The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated anti-Asian racism, which was associated with adverse mental health outcomes among Asian Americans that disrupted parenting and parent-child relationships. While both acculturation to the mainstream culture and enculturation within one's heritage cultures can foster resilience for Asian American parents facing discrimination, limited research investigates how parents' cultural orientation influences the relationship between pandemic-related discrimination experiences and children's internalizing and externalizing problems over time. This study assessed the pandemic-related discrimination of 271 Asian American parents (M-age = 41.18, range = 25-74 years; 80.8% mothers) and its associations with children's internalizing and externalizing problems 6 months later, examining parental cultural orientation (i.e., acculturation, enculturation) as a moderator. Results showed that parents' pandemic-related discrimination at baseline significantly predicted the child's internalizing (beta = .17, p < .05) and externalizing problems at 6 months follow-up (beta = .21, p < .001). Two significant interactions emerged: High levels of pandemic-related discrimination at baseline and high levels of acculturation were associated with more child internalizing problems at 6 months (+1 SD: beta = .29, p < .05), and pandemic-related discrimination at baseline on child externalizing problems at 6 months at low (-1 SD: beta = .09, p < .05) and high (+1 SD: beta = .32, p < .01) levels of the parent's acculturation. No significant interactions emerged for parents' enculturation. Findings highlight how sociocultural contexts uniquely shaped these families' dynamics, underscoring the need for culturally informed clinical interventions addressing anti-Asian racism's manifestations across systemic, individual, and interpersonal levels.

Despite significant growth in social science research examining sexual and gender minority experiences, research focusing specifically on East and Southeast Asian American sexual and gender minorities remains limited. This content analysis examines peer-reviewed articles published that focused solely on this population through 2024 (N = 39) to take stock of the field and identify strengths and areas for future study. Findings revealed that most studies employed qualitative methodologies, were cross-sectional, and included limited theoretical grounding. Additional findings include high use of aggregated data for ethnicity, minimal reporting of socioeconomic status, and underrepresentation of certain ethnic subgroups and gender identities. Three key study foci emerged: health; experiences with dual identity, mental health, and community belonging, and close relationships. Future research directions are discussed. What is the public significance of this article? This study reveals a critical gap in psychological research, finding 39 studies focused specifically on Asian American sexual and gender minorities despite this population facing unique challenges from both racial and sexual/gender minority discrimination. These findings highlight the urgent need for more culturally responsive research and mental health services that address the intersectional experiences of Asian American sexual and gender minorities communities, who remain largely invisible in both mainstream psychology and single-identity focused studies.

Parental mental health plays a pivotal role in child development. However, little is known about how parental psychological distress affects child outcomes in Asian American families over time, particularly via the mediation of the parent-child relationship. This study drew on data from a 1-year longitudinal survey of Asian American families. Participants were 241 Asian American parents (79.67% female; Mage = 41.60, SD = 6.84). Among the parents, 26.56% had a child aged 2 to 5 years, 39.83% had a child aged 6 to 10 years, and 33.61% had a child aged 11 to 19 years. Parents reported their psychological distress at baseline (T1), parent-child relationship dysfunction at the 6-month follow-up (T2), and child internalizing and externalizing problems at the 1-year follow-up (T3). Multigroup analysis showed that parental psychological distress at T1 was positively related to parent-child relationship dysfunction at T2 and child internalizing problems at T3, but not to externalizing problems at T3, across all age groups of children. In addition, parent-child relationship dysfunction at T2 mediated the relationship between parental psychological distress at T1 and internalizing and externalizing problems at T3 across all age groups of children. That is, parents with higher psychological distress at T1 reported greater parent-child relationship dysfunction at T2, which, in turn, predicted more severe child internalizing and externalizing problems at T3. These findings have significant implications for the development of culturally responsive interventions to support Asian American children and their families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

ABSTRACTRacial-ethnic socialization (RES) is a critical parenting practice among Asian American parents, yet little is known about its impact on parental mental health. Drawing on Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) transactional model of stress and coping, this longitudinal study examined trajectories of three RES domains (awareness of discrimination, avoidance of outgroups, minimization of race) and their associations with depressive symptoms among 209 Asian American parents (mean age 41.68; 79.43% female) over 12 months. Using growth mixture modeling, three distinct trajectory classes emerged for each domain: Moderate-Stable (35% for awareness of discrimination; 17% for avoidance of outgroups; 15% for minimization of race), High-Increasing (12% for awareness of discrimination; 8% for avoidance of outgroups; 13% for minimization of race), and Low-Decreasing (53% for awareness of discrimination; 76% for avoidance of outgroups; 72% for minimization of race). For awareness of discrimination, parents in the Moderate-Stable class showed significantly higher depressive symptoms levels compared to the High-Increasing and Low-Decreasing classes. For avoidance of outgroups, High-Increasing class parents reported higher depressive symptoms levels than the Moderate-Stable class, while the Low-Decreasing class demonstrated the highest depressive symptoms levels overall. For minimization of race, parents in the High-Increasing class exhibited significantly higher depressive symptoms levels compared to other classes. Results highlight the psychological challenges of engaging in RES and suggest the need for culturally competent mental health services supporting Asian American parents in these conversations.

