IntroductionSleep is important for overall functioning; thus, parents should have access to effective sleep intervention for their children's insomnia. Mobile health interventions (mHealth) are increasingly popular partly due to their accessibility. Currently, no evidence-based sleep intervention apps are available for parents and their school-age children. Our research team developed the ABCs of SLEEPING intervention to address this gap.MethodThe current study used a modified version based on feedback from a feasibility study which found reasonable acceptability and promising preliminary effectiveness but lower fidelity than expected (i.e., not daily use). The current study examined preliminary effectiveness using randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology for subjective (sleep habits, insomnia severity, behavioral functioning) and objective sleep variables, and examined recruitment data to inform practices for a future RCT. Participants were 28 parents of typically developing children with parent-reported sleep problems, randomized to a treatment or control group. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).ResultsRecruitment rate was 70%, dropout rate was 30%, and estimated sample size for an RCT was 118. A small effect of the intervention improving sleep habits, daytime functioning, and insomnia severity, and no statistically significant effect for objectively measured sleep were demonstrated.DiscussionThese results can be used to modify the intervention and to prepare for a large-scale effectiveness study. As an accessible mHealth intervention for parents of school-aged children with insomnia, the ABCs of SLEEPING app has the potential to address an existing treatment gap.

Background Spatial neglect is a common attentional condition post-stroke linked to poor rehabilitation outcomes. Prism adaptation, though a promising intervention, is not yet widely used clinically due to various barriers to its implementation, including limited accessibility, the repetitive nature of the therapy, and the need for specialized equipment. This protocol aims to examine the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of an engaging, mobile, computerized prism adaptation procedure (Peg-the-Mole) for treating spatial neglect in stroke inpatient and outpatient community settings. Methods/design The present study uses a longitudinal, double-blind, quasi-randomized, controlled design. Forty-two individuals with right-hemisphere stroke experiencing mild to severe symptoms of neglect will be randomized into two groups: Use of Peg-the-Mole with 15-degree rightward-deviating prism goggles (intervention) or use of Peg-the-Mole with 5-degree rightward-deviating prism goggles (active control). Participants will complete 10 treatment sessions over 2 weeks, engaging with the Peg-the-Mole procedure for 15 minutes daily. Blinded assessments will take place immediately before and after treatment, as well as at one-month follow-up. The primary outcome measure will be the Star Cancellation conventional subtest of the Behavioural Inattention Test. Secondary outcomes will include additional conventional and behavioural subtests of the Behavioural Inattention Test, one subtest of the Eschenbeck Standardized Activities of Daily Living battery, the caregiver- and self-reported forms of the Halifax Neglect Impact Scale, data measuring feasibility and acceptability, prism adaptation after-effects, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Fatigue Severity Scale. Discussion The Peg-the-Mole procedure has the potential to improve patient recovery and quality of life after stroke due to its gamified, portable features that promote treatment accessibility and adherence. Results from this study will help determine if the treatment can be implemented successfully in inpatient and community settings to improve neglect symptoms and daily living. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier: NCT05595668 ; registered October 27, 2022.

Physicians and other healthcare professionals experience a high risk of burnout, especially during infectious disease epidemics. A longitudinal survey of physicians in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted to assess various risk factors for burnout in the context of a pandemic. We draw from the multi-level model of clinician burnout. This paper focuses on the association between personal coping practices (sleep, mindfulness, gratitude) and burnout indices, as well as the contribution of between-person and within-person effects of personal practices on reducing burnout. Participants were physicians practicing in Canada with a full, provisional, or post-graduate in-training license. The survey was distributed beginning on May 13, 2020, and data was collected monthly for 5 months. Measured personal coping practices included average hours of sleep and days practicing gratitude or mindfulness during the preceding week. Study hypotheses were tested using three multilevel multiple-regression models. One extra hour of sleep was associated with a 0.19 to 0.40 unit (between-subjects) decrease in exhaustion on a five-point scale. Hours of sleep was a consistent predictor of cynicism at the between-subjects (95

We predicted that low statistics grades, anxiety sensitivity, and trait perfectionism would be associated with increased statistics anxiety and worsened statistics attitudes. We also expected a grades by personality interaction, consistent with the vulnerability-stress model. Participants included 423 students currently taking a statistics class. We used a two-wave longitudinal design using self-reported online surveys at the beginning of term and after final grades were released. Grades were self-reported letter grades in statistics classes. Grades predicted increased statistics anxiety and worsened attitudes. Anxiety sensitivity predicted increased statistics anxiety. Self-critical perfectionism positively predicted statistics anxiety, but not attitudes. Rigid perfectionism was not significantly associated with either outcome. No interaction effects were statistically significant, failing to support the vulnerability-stress model.

