The current study aims in validating a high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for examining solasodine in Solanum trilobatum L. as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Harmonized Tripartite guideline. In Siddha medicine, S. trilobatum has long been used to treat cough, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. This plant contains a bioactive phytochemical called solasodine, which has been shown to have immunomodulatory, diuretic, antifungal, anticancer, cardiotonic, and antispermatogenic and cures neurogenetic diseases. Nevertheless, there have never been HPTLC methods in quantifying solasodine in S. trilobatum. A Soxhlet device was used to prepare a plant extract after fresh leaves were gathered from Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. Using ethanol, the yield percentage was determined to be 2.29%. Initial phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, and saponins. This research additionally analyzed total alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols. Linearity of solasodine ranged within 200-800 ng/spot concentration, with coefficient of variation of 2.3% and a correlation coefficient of 99.65%. Solasodine content has been identified to be 0.5168% on a dry weight basis, with quantification limit being 334.5 ng/spot and detection limit being 110.4 ng/spot. Developed HPTLC method is accurate, precise, robust, and specific, therefore being suitable for quality monitoring and standardization of drugs containing solasodine in Solanum species. This provides potential for further research and development of pharmacological applications.

This study investigated oxyclozanide, a salicylanilide anthelmintic, as an alternative treatment for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bovine mastitis. With conventional treatments facing challenges due to antibiotic resistance, oxyclozanide demonstrated promising in vitro antimicrobial effect against MRSA isolates. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 μg/ml, indicating its efficacy. Oxyclozanide’s mechanism involved disrupting the transmembrane structure of bacteria, presenting a potential strategy against MRSA. This suggested the repurposing of oxyclozanide as a viable option for combating MRSA in bovine mastitis, prompting further investigation into its precise mechanism and therapeutic potential.

Biochar is the solid material produced from the carbonization of organic feedstock biomass. This material has several unique characteristics such as greater carbon content, good electrical conductivity, high stability and large surface area, which can be applied in several research areas such as generation of power and wastewater treatment. In connection with this, recently, the investigations on biochar significantly focus on the removal of toxic heavy metals since the biochar material is easily available and environmentally friendly. According to an environmental analytical device, biochar-derived carbonaceous material has been additionally applied to the synthesis of an effective, sensitive, and low-cost electrochemical sensor. Biochar with an assessment of electrochemical properties has engaged with different redox reactions in water. In this survey, electrochemical ways of behaving of biochar in light of the electrochemical structures were analytically compiled as well as the impact from biomass sources and manufacturing process including carbonization strategies, pre-treatment/changed techniques. This review emphasizes the various synthesis methods of biochar form organic feedstock, properties and different modulations of biochar for the bioremediation of heavy metals. This review study emphasizes the utilization of biochar as sensing platform and supercapacitor for electrode fabrication in electrochemical biosensor to enhance the remediation of toxic contaminants from water streams and by switching the less ecological traditional materials. Brief information on the techniques employed for packaging biochar as carbon electrode is summarized. Scope in the aspect of environmental concern of biochar, future challenges and prospects are proposed in detail.

Active compounds from medicinal plants are important sources for the drug development. Still, plant materials are playing a major source of new active molecular entities. The compounds of medicinal plants are complex in nature. Simple monomeric constituents should be obtained through various processes of extraction and isolation in order to identify the structure and bioactivity. Recently, efficient procedures for extraction, isolation and structure identification of plant products are available which enables the quick analysis of phytocompounds from herbal sources. The intend of this article is to offer a broad view on new technologies being followed in the extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of active moieties from the various medicinal plants.

Curcumin, a strong anti-cancer ingredient that is found in turmeric and curry, is a prominent yellow pigment and spice. Curcumin's anti-tumour properties include inhibition of tumour proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, induction of tumour apoptosis, increased chemotherapy sensitivity, and cell cycle and cancer stem cell regulation, suggesting that curcumin has a strong therapeutic potential of modulating cancer progression. Curcumin's anticancer impact has been demonstrated in human breast cancer cell lines and human prostate cancer cell lines using the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) assay and colony formation test, respectively. Curcumin was employed at various concentrations (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 g/ml). Curcumin inhibits cancer cell growth in the PCNA assay, and colonies were stained with crystal violet and the number of clones in a particular region was counted for each condition in the colony forming study. Higher concentrations of curcumin were found to be effective against cancer cell lines in this investigation.

