Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicle (EV) charging face significant challenges from nonlinear dynamics and load disturbances, which compromise voltage stability and efficiency. For the first time, this paper proposes a neural network-based Model Reference Adaptive Control (NN-MRAC) framework tailored for series-series inductive WPT, integrating a Nonlinear Autoregressive with Exogenous Inputs (NARX) network for online system identification and a customized feedforward neural network (FFNN) for adaptive phase-shift modulation. The NARX model approximates the plant dynamics with time-delayed inputs, while the FFNN embeds these via weight transfer and Jacobian-derived gradients to minimize tracking error, addressing vanishing gradient issues through explicit backpropagation rules. A reduced-order reference model is derived using dipole cancellation, simplifying the open-loop transfer function to a first-order form while preserving transient and steady-state fidelity. Simulations in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the NN-MRAC's superiority over proportional-integral (PI) control, exhibiting markedly reduced overshoot and shortened settling times under reference voltage steps and load variations, thereby enhancing voltage stability, improving charging efficiency, and reducing current fluctuations in the EV battery for a smoother, safer charging process and extended battery lifespan.

This paper presents a fuzzy logic controller for energy management in a battery2013supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles. The proposed approach aims to reduce battery current stress, extend battery lifetime, and maintain the supercapacitor state of charge (SoC) within a desired range during standard FTP75 and NYCC driving cycles. eliminating the digital low-pass filter and simplifying the conventional control structure, the battery current profiles are significantly smoothed, reducing current stress and improving overall system efficiency and durability. Aiming to smoother current stress, the fuzzy logic membership functions are also optimized using the genetic algorithm. Simulation results indicate that this optimization reduces the battery RMS current by 20 and 12 percentages in the FTP75 and NYCC driving cycles, respectively. These reductions leads to lower power losses, improved overall system efficiency and durability.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems provide a promising solution for efficient charging of electric vehicles (EVs); however, their performance is often challenged by nonlinear dynamics arising from variations in mutual coupling and load fluctuations. This paper introduces a novel control framework based on the Nonlinear Auto Regressive Moving Average model with exogenous inputs (NARMA-L2) to achieve robust output voltage regulation in Series-Series(SS) compensated WPT systems tailored for EV applications. The proposed methodology involves identifying the NARMA-L2 model using a multilayer perceptron neural network trained via the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization algorithm, followed by the design of an inverse feedforward controller derived from the identified model. To validate the proposed control approach, extensive simulations in MATLAB were conducted and benchmarked against the conventional proportional–integral (PI) controller. The results demonstrate that the NARMA-L2 controller achieves superior performance, with negligible overshoot (<3%) and shorter settling times in both reference tracking and load disturbance scenarios. These improvements are particularly advantageous for EV charging, where fast dynamic response and minimal overshoot are essential to ensure stable power flow and prevent potential battery degradation.

Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) machines, recognized for their high power density and compact structure, have recently gained significant attention for use in electric vehicles. In electric bicycles, where efficiency and a lightweight design are crucial, electric motors play a key role in overall system performance. In this paper, the design of a Yokeless and Segmented Armature (YASA) AFPM motor specifically developed for electric bicycles is presented. The YASA topology was chosen due to its compact structure and superior power density. To optimize performance, the design was refined using the Taguchi method in combination with finite element method (FEM) analysis. The results indicate that the optimized design achieves a higher average torque while significantly reducing cogging torque and torque ripple. These enhancements nominate the proposed motor as a promising candidate for lightweight, high-efficiency electric bicycle applications.

Consequent-pole flux reversal permanent magnet machine (CP FRPMM), featuring low consumption of rare-earth materials, high torque density, and efficiency, has captured increased attention over recent years. However, prior evaluations of CP FRPMMs have largely been confined to intra-family comparisons, leaving their potential relative to other CP machine variants underexplored. To address this gap, this paper compares the electromagnetic performance of two CP FRPMMs with their consequent-pole Vernier and flux switching counterparts. For a fair analogy, all topologies are designed under the same geometrical dimensions, number of stator slots and rotor teeth, winding configurations, input current density, and rotational speed. In addition, the torque characteristics of all models are optimized globally via multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), and the models are assessed under open circuit and rated-load conditions using finite element method (FEM). The results show that the flux reversal configuration employing quasi-halbach arrays of PMs delivers the best torque density, efficiency, overload capability, power factor, and field-weakening performance among the evaluated machines.