Introduction: Self-critical perfectionism and stress have been implicated as risk factors for maladaptive academic outcomes (i.e., decreased academic self-efficacy, decreased academic self-concept, and increased academic burnout). The present study investigated a vulnerability-stress model, testing whether self-critical perfectionism moderates the relationship between stressor severity (academic and interpersonal) and academic outcomes. Exploratory analyses replaced self-critical perfectionism with rigid perfectionism in the model. Method: A sample of 384 post-secondary students (76.8% women, average age: 20.06) completed a cross-sectional survey involving questionnaires assessing the constructs of interest. Results: Stressor severity (both academic and interpersonal) was negatively associated with academic self-efficacy and academic self-concept, and positively associated with academic burnout, when controlling for perfectionism. Self-critical perfectionism was positively associated with academic burnout, and rigid perfectionism was positively associated with academic self-concept, when controlling for stressor severity. None of the interaction effects were statistically significant, failing to support a vulnerability-stress model. Discussion: Findings suggest that stressor severity (both academic and interpersonal) and self-critical perfectionism are strongly associated with maladaptive academic outcomes and may serve as risk factors for poor academic functioning. The lack of interaction effects suggests a vulnerability-stress model may not explain why perfectionism is associated with maladaptive academic outcomes.

IntroductionThe link between parent-child separation through child welfare systems and negative health and social outcomes is well documented. In contrast, despite the over-representation of Indigenous children and youth in child welfare systems, the relationship between child welfare system involvement and health and social outcomes among Indigenous populations has not been systematically reviewed. Our objective is to assess whether Indigenous People who have been exposed to a child welfare system personally or intergenerationally (ie, parents and/or grandparents) within Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA (CANZUS countries) and the circumpolar region are at an increased risk for negative health and social outcomes compared with other exposed and non-exposed groups.Methods and analysisWe will undertake a comprehensive exploration of literature documenting health and social outcomes for Indigenous individuals with personal or intergenerational exposure to a child welfare system. The search will encompass nine databases, including Ovid MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Bibliography of Native North Americans, CINAHL, EMBASE, Public Affairs Index, Scopus, Social Work Abstracts and Sociological Abstracts. Additionally, reference lists of included studies will be examined. The literature search will include studies up to 4 October 2024 and will adhere to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Findings will be presented in summary tables through narrative synthesis, and if feasible, a meta-analysis will quantify the impact of child welfare exposure on health and social outcomes.Ethics and disseminationThe results of this systematic review will synthesise current evidence regarding health and social outcomes related to personal and intergenerational child welfare exposure among Indigenous populations in CANZUS countries and circumpolar regions. This information could help support future policy and practice decision-making. Findings will be widely disseminated through peer-review publications and community presentations aimed at various interested parties, including policymakers, professional practitioners and clinicians, and service users (ie, clients, family members, caregivers).PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023434543

PURPOSE:The healthy immigrant effect (HIE) is a phenomenon observed in developed countries in which recent immigrants report better health compared to the majority population. The purpose of the present study was to examine the HIE by comparing two measures of alcohol use over time across three adolescent groups of differing immigration statuses. METHODS:We examined the HIE by comparing alcohol use quantity and drinking onset longitudinally from grades 7-11 across 1.5, 2nd, and 3+ immigrant generation status youth (N = 2621-3353). Overall, 38.10 % participants completed 5 waves, 30.08 % completed 4 waves, 12.86 % completed 3 waves, 9.13 % completed 2 waves, and 9.27 % completed one wave. RESULTS:Significant differences were found between immigration generation statuses consistent with the HIE: individuals of 1.5 immigrant generation status reported lower drinking quantity and later onset drinking compared to individuals of 2nd and 3+ immigrant generation status. Additional analyses revealed socioeconomic status (SES) and alcohol norms to be predictors of alcohol use. Differences in immigrant youth alcohol use quantity (but not onset) may be partially explained by group differences in SES and alcohol norms. CONCLUSION:Results suggest recent immigration status is protective against alcohol use in youth. Future research should examine moderators to the HIE including country-of-origin.