The material business creates gigantic measures of wastewater which must be dealt with adequately in an offer to forestall water shortage through reuse. Biosorption through farming lignocellulosic squanders and side effects has been identified as a feasible substitute to ebb and flow innovations applied to evacuate poisonous metal particle and natural toxins from water and wastewater. The current examination underscores the utilization of rural and agro-enterprises-based build-ups as minimal effort biosorbents. The investigation expects to return to the status of biosorption and different late advances made in this field. Biochar as a steady carbon-rich material demonstrates extraordinary potential to deal with water/wastewater contaminants. Its application is increasing expanding enthusiasm because of the accessibility of feedstock, the straightforwardness of the readiness techniques, and their upgraded physico-substance properties. The viability of biochar to expel natural and inorganic toxins relies upon its surface region, pore size dispersion, surface useful gatherings, and the size of the particles to be evacuated, while the physical design and surface properties of biochar rely upon the idea of feedstock and the arrangement technique/conditions. The ebb and flow audit talks about on the various strategies for biochar creation and gives a review of ebb and flow uses of biochar in wastewater treatment.

Bioremediation of heavy metals has become a major environmental concern due to their bio resistant nature and tendency to accumulate. Application of various technologies, involving physical and chemical working principles are applied and passive uptake using sorption involving eco-friendly substrates gained significant attention. Biochar, a cheaper and efficient material, offers good potential due to the greater ease of production, treatment and disposal. This review focuses on the effective application of biochar to treat water contaminated by three specific heavy metals: chromium, lead and arsenic. The on-field applications like soil amendment, industrial wastewater treatment and groundwater treatment using biochar are highlighted. The review article describes the feedstock available for biochar production, various production processes and the importance of optimum conditions like pyrolysis temperature, rate and retention time for various feedstocks reported in literature. The energy requirement of the production process can be supplied by its own energy output. Various modifications that are suitable for the biochar from distinct feedstocks are also discussed. The removal performance of biochar at different working conditions like pH, initial concentration of pollutant and adsorbent dose are consolidated. The highest removal efficiencies reported were by coconut shell biochar (Cr - 99.9%), canola straw biochar (Pb - 100%) and perilla leaf biochar (As - 100%). The adsorption mechanism is explained with reference to kinetics, isotherms, and molecular dynamics. Adsorption mechanism of most of the biochars was found to fit either Freundlich or Langmuir isotherm.

Curcuma longa (turmeric) is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. It is widely used for the health care of humans, livestock and poultry. Turmeric is a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, and anticancer agent. Curcumin is a polyphenol extracted from roots of turmeric. In the present study, fresh roots of Curcuma longa was collected from Herbal Garden, Ethno Veterinary Herbal Product Research and Development Centre, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Orathanadu, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu and evaluated for the identification and relative quantification of curcumin by using a simple, sensitive and accurate High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography method.

