Background: Ethanol intake can cause oxidative stress, tissue inflammation, and renal damage by producing free radicals. Flavonoids are phenolic chemicals found in a range of fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine. More significantly, many flavonoids are active constituents in traditional Chinese herbal medicines, which have no adverse effects in general. However, there is a paucity of research on the therapeutic effectiveness of Citrullus lanatus seed flavonoids against renal damage. Method: The rats were split into six groups: normal, ethanol (10 ml/kg of 50% ethanol), flavonoids (100 mg/kg/day), ethanol plus low and high flavonoid dosages (ET + 100 and 200 mg/kg FCL), and ethanol plus Silymarin (ET + 100 mg/kg SLY). The levels of serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, and nitrite oxide (NO) were measured, as were oxidative stress markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory markers such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Then, the kidney organ was harvested for histological study. Results: Citrullus lanatus seed flavonoids (FCL) substantially (p < 0.05) reduced ethanol-induced increases in creatinine, urea, and uric acid. When rats administered FCL were compared to untreated ethanol rats, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in CAT, SOD, and GPx levels, as well as decreased MDA. FCL significantly reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels in ethanol-treated rats. A histological examination significantly corroborated the biochemical assay result. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that the flavonoid-rich fraction of Citrullus lanatus seed has therapeutic potential against ethanol-induced kidney injury by lowering the rise in renal function, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress. As a result, FCL may work as a plant-based natural therapy to minimise kidney damage. As a result, in the preclinical context, FCL has the potential to minimise organ toxicity for oral therapeutic purposes.

Ethanol consumption can generate free radicals and cause oxidative stress, tissue inflammation, and kidney impairment. It has long been known that saponins from natural sources have numerous therapeutic benefits in African herbal and traditional medicine. However, the study aimed to the study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of saponin-rich extract of Citrullus lanatus seed against ethanol-induced kidney injury. Rats were divided into six groups: a normal control, an ethanol control (10 ml/kg of 50

BACKGROUND: The liver is a vital organ responsible for regulating the normal glucose homeostasis in the body system, and hepatic glucose metabolic dysregulation is one of the most critical elements in the pathogenesis of DM. METHOD: Twenty-five healthy rats aged seven weeks were divided into the following main groups; non-diabetic, diabetic untreated, diabetic treated with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of MC fruit, and diabetic treated with Metformin (500 mg/kg). Different models of in vitro antioxidant assays of MC fruit were also determined. RESULTS: The results showed that MC fruit has high antioxidant potential against DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, good reducing ferric power, significant Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant activities. The FBG levels decreased significantly in MC fruit treatment groups compared to diabetes control (DC) rats. The histology of the hepatic tissue of the diabetic untreated rats revealed a marked depletion in glycogen granules and hepatic DNA. These negative features were ameliorated in the MC fruit treated rats, as consistent glycogen granule storage and improved hepatic DNA presence were observed in the MC fruit treated rats. CONCLUSION: MC fruit reduces blood glucose levels in a diabetic rat model, and it also preserves the hepatic DNA and glycogen granules. MC fruit has a significant in vitro antioxidant activity.

ABSTRACT Background: Complications of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) include hypertension, oxidative stress, liver disease, and kidney disease. These complications are the main cause of death and disability in diabetic patients. Objective: The study investigated the effect of residual aqueous fraction of Ethulia conyzoides L. extract on liver and kidney function as well as the histology of liver, kidney, and pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetic rats. Methodology: Thirty-six rats were divided into six groups (n=6). Group I (non-diabetic rats) and II (diabetic control) were given feed and water only. Groups III-V were treated with 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400mg/kg Ethulia conyzoides L. while group VI received 100mg/kg metformin for 28 days. The liver and kidney function were evaluated while the liver, pancreas, and kidney were processed for light microscopy. Results: A significant reduction (P<0.05) in total protein and albumin levels were observed in diabetic control rats when compared with diabetic rats treated with 400mg/kg Ethulia conyzoides L. A significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein was observed in diabetic control rats when compared with diabetic rats treated with Ethulia conyzoides L. The liver and kidney of diabetic rats treated with Ethulia conyzoides L. showed normal hepatocytes/central vein and glomerulus respectively. The pancreatic islet of diabetic control rats treated with Ethulia conyzoides L. showed near-normal positive staining of insulin/β-cell by insulin antibody. Conclusion: Ethulia conyzoides L. prevented liver and kidney damage in Type 2 diabetic rats by improving liver and kidney functions and maintaining the normal pool of pancreatic β-cells.

Mercury chloride (HgCl2) is a neurotoxicant that remains a health hazard despite numerous efforts to reduce its levels in the environment. The use of medicinal plants in treating various diseases and other toxic agents has grown popular owing to their effectiveness and affordable rates. Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) is a plant with astringent and detoxifying characteristics and is widely used worldwide for its medicinal and antioxidant benefits. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of A. paniculata aqueous extract against HgCl2-induced memory impairment, oxidative stress, and brain damage. Twenty-five adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, HgCl2 0.5 mg/kg, HgCl2+AP 250 mg/kg, HgCl2+AP 500 mg/kg, or HgCl2+Ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg. For 28 days, administrations were given through oral gavage once a day. HgCl2 injection resulted in memory impairment, increased glutamate concentrations in the brain, and the production of oxidative stress. Memory impairment was prevented in A. paniculata-treated groups by balancing the levels of AChE and dopamine activities, which then lowered glutamate concentration, avoided oxidative stress, and improved histopathological alterations in the brain. A. paniculata alleviated HgCl2-induced memory impairment in Wistar rats by increasing the memory index, regulating neurotransmitter levels, and reducing oxidative stress.

Background Adansonia digitata (L) fruit has a multi-purpose function one among many, is the antioxidant activities of the fruit by preventing oxidative stress. The effect of Adansonia digitata (L) fruit on lead-induced liver and kidney damage is not clear. Hence, the study was aimed to assessed the protective role of Adansonia digitata (L) fruits against lead acetate induced changes in the liver and kidney function test parameters and the histology of both organ in experimental rats. The rats were divided into five groups with five rats each. All the rats were administered with respective assigned treatment once daily for 6 weeks. Rats in groups I were administered with just distil water (2 ml/kg). Rats in groups II were administered with lead acetate (30 mg/kg) while rats in groups III–V were administered Adansonia digitatata (L) fruit extract (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and Succimer (5 mg/kg) respectively, then additionally challenged with lead acetate (30 mg/kg) immediately after. At the end of the administration, the blood serum from the experimental rats were used for biochemical analysis. Then, the the organs such as the liver and kidney collected for histological study. Results Rats administered with Lead acetate showed an increase in AST, ALP and ALT as well as increase in urea and creatinine level ( p < 0.001), when compared with the control group (group I), where as Adansonia digitatata (L) fruit prevented the effect (upsurge of serum, Urea, Creatinine, AST, ALP and ALT) of lead acetate. Rats administer with only Lead acetate revealed marked liver steatosis and the degeneration of the kidney glomerulus. The Adansonia digitatata (L) fruit extract and Succimer prevented the histological liver steatosis, as well as the degeneration of the glomerulus of the kidney cytoarchitecture. Conclusion The findings in this study suggest that Adansonia digitata fruits extract has a protective potentials against lead acetate induced liver and kidney toxicity by preventing the upsurge of liver function enzymes and kidney function parameters. Hence, Adansonia digitata fruits can serve as a natural plant agent that can prevent hepato-renal toxicity. Therefore, Adansonia digitata holds future prospects in preclinical framework to ameliorate organs toxicity for oral therapeutic applications.