: The 7-item Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (NGS-7) and 11-item Narcissistic Vulnerability Scale (NVS-11) are two efficient and flexible measures of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, respectively. Both scales demonstrate evidence of convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity, but their factor structure and gender/sex-based measurement invariance have received less attention. Their relationships with the HEXACO (Honesty-humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness) have also rarely been examined. Using a large sample of Canadian adults (N = 1,725), we evaluated the convergent validity, factor structure, and gender/sex-based measurement invariance of the NGS-7 and NVS-11. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a one-factor model was a poor fit for both the NGS-7 and NVS-11. Modifications did not substantially improve fit for the NVS-11. However, including one correlated error term between "Authoritative" and "Dominant" led to much greater fit, and the NGS-7 demonstrated configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance between men and women. The NGS-7 was strongly associated with honesty-humility and extraversion, and its strongest facet-level correlates were modesty (honesty-humility) and social boldness (extraversion). In summary, the revised NGS-7 demonstrated evidence of unidimensionality, gender/sex-based invariance, and convergent validity. The unidimensionality of the NVS-11 was not supported, and the scale may need to be revised.

Network models of psychopathology can identify specific items/symptoms that explain the connections among broader constructs such as depression, anxiety, and perfectionism. In two studies, we examine the dynamic interplay between depression, anxiety, and perfectionism symptoms among undergraduates using structural equation modeling (SEM) and network analysis. Participants in two independent samples (N = 774 and N = 759) completed online, cross-sectional questionnaires including measures of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and perfectionism (i.e., concerns over mistakes, doubts about actions, and personal standards). When analyzing data in the traditional fashion using SEM as a point of comparison, results from both samples were consistent with the existing literature. After controlling for all other perfectionism variables in the model, concerns over mistakes and doubts about actions were positively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms (βs from .21 to .46), while personal standards showed negative associations with depressive symptoms (β = -.20 both samples) and non-significant associations with anxiety symptoms (βs from -.09. to -.03). Nonetheless, model fit for the confirmatory factor model was below ideal cutoffs in the second sample, suggesting other structures (e.g., a network model) might better represent the data. Network analyses revealed associations between constructs at the item level across both samples. Four key symptoms emerged as central nodes linking depression, anxiety, and perfectionism: difficulty taking initiative to do activities, feeling worthless, feeling close to panic, and doubts about simple everyday activities. This study underscores the importance of investigating item-level associations for a nuanced interpretation of these constructs.

Objective Youth with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) experience elevated rates of internalizing symptoms, although more research is required to understand this phenomenon. Perfectionism, a multidimensional personality trait that involves dimensions such as striving for flawlessness (self-oriented perfectionism) and feeling that others demand perfection (socially-prescribed perfectionism), is a well-known risk factor for internalizing symptoms that has received minimal attention in pediatric populations. Preregistered hypotheses explored the relationships between youth and parent perfectionism and symptoms of depression and anxiety in youth with JIA, as mediated by (a) youth/parent negative self-evaluations and (b) youth self-concealment.Methods One hundred fifty-six dyads comprised of youth (13-18 years) with JIA and a caregiver completed online questionnaires about trait perfectionism, negative self-evaluations (i.e., pain catastrophizing and fear of pain), self-concealment, and internalizing symptoms.Results Positive relationships were observed between parent/youth self-oriented perfectionism and negative self-evaluations, youth self-oriented perfectionism and internalizing symptoms, and youth negative self-evaluations and internalizing symptoms. Parent self-oriented perfectionism was negatively related to youth depression symptoms. Indirect effects were observed for youth self-oriented perfectionism predicting anxiety and depression symptoms through pain catastrophizing (a1b1 = 0.13 and 0.12, 95% CI [.03, .24 and .03, .22], respectively). Exploratory mediations suggested youth socially-prescribed perfectionism might predict internalizing symptoms directly and indirectly through self-concealment.Conclusion Youth and parent perfectionism are implicated in the internalizing symptoms of youth with JIA and may manifest through youth negative self-evaluations (e.g., catastrophic thoughts) and self-concealment. While future research is needed, screening for perfectionistic tendencies in this population may help guide assessment, prevention, and treatment efforts.

One effective route to increasing well-being is through the pursuit of activities which suit a person’s personality strengths (i.e., person-activity fit). People who strive for achievement tend to organize their behaviors in ways that promote goal attainment and well-being. We tested the hypothesized process that achievement striving would lead to increased well-being over time through feelings of competence and flow. A secondary aim was to describe the types of personally valued activities and whether activity type facilitates competence and flow. Undergraduate students (N = 346 at Time 1; N = 244 at Time 2) completed an online survey measuring personality, personally expressive activities, basic psychological need satisfaction, flow, and well-being at two timepoints 4 months apart. Two coders thematically coded activities into seven types (e.g., reading and writing, hobbies). We used cross-sectional and longitudinal serial mediation models to test our hypothesis with eudaimonic (life worth) and hedonic (life satisfaction) well-being, controlling for sample characteristics (recruitment source and term). Achievement striving was positively correlated to competence and well-being, but the indirect effects did not show that well-being is boosted by feeling competent and in flow during in personally expressive activities, cross-sectionally or longitudinally. Perceived competence was comparable across activity types, although flow was highest in reading and writing activities. While achievement strivers tended to feel happy and competent at personally expressive activities, the mechanistic pathway to well-being is not yet clear. Future studies might recruit larger sample sizes and utilize smaller time lags (e.g., ecological momentary assessment).