This study examined the moderating effect of Asian American (AA) parents’ experiences of racial discrimination on the relationship between parents’ cultural orientation (e.g., acculturation, enculturation) and domains of racial-ethnic socialization (RES). The sample included 159 AA parents ( M age = 40.97, range = 25–53 years). Significant interactions were found between cultural orientations and racial discrimination, predicting awareness of discrimination messages–parents less acculturated to the mainstream American culture showed stronger relationships between racial discrimination and teaching about discrimination (-1 SD: β = 0.81, p < .001). Similarly, parents more connected to their heritage culture demonstrated stronger associations between experiences of racial discrimination and messages about awareness of discrimination (+1 SD: β = 0.87, p < .001). Cultural orientation influenced all domains of racial-ethnic socialization except messages of minimization of race, while racial discrimination specifically influenced messages about discrimination awareness and outgroup avoidance. These findings suggest cultural orientation and discrimination experiences distinctly shape AA parents’ RES approaches.

Purpose The association between social integration and mortality in older adults from historically excluded groups may not align with the patterns observed in predominately white samples. We modeled latent groups of social integration and their association with 10-year all-cause mortality in a cohort of older adults from historically excluded racial/ethnic groups. Methods In a sub-sample of a national cohort study of older adults, we used latent class analysis to model social integration using ten item indicators spanning couple status, network characteristics, and neighborhood and community connections. Using a 3-step process, we estimated the relative odds (OR) of mortality over 10 years given membership in each latent class. Results Among 873 historically excluded racial/ethnic older adults, a four-class solution was optimal given model fit indices, reduced entropy, interpretability, class sizes below 5 % of the sample, and model parsimony. We named these classes "One Family Connection", "Small, Interconnected Family", "Large, Interconnected Family", and "Large, Balanced, Friends and Family". Contrary to our hypothesis, there were no differences in the odds of mortality across latent classes. Conclusion Older adults from historically excluded racial/ethnic groups have diverse social environments that, when modeled holistically, include aspects that may confer resilience against the risk of social isolation.

OBJECTIVES:The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified discrimination and racist attacks targeting Asian Americans. This challenging context has also created opportunities for individuals to engage in activism and collective action. Despite the significance of this issue, little research has explored how anti-Asian racism throughout COVID-19 has contributed to Asian and Asian American college students' engagement in activism. METHOD:Focus group interviews were conducted to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic shaped the experiences and perceptions of activism among 34 Asian and Asian American college students (eight international and 26 domestic; Mage = 22.47, SD = 5.31). RESULTS:Using reflexive thematic analysis, we identified five interconnected themes that characterized participants' experiences: definition of activism, barriers to activism, reasons for activism engagement, forms of activism and advocacy, and activism's impact on relationships. CONCLUSIONS:Implications and future directions to promote collective agency for lasting societal change are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Limited research has examined the impact of financial stress on families since the onset of COVID-19, specifically among Asian American (AA) parents. Informed by the Family Stress Model, this study examined the short-term longitudinal links between economic stress, parental psychological distress (i.e., anxiety and depression symptoms), positive parenting behaviors, and child outcomes three months later (i.e., child internalizing and externalizing problems). Results indicated that Time 1 (T1) parental economic stress was directly and positively associated with positive parenting behaviors at T1 and child internalizing problems at Time 2 (T2). Parental psychological distress at T1 was directly and negatively associated with positive parenting behaviors at T1. Positive parenting behaviors at T1 were directly and negatively associated with child externalizing problems at T2. Parental economic stress at T1 had an indirect effect on child externalizing problems at T2 through parenting behaviors. These findings highlight the need for clinical interventions targeted at improving parent mental health and promoting positive parenting behaviors during times of economic hardship to prevent adverse child outcomes. Furthermore, policy efforts aimed at alleviating economic stress among at-risk families can help reduce social inequality and buffer the harmful effects of economic stress on AA parents and families.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated anti-Asian discrimination in the United States. Here we reviewed 59 empirical studies published between January 2020 and March 2023 that examined COVID-19-related racism and mental health outcomes on US Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Studies used different discrimination measures and were mostly cross-sectional, limiting comparability and assessment of long-term impact. Few studies (10%) examined the impact of discrimination on children. We also engaged 27 stakeholders (researchers, service providers, educators and advocates) to contextualize the findings and recommend next steps. Stakeholders acknowledge that increased media attention has led to a recognition of anti-Asian discrimination, but society continues to dismiss its effects. Thus, calls are made for more funding to thoroughly assess Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders’ experiences of discrimination. Additionally, stakeholders urged service providers to practice cultural humility and educators to promote a safer school climate that acknowledges the disservice of the view that Asians are a model minority.

