7a-h), resulting in modulated potency against the target enzyme. All these new compounds were tested for their in-vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activities, among them compounds 7a, 7b, 7d, 7e, 6f, and 7f exhibited potent inhibition of tyrosinase (IC50 ranges from 8.48 +/- 0.06 to 16.47 +/- 0.89 mu M) in comparison to the standard drug 'kojic acid' (IC50 = 18.30 +/- 0.41 mu M). Compounds 6i, 6k, 4a, 6c, 7c, and 7h also showed good to moderate inhibition of the target enzyme with IC50 values of 16.47 +/- 0.89 to 45.93 +/- 0.01 mu M. The binding pattern of active molecules was predicted through a structure-based in-silico strategy, which reflects an essential role of the urea moiety in binding with Cu+2 ion in the active site of tyrosinase. These active inhibitors displayed excellent binding activity for tyrosinase and good correlation with the in-vitro results. This integrated approach combining chemical synthesis, biological evaluation, and computational analysis has facilitated the discovery of promising drug-like molecules for the treatment of skin disorders.

Schiff bases (SBs) and organophosphonates (OPs) are recognized for their extensive pharmaceutical applications; however, examples of compounds containing both functionalities are rarely reported. This study focuses on synthesizing novel phosphonate Schiff bases (PSBs) by condensing 3-amino benzoic acid with various aldehydes, followed by phosphorylation using triethylphosphite. This synthetic strategy and oxalyl chloride modification of the carboxyl group enabled incorporation of the phosphonate moiety without the need for NH2 blocking agents, under mild, catalyst-free conditions. Twelve PSBs were synthesized and characterized using H-1, C-13 NMR, and HRMS. The compounds exhibited good to excellent yields. Biological evaluations showed significant cytotoxicity and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Specifically, compounds P1, P6, P8, and P9 demonstrated potent inhibition with IC(50 )values of 9.40 f 0.27, 6.88 f 0.15, 5.20 f 0.13, and 10.52 f 0.26 mu M, respectively. These results suggest that PSBs could be promising candidates for treating oncological and diabetic conditions. Advance in vivo studies and clinical trials are required to further establish their pharmacotherapeutic potential.