Friendships are important for the mental well-being of emerging adults. Socially prescribed perfectionism, where individuals feel pressured to be perfect by others, can be destructive, leading to conflict with others, depressive symptoms, and problematic drinking. However, its impact on friendships is not well-explored. This study examined 174 emerging adult friendship dyads using a 4-wave, 4-month dyadic design. Data were analyzed using longitudinal actor–partner interdependence models. Using a novel friend-specific measure of socially prescribed perfectionism, we found that an individual’s perceived expectation to be perfect from a friend was positively associated with increased conflict between friends, as well as with higher levels of depressive symptoms and problematic drinking in the individual. Findings lend credence to longstanding theoretical accounts and case histories suggesting socially prescribed perfectionism leads to harmful individual and relational outcomes and extends them to the specific context of friendships.

ObjectiveAlthough juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is often associated with pain, this experience does not necessitate negative outcomes (eg, depression, functional impairment). Little research has explored youth and parent resilience resources (ie, stable traits) and mechanisms (ie, dynamic processes) in this context, and studies have focused on their contributions independently rather than collectively. This study, informed by the Ecological Resilience-Risk Model in Pediatric Chronic Pain, sought to (1) explore the relationships among youth and parent resilience resources and mechanisms and (2) identify the relative importance (RI; ie, independent contributions when entered simultaneously) of evidence-based youth and parent resources and mechanisms in contributing to youth-reported recovery, sustainability, and growth outcomes.MethodsYouth (13-18 years) with JIA and their parents (156 dyads) completed a battery of online questionnaires assessing resilience resources (optimism, resilience), mechanisms (psychological flexibility, pain acceptance, self-efficacy), recovery and sustainability (pain intensity, functional disability, health-related quality of life), and growth (benefit finding) outcomes.ResultsAnalyses demonstrated significant positive correlations across within-person resources and mechanisms and weaker correlations across within-dyad resources and mechanisms. Although the RI of predictors varied by outcome, youth pain acceptance was the most robust predictor across models (RI = 0.03-0.15). Some predictors (eg, parent psychological flexibility and pain acceptance) were generally categorized as "Not Important," whereas others (eg, youth resilience) had "Inconclusive" results, suggesting construct overlap.ConclusionAlthough additional research is needed to further understand resilience, results highlight the importance of fostering pain acceptance in youth and incorporating parents in psychosocial interventions to optimize living with JIA.

The 7-item Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (NGS-7) and 11-item Narcissistic Vulnerability Scale (NVS-11) are two efficient and flexible measures of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Both scales demonstrate evidence of convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity, but their factor structure and gender/sex-based measurement invariance have received less attention. In addition, their relationships with the HEXACO (Honesty-humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness) have rarely been examined. Using a large sample of Canadian adults (N = 1712) we evaluated the convergent validity, factor structure, and gender/sex-based measurement invariance of the NGS-7 and NVS-11. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a one-factor model was a poor fit for both the NGS-7 and NVS-11. Modifications did not substantially improve fit for the NVS-11. However, removing one NGS-7 item (“authoritative”) led to much greater fit, and the revised 6-item NGS-6R demonstrated configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance between men/non-binary and women. The NGS-6R was strongly associated with honesty-humility (r = -.42) and extraversion (r = .28), and uniquely associated with the facet of modesty. In summary, the unidimensionality of the NGS-7 and NVS-11 were not supported. However, the revised NGS-6R demonstrated evidence of unidimensionality, gender/sex-based invariance, and convergent validity. The NVS-11 may require revision, but the NGS-6R appears to be a robust measure of narcissistic grandiosity.

Abstract This chapter presents a scoping review of the evidence on how generativity is expressed within romantic relationships and how expressing generativity may enhance or transform romantic relationships. Both quantitative and qualitative research were reviewed. Of the twenty-three papers reviewed, four thematic groups emerged: (1) marital status and generativity; (2) romantic relationship quality and generativity; (3) generative partnerships, where generativity is conceptualized as a mutual, dyadic activity; and (4) queer generativity, where the emphasis is on how generativity is expressed in LGBTQ+ populations. Considerable research remains to be done on the topic of generativity and romantic relationships, and an increased focus on quantitative research using romantic dyads is a particularly fertile ground for future studies.