Synchronous reluctance machines (SynRMs) are now common in many applications, due to their durability and high output torque at a competitive price. However, their application is limited by a high torque ripple and low power factor. To address the power factor, permanent magnets are added to the rotor, making a PM-assisted SynRM. A key challenge is that the magnets can further increase torque ripple, therefore making an optimal barrier design is necessary for boosting performance of the machine. Several methods exist to smooth output torque, including design modification, changing the windings or skewing the rotor. This paper, however, focuses specifically on modifying the design to lower torque ripple without losing other performance factors. We began with designing an standard 1.5 kw, 4-pole SynRM with classic equations. After adjusting barrier shapes based on a reference work, the magnets are inserted into its rotor barriers, keeping the insulation ratio unchanged. the design is optimized to achieve the lowest possible torque ripple. After optimization some some punches are added to the rotor carriers to enhance the torque profile in case of torque ripple. The entire investigation used 2D Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, and the outcomes are thoroughly examined in this report.

The purpose of the inductive power transfer (IPT) system is to deliver sufficient power from the power supply to the load via a magnetic coupler. To optimise the efficiency, transmission power, and stability of IPT systems, it is essential to sustain the resonant conditions of the system while stabilising the output voltage in the presence of parameter variations. Therefore, in a fully realised IPT system, the primary objectives are precisely tuning the operating frequency and regulating the output voltage. This paper proposes a novel hybrid control strategy that integrates a phase-locked loop utilising the second-order generalised integrator (SOGI) with phase shift control. The proposed method effectively maintains the stability of the output voltage and the resonant state of the system by concurrently adjusting the operating frequency and the phase shift angle, employing the variable frequency phase shift (VFPS) algorithm. The control strategy demonstrates high precision, provides a smooth transient response during start-up across a range of operational conditions, and ensures that ZVS operation can be achieved. Furthermore, it significantly enhances the system's robustness in the presence of parameter fluctuations. The superiority of this approach is validated through a comprehensive analysis of MATLAB simulation results and empirical testing on a dedicated experimental setup.

Axial flux motors are desirable for automotive applications due to their higher power and torque density, compact structure, and superior efficiency. Moreover, motor topology plays a critical role in determining not only the electrical and mechanical performance but also efficiency, torque density, thermal management, cooling capability, manufacturing feasibility, and overall system reliability. Therefore, in this paper, various topologies of axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors are investigated for low-power electric vehicle applications, with a particular focus on electric bicycles. The four considered configurations include: (i) single-sided AFPM, (ii) double-sided yokeless and segmented armature (YASA), (iii) double-sided outer rotor TORUS-NS, and (iv) double-sided outer rotor TORUS-NN. These topologies are compared in terms of weight, cogging torque, total harmonic distortion (THD) of the back-EMF, and power density. The results indicate that, overall, the YASA structure provides the most suitable performance for application in electric bicycles.

This paper analyzes the performance of a solar water pumping system based on an induction motor, utilizing vector control and solar energy optimization to enhance system efficiency. The proposed system comprises solar panels, boost converter, a three-phase inverter, and energy storage systems that ensure stable power during reduced solar radiation. The Incremental Conductance (INC) algorithm is used for the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of the solar panels, and vector control is applied to regulate the motor's torque and speed. Simulation results demonstrate that the solar water pumping system can perform effectively under varying radiation conditions using vector control and a battery energy storage system to improve stability. Additionally, the impact of an LC filter on improving stator current quality and reducing Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is investigated. The results indicate enhanced system efficiency and stability across diverse environmental conditions.

