Emerging digital road safety services, transmitted to vehicles and roadside infrastructure in real-time over 5G and other wireless communication media, can help improve road safety as well as enhance traffic efficiency. Adoption of 5G on a large scale for vehicles and intelligent transportation systems (ITS), however, increases the risks of cyberattack for connected vehicles and ITS systems. This paper studies the capabilities of a real-time threat prevention solution as our proposed approach for ensuring sufficient cybersecurity for 5G-enabled road safety services and solutions. This is done by strategically inserting the required security functions within the 5G infrastructure, which allows detecting and blocking threats in real-time. In this paper, we present our proposed solution as well as selected results obtained from piloting it in real 5G test networks in Finland and Canada. The results of our work are encouraging in demonstrating the ability of real-time remediation of cybersecurity threats in connected self-driving cars and intelligent transportation systems.

This paper introduces a framework for virtual piloting of electrified city logistics fleets based on a digital twin simulation approach empowered by operational data and insights. It aims to facilitate the digital exploration of transition scenarios and identify solutions that fit various operational constraints. Two study scenarios focusing on urban and suburban logistics including conventional and various emerging electric vehicle technologies were developed. The virtual pilots demonstrated the abilities of the framework to assess various solutions for the studied urban locations, evaluate their emissions savings potential and support full-scale fleet planning from a total cost of ownership perspective. Augmented reality was utilized for visualization to enhance perception and foster trust in digital tools. The framework can be utilized as an economical, fair, and risk-free evaluation approach complementing physical piloting and supporting the decision-making in procurement of zero-emission fleets, ultimately accelerating their broader adoption and green transition in the logistics sector.

This work highlights vehicular communications using satellite connectivity and presents the related results from the Celtic-Next 5G-SAFE-Plus project. Satellites are used by automated vehicles to send and receive relevant situational awareness data of the area and act according to the received information. We present a genuine system performance analysis utilising real V2X messages used by automated vehicles to send and receive relevant situational awareness data. This is the first work that presents real vehicular message transmission via a satellite network. We also define and implement a simulation framework to study how low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites could support the operations. As latency of the end-to-end communication link is one of the most important quality parameters for safe and connected driving, we present measurement results of Iridium and Starlink constellations for vehicular data transfer. The results suggest that satellite connectivity can be used to improve road safety. However, routing in satellite networks should be greatly improved.

Road transport accounted for 20% of global total greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, of which 30% come from road freight transport (RFT). Modeling the modern challenges in RFT requires the integration of different freight modeling improvements in, e.g., traffic, demand, and energy modeling. Recent developments in 'Big Data' (i.e., vast quantities of structured and unstructured data) can provide useful information such as individual behaviors and activities in addition to aggregated patterns using conventional datasets. This paper summarizes the state of the art in analyzing Big Data sources concerning RFT by identifying key challenges and the current knowledge gaps. Various challenges, including organizational, privacy, technical expertise, and legal challenges, hinder the access and utilization of Big Data for RFT applications. We note that the environment for sharing data is still in its infancy. Improving access and use of Big Data will require political support to ensure all involved parties that their data will be safe and contribute positively toward a common goal, such as a more sustainable economy. We identify promising areas for future opportunities and research, including data collection and preparation, data analytics and utilization, and applications to support decision-making.

Public safety and security authorities utilize tactical mobile networks to enable communications in situations where fixed infrastructure is unavailable. While these rapidly deployable networks rely on open standards, and support emerging applications and cross-organization federation, they are also vulnerable for cyber and insider threats. Active cybersecurity and threat detection solutions must work in isolated tactical bubbles without human interactions and cannot assume connectivity to remote security operations centers. This study explores the concept of a tactical security operations center (T-SOC) and presents an approach to adapting mobile network applications based on security monitoring and analytics. The security-driven prioritization of traffic flows demonstrates, first, a security decision making that is based on traffic analysis and security posture assessment and, second, an intelligent security response to availability threats by dynamically adjusting quality parameters of live video streams. We describe field trialed implementations based on open-source components and measure and analyze trade-offs between edge and cloud-based deployments. We also discuss other potential reaction strategies, such as trust-based routing, and present directions for future research.