Introduction: Hypothetical moral dilemmas require individuals to decide between the lives of five vs. one person(s). We replicated the influence of physical contact, personal force, and spatial proximity on moral decision-making in experiments 1a and 1b of Greene et al. (2009).Method: Participants (N = 268) completed the footbridge and speedboat dilemma of their condition (physical contact and personal force; personal force only; no physical contact nor personal force) by reporting a moral acceptability rating (1-9).Results: Personal force was associated with decreased ratings of moral acceptability and permissibility, partially replicating experiments 1a and 1b of Greene et al. (2009).Discussion: Results suggest that personal force influences people to respond with a deontological response, rather than a consequentialist response.

Many positive psychology interventions aim to improve happiness through engagement in simple and intentional everyday activities that offer intrinsic rewards. Personal projects are personally relevant goal-directed activities that take place over an extended period of time, and are a way to study the intentional pursuit of happiness. This exploratory study identifies the types of projects that people engage in and which project dimensions predict hedonic well-being (enjoyment). Students (N = 327) and community participants completed the Personal Project Analysis in a cross-sectional survey. Two coders thematically coded projects into seven types. We used linear mixed models to identify which project types and dimensions uniquely predict enjoyment. People engaged in various types of activities (7 project types) which were enjoyed to different extents (relationship projects were most enjoyable while household maintenance were least enjoyable) and tend to experience greater enjoyment when projects encourage autonomy, control, likelihood of success, progress, absorption, low difficulty, and low challenge. Knowledge on which activity characteristics are linked to well-being can inform tailored positive psychology programming. Overall, people tend to find activities which are relatively easy and where they make a lot of progress more enjoyable, indicating simple daily activities are one way to intentionally prioritize daily well-being.

Introduction: Self-critical perfectionism and stress have been implicated as risk factors for maladaptive academic outcomes (i.e., decreased academic self-efficacy, decreased academic self-concept, and increased academic burnout). The present study investigated a vulnerability-stress model, testing whether perfectionism (self-critical and rigid) moderates the relationship between stressor severity (academic and interpersonal) and academic outcomes. Method: A sample of 384 post-secondary students (76.8% women, average age: 20.06) completed a cross-sectional survey involving questionnaires assessing the constructs of interest. Results: Stressor severity (both academic and interpersonal) predicted decreased academic self-efficacy and academic self-concept, as well as increased academic burnout, when controlling for perfectionism. Self-critical perfectionism predicted decreased academic self-efficacy and increased academic burnout, when controlling for stressor severity. Main effects of rigid perfectionism generally predicted increased academic self-efficacy and increased academic self-concept when controlling for stressor severity. None of the proposed interaction effects were statistically significant, failing to support a vulnerability-stress model. Discussion: Findings suggest that stressor severity (both academic and interpersonal) and self-critical perfectionism are strong predictors of maladaptive academic outcomes and may serve as risk factors for poor academic functioning. The lack of an interaction effect suggests that a vulnerability-stress model may not explain why perfectionism leads to maladaptive academic outcomes.

Introduction: In this study we investigated the stress generation hypothesis in romantic relationships, testing how individuals’ depressive symptoms can lead to interpersonal stress that worsens their depressive symptoms. Interpersonal stress was operationalized as conflict enactment (critical, hostile, and rejecting behaviors toward one's romantic partner) and breakup rumination (persistent and intense thoughts of ending the relationship). Methods: Participants included 226 heterosexual adult romantic couples, with a mean age of 21.48 years for women and 22.35 years for men. A short-term longitudinal design was employed, involving three waves of data collection, including a daily diary portion. Depressive symptoms were measured in the lab at the beginning of the study (Wave 1) and again one month later (Wave 3). Following Wave 1, conflict enactment and breakup rumination were measured online over a 14-day period (Wave 2) through daily diary entries, which were then averaged across the 14 days into a single score for each construct. Results: Using actor-partner interdependence mediation modelling, we found women's and men's depressive symptoms at Wave 1 positively predicted their own conflict enactment and breakup rumination at Wave 2, as well as their own depressive symptoms at Wave 3 (actor effects). Women's depressive symptoms at Wave 1 positively predicted men's conflict enactment at Wave 2 (partner effect). Additionally, women's conflict enactment at Wave 2 positively predicted their own depressive symptoms at Wave 3 (actor effect) and mediated the increase in their own depressive symptoms from Wave 1 to 3 (indirect effect). Discussion: Findings illustrate how depressive symptoms are embedded in an interpersonal context and exacerbated by conflictual behaviors within romantic relationships over a period of one month.