The present study was conducted to prepare and evaluate the herbo-mineral emulgel formulation containing Curcuma longa, Datura metel, Aloe vera and and calcium hydroxide against bovine clinical mastitis. Extracts of selected plants were screened for phytochemicals. In Vitro antimicrobial screening of herbal extracts against isolated bacterial strains was performed by Agar disc-diffusion method. In Vitro antimicrobial activities of polyherbals (Curcuma longa, Datura metel and Aloe vera) and gentamicin sulphate (antibiotic agent) against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli isolates, alone and in combination were evaluated by minimum and fractional inhibitory concentrations study. Oil-in-water herbo-mineral emulsion was prepared using Cremophor EL and Tween 20. The optimized herbo-mineral emulsion was developed into emulgel using Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent and triethanolamine as alkalizer. Herbo-mineral emulgel formulations were evaluated for its pH, appearance, homogenecity, viscosity, spreadability, ex vivo permeation and stability. In vivo anti-inflammatory assay was done by carrageenan induced rat paw edema test. Acute dermal irritation study was conducted in rabbits. Clinical study was conducted in lactating cows to evaluate the efficacy herbo-mineral emulgel formulation against clinical mastitis. The phytochemicals screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, phlobatannins, saponins and carbohydrate compounds. Minimum and fractional inhibitory concentrations study showed that polyherbals in combination with gentamicin sulphate were able to provide stable synergistic therapeutic outcomes with higher efficacy in combating mastitis causing organisms in bovines. Based on In Vitro antimicrobial study, the extracts of Aloe vera, Datura metel, Curcuma longa and calcium hydroxide were taken in the ratio of 2:1:1:0.3 for the final formulation. The pH of emulgel (6.25± 0.30) was found to be in accordance with the range of udder skin pH. Herbo-mineral emulgel also illustrated efficient permeation (79.20 μL/cm2) through skin in 12 h. Viscosity (5720±85 cp), spreadability (10.02 ±0.12 g.cm/sec) indicated its suitability for topical application. Antimicrobial evaluation of polyherbal emulgel revealed broader zones of growth inhibitions against E.coli (16.35±0.58mm), S. aureus (19.23±1.05mm) and S. agalactiae (19.88±0.67mm). In vivo anti-inflammatory study showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of the herbo-mineral emulgel was significantly higher than the effect of Valdecoxib gel formulation and herbo-mineral formulation. Moreover, herbo-mineral emulgel was also found to be non-irritant. These parameters were consistent over 6 months. The Somatic cell counts and bacterial load in milk was significantly reduced in cows treated with herbo-mineral emulgel formulation. The results of clinical study indicated that the combined treatment i.e. herbo-mineral emulgel formulation topically along with systemic administration of gentamicin sulphate continuously for 5 days was most effective in the treatment of clinical mastitis as compared to herbo-mineral emulgel treatment alone or gentamicin sulphate treatment alone. From this study, it can also be concluded that the emulgel turned out to be a promising topical delivery of herbo-mineral containing Curcuma longa, Datura metel, Aloe vera and calcium hydroxide with enhanced therapeutic efficacy against clinical mastitis. Further, the herbo-mineral emulgel formulation will be an efficient and economically affordable formulation in the field to treat clinical mastitis immediately by farmers itself before getting help of veterinarians

The current study was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the polyherbal combination containing Acalypha indica, Curcuma longa and common salt for the treatment canine dermatophytosis. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out to assess the bioactive components present in extracts of Acalypha indica and Curcuma longa. Three different polyherbal combinations were prepared in different ratios and evaluated for its efficacy. The clinical evaluation was carried out in dogs with dermatophytosis brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu. The phytochemical screening of the selected herbs revealed the presence of phytoconstituents viz. alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and carbohydrate compounds. The clinical recovery in fungal dermatophytosis in pet animals with an application of polyherbal combination in the ratio of 7:2:1 comprising Acalypha indica, Curcuma longa and saturated salt solution for four times a day for 10 days indicated that topical therapy not only eliminates fungal infection but also control the skin problem without any side effects. Also, the polyherbal antifungal combination will be an efficient and economically affordable formulation in the field to treat dermatophyte infection in pet animals.

Food safety is a major concern in the context of rising population and decreasing earth resources. Food is often contaminated by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, which induce disease such as hemolytic uremic, irritable bowel and Guillain–Barre syndromes. Detection of pathogenic microbes is therefore essential for food safety. Detection methods include biological methods, biosensors and methods based on spectroscopy, immunology and nucleic acids. Here, we review advanced detection techniques used to analyze toxic substances in food.

The antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of leaves of Madhuca indica and Cassia fistula was tested against food-borne pathogens including two species of Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteriditis) and two species of Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) using disc diffusion method.In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of plant extracts were determined.In the disc diffusion method, both the plants extracts were effective in reducing the bacterial growth of tested food-pathogens.The zone inhibition of ranged from 16 to 19 mm for Madhuca and 12 to 13 mm for Cassia plant extracts.Madhuca indica extracts were effective in reducing bacteria growth compared to Cassia fistula extracts (p<0.05).The MIC of Madhuca and Cassia plant extracts ranged from 0.6 to 0.8% and 0.9 to 1.1%, respectively whereas MBC of Madhuca and Cassia plant extracts ranged from 1.5 to 1.7% and 2.5 to 2.6%, respectively.The results of the study suggest that the extracts from leaves of both Cassia fistula and Madhuca indica plants could be potentially used as natural food preservatives to control and prevent food-borne pathogens.However, further studies on the toxicities and organoleptic properties of food containing plant extracts are needed before recommending their usage.