The main challenge of hybridizing ultracapacitors (UCs) with batteries in electric vehicles is their uncertain economic viability, besides their complexity and weight, which should be fully addressed. Therefore, this article determines the general condition for achieving a justified economic system, which is held when the average annual cost (AAC) of a battery‐UC system over a vehicle's useful life is lower than the annual cost of a sole‐battery for a specific system design, energy management strategy, vehicle type, and driving style. As such, the energy storage system is designed in a case study vehicle, and the optimal current distribution is found by dynamic programming (DP) under UDDS, HWFET, and US06 driving cycles. Then, by economic analysis, it is indicated that although adding an UC incurs additional costs, it saves the AAC by improving the battery health and prolonging its lifespan up to a maximum of 15‐year calendar life, which proves its economic justification. Investing in UCs is more economically viable for vehicles with severe driving cycles and high current stress. Finally, the DP optimal trajectory is implemented into an experimental setup under the US06 driving cycle to verify the evaluated strategy.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a promising technology and has attracted many researchers’ attention due to its inherent advantages such as reliability, safety, flexibility, and low maintenance costs. For WPT systems, the output voltage varies according to the variable loads and the coupling coefficient conditions, affecting system stability and efficiency. In this regard, this study is concerned with the tracking control problem of WPT systems based on fuzzy supervisory proportional–integral (PI) controller and a phase shift modulation technique, which is for the first time proposed by this paper. By introducing appropriate fuzzy rules, the proposed control scheme not only can track the desired output voltage but also has better robust behaviour to deal with the problem of variations of circuit elements and coupling coefficients. That is, the proposed fuzzy supervisory PI control scheme can perform better than the traditional PI controller. Analysis of the designed control method and simulation results validate the superiority of the proposed method over the traditional PI controller in all conditions, which can make it a suitable choice for the applications of electric vehicle charging systems. The analysis is supported by experimental measurements.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been developed as a suitable candidate for energy transfer in various applications, recently. Resonant tank is the main passive part of such systems and various topologies are introduced to improve WPT systems performance. Characteristics of these topologies definitely affect system overall performance. Therefore, each topology's specification and performance indexes should be evaluated and compared to choose a suitable one for a required application. In this paper, the characteristics and behaviour of voltage gain, input admittance and efficiency of well-known compensation topologies are thoroughly investigated for the first time. By calculating the voltage gain sensitivity, some analysis are performed on typical compensation including SS, SP, LCL-S, LCL-P, LCC-S, LCC-P and double-sided LCC under key parameter variations such as load resistance, switching frequency and coupling coefficient. In addition, by introducing a new formula for efficiency, the effect of resonant tank elements on efficiency is studied analytically which has not been performed before. In order to evaluate the theoretical analysis, the performance of all compensation topologies is investigated in MATLAB environment. By employing prototype SS and SP compensated inductive power transfer (IPT) test-bed system, some experimental verification are performed and the results confirm the analytical and numerical simulation findings.

In the power conversion system of electric vehicles (EVs), the double-input converter serves as a crucial component. Using a combination of battery and super-capacitor as energy storage in electric vehicles can greatly improve the vehicle's efficiency and prolong the battery's lifespan. The paper presents a novel non-isolated bidirectional dual input-single output (DISO) DC-DC converter. Its primary objective is to enable the efficient interfacing of battery and supercapacitor in electric vehicle applications. The proposed converter can perform bidirectional power control in both buck and boost modes. Compared to the conventional ones, the DISO converter has a simple structure, and it employs only five semiconductor switches, one inductor and one capacitor. The paper presents a comprehensive explanation of how the converter operates, its analysis and design, and an examination of various modes of power transfer that can be utilized. The simulation of the converter has been carried out on the MATLAB/Simulink platform.

In the operation of PMaSynRM, the generated torque ripple can lead to the production of acoustic noise and vibration. It is important to take this into consideration to minimize any potential negative effects on the systems, especially in electric vehicle applications. The study investigates the torque produced by a PMaSynRM and highlights the effect of geometry bifurcation on torque ripple and average torque. This paper presents a motor design with different bifurcation shapes of stators, such as the circle, triangle, and gear shapes, and the rotor, which can be trapezium or triangle-shaped. Eleven design patterns with different width and height were analyzed for each one, and the performance of the motor in different patterns were compared and the best one was selected based on the 2D finite element method FEM. The simulation results indicated that when the stator teeth notch is circular in shape and the rotor pole groove is trapezium-shaped, the electromagnetic torque is reduced by 5.27%, and the torque ripple is minimized by 63.58% compared to the base design.