The city of Tampere in Finland aims to be carbon-neutral in 2030 and wanted to find out how the electrification of public transport would help achieve the climate goal. Research has covered topics related to electric buses, ranging from battery technologies to lifecycle assessment and cost analysis. However, less is known about electric city buses’ performance in cold climatic zones. This study collected and analysed weather and electric city bus data to understand the effects of temperature and weather conditions on the electric buses’ efficiency. Data were collected from four battery-electric buses and one hybrid bus as a reference. The buses were fast-charged at the market and slow-charged at the depot. The test route ran downtown. The study finds that the average energy consumption of the buses during winter was 40–45% higher than in summer (kWh/km). The effect of cabin cooling is minor compared to the cabin heating energy needs. The study also finds that infrastructure needs to have enough safety margins in case of faults and additional energy consumption in harsh weather conditions. In addition, appropriate training for operators, maintenance and other personnel is needed to avoid disturbances caused by charging and excessive energy consumption by driving style.

Diagnostics is a vital system for ITER to collect information during operation. Mineral insulated cables route the electrical and optical diagnostics sensor signals from the divertor area to the diagnostic hall. The diagnostic divertor cassettes are replaced during maintenance, which raises the requirement for a connector between divertor cassette and in-vessel wall. Since it needs to be handled remotely during the installation of the 16 diagnostic divertor cassettes, it is called Remote Handling Connector. Its operating space is limited and its environmental conditions are ultra-high vacuum, baking temperature 350 degrees C, irradiation and challenging electromagnetic forces. The preliminary design of the Remote Handling Connector is based on the conceptual design of Outboard and Inboard Configurations and is highly impacted by finding an appropriate balance between the external and internal space limitations and system requirements. The design of the system has been an iterative process including several conceptual and mechanical design phases, thermal, magnetic and structural load analysis, risk analysis, and remote handling assessment. Mock-ups were manufactured and tested at Divertor Test Platform 2 and Remote Handling Connector Platform at VTT Tampere Finland. The developed system was evaluated at a preliminary design review meeting organized at the end of 2019. The preliminary design phase provides a baseline for the final design of the Remote Handling Connector system.

The evolution of 5th generation (5G) cellular technology has introduced several enhancements and provides better performance compared to previous generations. To understand the real capabilities, the importance of the empirical studies is significant to also understand the possible limitations. This is very important especially from the service and use case point of view. Several test sites exist around the globe for introducing, testing, and evaluating new features, use cases, and performance in restricted and secure environments alongside the commercial operators. Test sites equipped with the standard technology are the perfect places for performing deep analysis of the latest wireless and cellular technologies in real operating environments. The testing sites provide valuable information with sophisticated quality of service (QoS) indicators when the 5G vertical use cases are evaluated using the actual devices in the carrier grade network. In addition, the Wi-Fi standards are constantly evolving toward higher bit rates and reduced latency, and their usage in 5G dedicated verticals can even improve performance, especially when lower coverage is sufficient. This work presents the detailed comparative measurements between Wi-Fi 6 and 5G New Radio (NR) performance in indoor facilities and extensive results carried out in 5G and beyond test site located in Finland. The results gathered from the extensive test sets indicate that the Wi-Fi 6 can outperform the 5G in the indoor environment in terms of throughput and latency when distance and coverage do not increase enormously. In addition, the usage of wireless technologies allows improved uplink performance, which is usually more limited in cellular networks. The gained results of our measurements provide valuable information for designing, developing, and implementing the requirements for the next-generation wireless applications.

This paper presents a system that provides broadband and machine-type communications connectivity in local-area radio access network (RAN) with different backhaul options. Two core network (CN) placements, local and remote, with terrestrial and non-terrestrial backhauling are considered. The performance of the system is evaluated in terms of TCP throughput, UDP datagram loss probability, and latency in a live network. The network consists of a local LTE / LTE-M based RAN and wired or satellite backhaul to the CN. The results showed that for the considered system, the throughput of TCP traffic in LTE downlink suffers both from remote CN placement and satellite backhauling. In LTE uplink and with LTE-M connectivity, all tested configurations achieved the same maximum throughput. For UDP traffic, the datagram loss probability for LTE and LTE-M varied only slightly between different CN and backhaul options.

This paper presents the ongoing development and evaluation work with the preliminary measured results in conjunction towards more efficient mobile media delivery using evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (eMBMS) integrated into live 5G test network Finland. First, the prevailing network capacity and efficiency with traditional video streaming is resolved by determining the maximum number of simultaneous unicast sessions in the 5G evaluation environment. Next, we introduce the eMBMS service running in the test network and measure its basic functionality and efficiency, and highlight some of the most important indicators affecting to the performance. After conducting live measurements and collecting the measurement data from several network nodes, it is confirmed that the usage of eMBMS can reduce the load compared to unicast streaming. In addition, the measured results show the use of eMBMS increasing the transmission capacity especially for live popular content within the same area offering therefore improved quality of experience for the end users. As the number of mobile video users with increased resolution and bitrate is growing, it is essential to explore new ways for delivering the content more efficiently, with higher quality, favoring also for green networking with less transmitted bits in the mobile network.