The present study was conducted to quantitatively measure the levels of heavy metals in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) plants and its effects on cattle inhabitating in and around sewage water polluted areas of Tamil Nadu during the year 2015-16. The field investigation was carried out in randomly selected cattle aged three years and above in the study area. Chronic diarrhoea, emaciation, anaemia and allergic dermatitis were some important clinical signs recorded in the cattle of study area. Fresh water hyacinth plant materials spread over sewage water was collected and heavy metals like lead, zinc, cadmium and copper were analysed. Heavy metals like lead (341.0±30.0) and zinc (126.0±12.0) concentrations were recorded higher level compared to permissible levels in plant. Lead concentration was very higher than the other metals. The selected areas were surrounded with many automobiles workshops. As the water hyacinth has the capacity of absorbing the micro and macro minerals, the concentration of heavy metals might be higher in the water hyacinth plants. Toxicity of lead and zinc were confirmed by estimating the level of lead and zinc in the plasma and milk samples collected from the 20 cattle aged three years and above of the study area. The lead and zinc concentrations in plasma were 2.616±0.355mg/L and 0.086 mg/L, respectively which indicated the heavy metal toxicity in cattle. From this study, it can be concluded that the water hyacinth plant grown in sewage water involved in heavy metal toxicity in cattle reared in the study area.

Andrographis paniculata (Nilavembu) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) are some of the commonly available herbs, used for treating a wide range of ailments in man and animals. Both the plants possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects attributed to their various active phytochemical constituents. The present study was undertaken to assess the qualitative phytochemistry and to estimate the total phenolic content of leaf extracts of the two plants by Spectrophotometry and Thin Layer Chromatography. The results thus obtained suggest that the leaves of Andrographis paniculata and Withania somnifera are potential sources of healthy phytochemicals especially phenols.

Partial integrodifferential equations (PIDE) occur in several fields of sciences and mathematics. The main purpose of this paper to study how to solve partial integrodifferential equation (PIDE) by using various methods like Mohand and Double Mohand Transform. To solve PIDE by using Mohand Transform (MT), first convert proposed PIDE to an ordinary differential equation (ODE) then solving this ODE by applying inverse MT we get an exact solution of the problem. To solve PIDE by using Double Mohand Transform (DMT), first convert proposed PIDE to an algebraic equation, solving this algebraic and applying double inverse Mohand Transform . we obtain an exact solution of the problem. IndexTerms Partial integrodifferential equations (PIDE), ordinary differential equation (ODE), Mohand Transform (MT), Double Mohand Transform (DMT).

Background: To compare the contralateral parotid gland dose during radiation treatment of carcinoma buccal mucosa with 3 Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT) vs. Parotid sparing Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT). Methods: Ten consecutive lateralized carcinoma of the oral cavity patients treated with a prospective management using ipsilateral irradiation were studied. This included 4 radical and 6 postoperative oral cavity carcinomas, with Stage T1-T2, N0-N2b disease. Five patients were treated with 3D-CRT and five with IMRT. The dose received by contralateral parotid gland was assessed by volumetric analysis. Results: Dose-volume histograms (DVH) showed the mean dose to contralateral parotid was 896.6 cGy (range: 0.5-10 Gy) with 3D-CRT and 503.8cGy (range: 0.4-4 Gy) with IMRT. With IMRT 97%-105% of the prescribed dose was received by 95% of the target volumes. Mean dose to the PTV Primary site was 67.8 Gy (range, 65-71 Gy) for primary RT and 60.5 Gy (range: 55-66 Gy) for post-operative RT. The mean dose to the PTV Node (ipsilateral lymph nodes) was 50.8 Gy (range: 49-53 Gy). Conclusions: There is a considerable increase in the mean dose of contralateral parotid in 3DCRT compared to IMRT. Parotid sparing IMRT helps reducing the radiation dose received by salivary glands. Legal entity responsible for the study: CBCC-Chennai, Saveetha University, Chennai. Funding: Has not received any funding. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

C Praveen, K Parthasarathy, P Senthil Kumar & P T Perumal* Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India Analytical Research & Development, Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Research & Development Centre, Shozanganallur, Chennai 600 119, India Department of Bioinformatics, Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Research & Development Centre, Shozanganallur, Chennai 600 119, India