This study examined how Asian American parents ' experiences of racial discrimination and internalized racism were associated with domains of racial-ethnic socialization (RES). The study sample consisted of 121 Asian American parents (M= 41.79 years, range = 26-65 years). Using structural equation modeling, a path analysis was conducted to examine whether internalized racism moderated the link between experiences of racial discrimination and RES strategies. Results suggested that racial discrimination was negatively associated with internalized racism (beta = -.22, p <.05), but not specific domains of RES; however, internalized racism was significantly associated with the following RES domains: becoming American (beta = -.25, p <.05), minimization of race (beta =.31, p <.01), cultural pluralism (beta = -.41, p <.001), and promotion of equality (ss = -.40, p <.001). Significant interactions between racial discrimination and internalized racism emerged, such that parents who reported high levels of racial discrimination and high levels of internalized racism were less likely to convey messages that minimized or denied racism (+1 SD; beta = -.36, p <.05) and parents who reported high levels of racial discrimination and low levels of internalized racism were more likely to convey messages that minimized or denied racism (-1 SD; beta =.20, p <.05). No other significant interactions emerged for other aspects of RES. The present study underscores the importance of considering internalized racism-a consequence of exposure to racial discriminationand the role it may have on how Asian Americans convey messages of race to their children.

This study investigated how Asian American parents' cultural orientation related to domains of racial-ethnic socialization (RES) and child internalizing and externalizing problems. The sample included 159 Asian American parents (Mage= 40.97 years; range = 25-33 years). Findings revealed that parent acculturation and enculturation levels were significantly associated with the child's internalizing and externalizing problems through RES. These findings suggest that parents who were more acculturated to mainstream American culture were less likely to send messages about avoiding racial/ethnic groups, which in turn was associated with less child internalizing problems. Conversely, parents more enculturated to their culture of origin were more likely to send messages that included avoidance of outgroups, which was then linked to the child's externalizing problems. The study provides important implications for how parents' cultural orientations are reflected in their RES messages to their children, and the impact of these messages on child emotional and behavioral outcomes.

While Asian American parents are key contributors in racially socializing their children, past research indicates that issues of race are not frequently discussed among Asian American families. Moreover, there is limited research on how Asian American parents' sociocultural factors predict the amount and ways they talk about race to their children. We conducted latent profile analyses among 150 Asian American parents' (Mage = 42.36, range = 26-65 years) racial discussions, and the profiles' association with parents' sociocultural factors (i.e., enculturation, acculturation, internalized racism, collectivism, and loss of face) were examined. Four distinct profiles were identified with distinct levels of awareness of discrimination, avoidance of outgroups, minimization of race, and promotion of equality messages. Findings underscore the importance of Asian American parents engaging in nuanced racial discussions with their children, highlighting the need for culturally responsive interventions, educational programs, and policy initiatives to support families in navigating complex racial landscapes and fostering positive youth outcomes.

Objective: We examined the degrees of change in familial discussions about racial issues (i.e., race, ethnicity, racism, and discrimination) due to the surge of anti-Asian discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic.Background: Asian American family racial-ethnic socialization that teaches the values, information, and perspectives about racial-ethnic group membership and race relations carry great implications for youth development. However, little is known about how anti-Asian sentiments may have contributed to the degrees of change in racial issues.Method: The participants included 143 second-generation East Asian American youth (e.g., Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Taiwanese) ages 11-18 years (M = 14.96, SD = 1.98). Youth were attending middle (38%) or high (62%) schools in the United States.Results: Latent profile analysis identified four profiles of degrees of change in familial discussions: (a) moderate change in racial discussions about other ethnicities, (b) much change in racial discussions, (c) moderate change in racial discussions about own ethnicities, and (d) little change in racial discussions.Conclusion: Our findings provide a snapshot of the ways East Asian American families' racial discussions are changing, which in turn shape youth's experiences in navigating their social contexts.Implications: The findings provide valuable directions for research and interventions to promote important racial discussion among East Asian American families.