In the rail traffic industry, the utilisation of inexpensive real-time sensors and the industrial internet of things for proactive asset management is a relatively new concept with great potential. As railways are one of the longest-lasting infrastructure assets, even marginal efficiency and cost gains have a significant impact on the life-cycle cost. This paper shows how wireless three-dimensional acceleration sensor technology can be applied to monitor track condition. The data collection was carried out in October 2016 on a railway line operated by Finnish Railways. In the test, a sensor was attached to a train unit and the acceleration of the train on a track segment was repeatedly measured at variable speeds. The collected data set was enhanced using map-matching and Bayesian filtering in order to improve the Global Positioning System location accuracy of the data. The filtered acceleration signals were analysed, and detected anomalies were compared against known parameters such as bridges and switches. The results of the testing support the feasibility of the concept. Finally, the implications of the concept regarding proactive asset management of track networks and statistical process control-based monitoring of tracks’ condition are discussed.

Energy and spectral efficiencies are key metrics to assess the performance of networks and compare different configurations or techniques. There are many ways to define those metrics, and the performance indicators used in their calculation can also be measured in different ways. Using an LTE-A network, we measure different performance indicators and the metrics' outputs are compared. Modifying the transmitted output power, the bandwidth, and the number of base stations, different network configurations are also compared. As expected, the measurements show that increasing the bandwidth increases the throughput more than it increases the energy consumption. Results clearly show that using inappropriate indicators can be misleading. The power indicator should include all energy consumed and the throughput should be dependent on the traffic, taking into account the idle time of the network, if any. There is a need to include more performance indicators into the metrics, especially those related to quality of service.

The present work develops a methodology for the analysis of transient signals for fault detection and diagnosis in electrical motors. The objective of this work is the initial development of a Prognostic and Health Monitoring System (PHMS) for the demagnetization of the magnetic field source of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) used in electrical vehicles. The developed methodology is based on the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), a technique which is particularly suitable for processing oscillating transient signals, such as the stator currents typical of automotive electric traction machines. The HHT represents a time-dependent series in a two-dimensional time-frequency domain by extracting instantaneous frequency components within the signal through an Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) process. The developed framework has been applied to four transients simulating different levels of demagnetization of the permanent magnet of the PMSM; the obtained results show that HHT enables us to detect and assess the degradation level for a demagnetized core of a PMSM.

Absrracr--This paper is an investigation about the performance of (he three Bluetooth low power modes (i.e. hold, sniff and park). The performance metrics of interest were response times from master to slave, from slave to master, and the current consumptions in each mode. From these IOW power modcs the sniff mode offers generally the best response times whereas parked devices have the smallest currenl consumplion. Since the characteristics of each mode offer different functions to the Bluetooth system itself, the final usage defines which mode should be selected.

This paper presents measurement-based calculations for actual aggregate and link throughputs of Bluetooth system. The co-interference between fully loaded piconets formed in a 10*10 sq. meter room is inspected. The results show that the maximum aggregate throughput is gained with 45 active piconets. When comparing the ideal performance with the one based on measured results best overall performance over a distance of 10 meters can be achieved using DM5, DM3 and DH1 packets for data transfer. When the distance is less than 3 meters the use of only DH packets gives the best results.

This paper presents measured performance of the Bluetooth link in a presence of WLAN interference in an office environment. The investigation was done using three different measurement scenarios. In the first scenario the corresponding devices were connected to the same computer. In the second one the receivers were separated and finally the transmitters were separated from each other as well. The results show that with a little planning both systems can truly coexist and the experienced performance degradations can be kept in a reasonable level.

In this paper multivariable AR-modeling have been applied to the fault detection and diagnosis of paper making process. Firstly the theory of analysis method is presented together with analysis procedure on the basis of multivariable autoregressive modeling technique. Secondly two high speed newsprint machines were analyzed; the inter-relationships between the measured process variables were examined and some conclusions are drawn how to improve operation stability or how to redesign approach piping. The result of the present study suggests effectiveness and usefulness of used method as a tool for paper machine diagnosis.