Electric bicycles have been catching on in the recent decade due to their lightweight and portability. Hence, different types of electric machines have been proposed to be used in this application. Flux switching machines have attracted a lot of attention as a new type of permanent magnet machines due to their inherent characteristic arise from airgap flux modulation that empowers this topology in low-speed applications. In this paper, a rotor permanent magnet flux switching machine for an electric bicycle is proposed. In this regard its design procedure and required modifications based on sensitivity analysis are described as well. Additionally, a 2D finite element method (FEM) simulation is employed to analyze the performance characteristics of the machine. Finally, it is shown that the proposed design of the machine exhibits desirable performance such as high torque density and low back EMF THD.

Electric motors in electric vehicle and other industrial applications have always been studied in terms of torque density, efficiency and torque characteristics in various literature. Flux Switching motors could be an appropriate option for electric vehicles, especially for direct drive applications. In direct drive application, simplicity, depreciation and entire system efficiency could be improved by eliminating gearbox. In this application, torque features are highly significant because in addition to average torque and torque ripple, it has some secondary effects such as vibration and noise, which is particularly significant. A new method is presented in this paper to reduce torque ripple and then, by 2D FEM simulation the electromagnetics torque feature of the proposed technique is investigated and compared with the conventional model. It is proved that by employment of the presented method, torque ripple is reduced to a desired degree, meanwhile; other magnetic features are maintained to an acceptable level.

Flux reversal permanent magnet (FRPM) machines have been capturing a lot of attention due to their outstanding features such as robust structure, good thermal management, and high fault tolerance capability. However, existing of leakage flux between adjacent magnets, lack of flux focusing effect as well as small area of slots leads to poor torque performance in these types of machines. To enhance the torque characteristic, a novel double stator flux reversal machine with Halbach array magnets (DS-HFRPM) is introduced in this paper. The topology, working principle, and the impacts of major design parameters of the presented machine are investigated, respectively. To show the superiority of the developed design, the performance of the DS-HFRPM machine is then compared with a double stator flux reversal machine with triple-PM excitation (T-DSCPFRPMM) under the same overall dimensions, current excitation, rotor pole number, and nearly identical PM volume with aid of finite element analysis (FEA). The outcomes revealed that the DS-HFRPM machine offers better torque performance as well as magnet usage efficiency compared to its counterpart.

The reliability of electric motors is an indispensable aspect of their performance in safety-critical applications. A Common application which requires great safety is electric vehicle (EV) application. There are many aspects which considering them can increase the reliability of the system in these applications and makes the system more fault-tolerant. Designing the system with a good geometry can enhance torque profile and decrease the risk of demagnetization. One of the common ways of enhancing the reliability is employing a multi-phase winding in electric machines. Due to The recent advances in the field of power electronics and drives the chance has been provided to apply multi-phase winding in electrical machines. Multi-phasing can bring about some great benefits such as lower back-EMF and phase inductance and a better performance in flux-weakening area. Therefore, in this paper a six-phase flux-intensifying IPM machine is designed and its electromagnetic performance and operation in fault condition are evaluated and compared with the conventional three-phase machine of the same type, size and current density.

Interior permanent magnet motors (IPM) provide many different advantages over other electric motor types in torque quality, reliability and efficiency. The reluctance torque is an important contribution to improve torque density and flux weakening capability in IPM machines. So, considering geometric design characteristics to enhance reluctance torque in IPM machines can be helpful to have a better performance. Introducing flux barriers into the rotor can increase the saliency ratio and the reluctance torque. This also leads to enhancement of the overall performance of the machine. This paper is aimed at comparing and analyzing the capabilities for synRM machine, IPM machine and flux-intensifying IPM machine with different structures. Finally Different electromagnetic characteristics of the three machines are simulated in FEM 2D and the results are analyzed, studied, and compared.

This paper presents a novel dual-permanent magnet flux reversal machine (dual-PM FRM) with Hallbach array magnets in its stator slots. Unlike the existing Hallbach array FRM, half of the magnets are removed from stator slots and placed into rotor slots with radial magnetization. The working mechanism of the proposed machine is described with the aid of the flux modulation theory. Moreover, the performances of the developed machine are compared with its counterpart by means of finite element analysis (FEA). It is revealed that the average torque is improved by 28.14% in the presented design under the same magnet usage, overall dimensions, and input current as those of the existing Halbach array FRM. In addition, due to the substantial increase in back-EMF, the power factor of the novel (dual-PM FRM) has witnessed 17% growth.