Objective This study examined how preparation for ethnic and sexual orientation bias uniquely and collectively contributes to ethnic identity and sexual orientation identity development among Latinx sexual minority youth (SMY). Background Theories indicate that parental socialization strategies are associated with youth's development, yet no studies have examined how multiple forms of socialization are uniquely and collectively associated with youth's identity development. Method Hypotheses were tested using self-reported data from 385 Latinx SMY (M = 20.26, SD = 2.6). Results Preparation for ethnic bias was negatively associated with ethnic identity affirmation but positively associated with ethnic identity exploration and resolution. Preparation for sexual orientation bias was negatively associated with ethnic identity exploration, resolution, and affirmation, as well as sexual orientation identity resolution and affirmation, but not exploration. Several interactions emerged between preparation for ethnic bias and sexual orientation bias predicting ethnic and sexual orientation identity. Conclusion Findings suggest that preparation for bias related to ethnicity and sexual orientation are interconnected, rather than independently shaping ethnic and sexual orientation identities development among SMY. Implications Additional studies are needed to understand the impacts of family socialization related to ethnicity and sexuality to optimize identity development among Latinx SMY.

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-Asian racism and hate crimes surged in the United States, placing Asian Americans (AAs) at increased risk for psychological distress (i.e., anxiety and depression symptoms). We examined how coping styles (i.e., direct and indirect) moderated the association between racial discrimination, fear of discrimination, and psychological distress in a sample of 229 AA parents. Results indicated that indirect coping styles significantly moderated the relationship between racial discrimination and anxiety symptoms, and fear of discrimination and anxiety symptoms. Simple slopes revealed that racial discrimination was associated with greater anxiety symptoms among parents with high levels of indirect coping, but not with low levels. Direct coping was not a significant moderator. Our findings highlight the need for the development of coping-focused interventions that are aimed specifically at buffering the adverse psychological outcomes among AAs experiencing racial discrimination.

Guided by the integrative model, this study investigated the moderating effect of East Asian American youth-reported (N = 143) racial-ethnic socialization (RES) in the relationship between the youth's experiences of discrimination and internalization of the model minority myth. The results suggest that there was a significant interaction between youth's racial discrimination and youth-reported awareness of discrimination on youth's internalization of the model minority myth (b = 3.52, p < .05). No significant interaction effect emerged between racial discrimination and maintenance of heritage culture on internalization of model minority myth. The findings offer several contributions to inform research, family, and communities in understanding the ways caregivers respond to youth's racialized settings, which also contribute to youth's positive outcomes.

The current study examines the association between risk behaviors and victimization and race-based victimization amongst U.S.-born and foreign-born Asian, Black, and Latinx adolescents. Data were derived from the U.S. subset of the 2009-2010 Health Behavior in School-aged Children study. Samples include 662 Asian, 2413 Black, and 3188 Latinx adolescents (M = 12.9, SD = 1.75, 48.6% female) in grades 5-10. Univariate analyses, t-test analyses, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. Aggressive behavior was associated with victimization for U.S.-born and foreign-born Asian, Black, and Latinx adolescents. Race-based aggressive behavior was correlated for U.S.-born and foreign-born Black and Latinx adolescents. Smoking was positively associated with victimization amongst foreign-born Asian adolescents. Alcohol use was correlated with victimization and race-based victimization amongst foreign-born Latinx adolescents. Marijuana use was related to victimization amongst U.S.-born Black adolescents. Physical fighting was shown to be positively correlated with race-based victimization for U.S.-born Latinx adolescents. Carrying a weapon was associated with victimization and race-based victimization for U.S.-born and foreign-born Latinx adolescents. It was also associated with victimization amongst U.S.-born Asian adolescents. Befriending deviant peers was negatively associated with U.S.-born and foreign-born Black adolescents and U.S.-born Latinx adolescents, but positively associated with U.S.-born Asian adolescents.

Latino/a youth have reported the highest rates of suicide attempts compared to White and African American youth for over 40 years. The data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) cross-sectional subsamples of Latino/a youth (N = 13,378) at every year of data collection between 2005 and 2015 were examined for bullying, gun carrying, and suicidality. Results indicate that Latina girls are significantly more likely than boys to make a suicide attempt and report more bullying and more cyberbullying, but are less likely to carry a gun. Being bullied or carrying a gun were significantly associated with greater likelihood of suicide attempt among both boys and girls. Youth who carried a gun overall had higher rates of suicide attempts whether they were bullied or not, whereas youth who did not carry a gun were significantly more likely to attempt suicide if they were bullied. Over the past 10 years, gun carrying has decreased significantly for Latino boys and suicide attempts have decreased significantly for Latina girls. Findings have important implications of considering intersections of race and gender when developing antibullying and suicide prevention strategies. There are important policy implications for considering the mental well-being of youth who are caught carrying guns at school and considering that victimization varies by ethnicity and gender. (PsycINFO Database Record