The regional energy transition under the goal of carbon neutrality confronts both constraints of energy water scarcities, with energy-water nexus critically shaping sustainable pathways. Climate change impacts must also be assessed when analyzing water resource constraints. This study established a method for evaluating energy-water synergy technologies in regional transition scenarios based on prospective life cycle assessment (PLCA), which used the data from Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) scenario inventories linked with LCI parameters. Subsequently, this method was applied to evaluate five environmental impacts (ADP, EP, FAETP, GWP, TFU) of Polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic power generation technology, Onshore wind power generation technology, and Coal-fired power generation deployed nine different carbon capture technologies in Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2060. The results showed that Onshore wind power generation technology exhibited minimal environmental impacts (EIs) in 2020, while deploying post-combustion membrane carbon capture will greatly reduce the impacts of coal-fired power generation. Renewable energy impacts are concentrated in material production, while over 90% of carbon capture system impacts occur during operation. Except for Onshore wind power generation technology, other energy-water synergy technologies reducing more than 20% EIs, driven by decarbonized material production for renewables and optimized adsorption efficiency in carbon capture systems. Considering the constraints and technological maturity of different development stages, Shaanxi should prioritize wind and photovoltaic power generation expansion before 2030, scale solar-wind hybrid systems during 2030-2060, and deploy physical adsorption-based post-combustion technologies for coal-fired power generation. This study provided decision support for similar regions choosing energy-water synergy technologies under energy transition.

Titania mesocrystals of rod-like shape (TR), assembled from crystallographically-oriented nanocrystals, have attracted particular attention in the field of photocatalysis, but their preparation is highly dependent on used surfactants and/or templates. In this study, a new method of titania mesocrystals' synthesis has been proposed by solvothermal reaction, without participation of any morphology-control agents. A mechanism of their formation, involving crystal nucleation, growth, and oriented arrangement (along the (101) direction) has been established. It has been found that an increase in reaction temperature accelerates growth and nucleation of grains, whereas prolonged reaction promotes their elongation. This specific morphology results in high photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation towards both oxidation and reduction reactions, including oxidative decomposition of antibiotics, hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide reduction. Additionally, surface modification of titania mesocrystals with only 2 wt% of noble metal (NM: palladium, platinum, gold, silver and copper) causes a significant increase in photocatalytic performance under UV/vis, depending mostly on the formed Schottky barrier high (SBH), and thus the activity increases in the following order: Ag/TR < Au/TR < Pd/TR < Pt/TR. However, in the case of oxidative degradation of tetracycline under vis and carbon monoxide formation under UV, Ag/TR and Cu/TR exhibit the best performance, which could be caused by their mixed-oxidation state, and thus the complex mechanism of their action. Interestingly, the selectivity of CO2 reduction depends on the kind of NM, and thus CO is mainly formed on Ag/TR sample, whereas CH4 on Pd/TR. Moreover, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations reveal that NM nanoparticles (NPs) induce strong localized electromagnetic (light) field enhancement at the NM-titania interface, with E-field intensities reaching up to 500 x at plasmonic hotspots. While the global scattering cross-section of the titania micro-tubular structure dominates over absorption, the simulations demonstrate that small NPs (20 nm) efficiently convert this scattered light into localized absorption, creating intense near-field enhancement. This plasmonic focusing effect could explain the observed photocatalytic activity enhancement, as the concentrated light fields promote an efficient generation of charge carriers and interfacial electron transfer.

Understanding the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of urban ecological resources is crucial for differentiated urban transition and regional sustainable development. This study developed a Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity analysis framework for Urban Ecological Resources (SHUER) to analyze the evolution and effect mechanisms of ecological resources in Chinese cities, which integrated ecological resource assessment, vulnerable subsystem identification, spatiotemporal heterogeneity analysis, and influencing mechanisms exploration. Based on Pressure-State-Response model, SHUER evaluates urban ecological resource status (IERS) across ecological resources, environment, and socio-economic (2E1S) dimensions. The Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD) model was then used to assess the coordination heterogeneity within the complex system, and used spatial autocorrelation and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression to identify spatial clustering patterns and the heterogeneous effects of industrial transition. The framework was applied to 60 cities across two ecologically contrasting regions from 2013 to 2022: the Coal Triangle (CT) and the Sichuan-Chongqing (CY) regions. The results showed the CT exhibits significantly lower IERS and a persistent “high-pressure, weak-response” system imbalance. 2E1S system coupling coordination strengthened over time, yet CT showed emerging phased socio-economic constraints, while CY displayed more persistent ecological resources vulnerability. CT cities exhibited weak spatial correlation, whereas CY shifted from spatial agglomeration towards dispersion. Secondary industry transition exerted the most significant and spatially consistent negative association in CT, and tertiary upgrading leading coordinated improvement in CY. Based on the integrated analysis, typical cities were classified into four differentiated transition pathways, providing targeted implications for sustainable urban governance and maximizing the advantages of the urban ecological resources.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a highly fluorinated organic compound with a chemical formula C8HF15O2. Due to its tendency to be accumulatied in the human body and other organisms, and the stability of its C-F chemical bonds in the environment, it poses significant potential risks to both the environment and human health. In order to seek more effective removal technologies, a BiFeO₃/Bi₅O₇I composite material with n-n heterojunction was synthesized by calcination of a metal-organic framework (MOF) composite material, BiOI/MIL-101(Fe), at 600°C for 5 h.This material could efficiently photodegrade PFOA under visible light. When the catalyst dosage was 15 mg, the pH was 4, and the initial concentration of PFOA was 10 mg·L-1, the catalytic degradation efficiency of PFOA could reach up to 91

Co-occurrence of antibiotics and heavy metals in domestic wastewater has caused seasonal instability in their removal in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Mechanisms for understanding such fluctuations remain uncovered due to the strong reliance on total concentrations rather than bioavailable fractions. Therefore, diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique devices were applied on the influent, effluent, and sludge of a domestic WWTP in Beijing from winter to spring (December 2024 to April 2025) for detecting 4 quinolones (QNs), 3 tetracyclines (TCs) and 3 heavy metals. DGT measurements demonstrated antibiotics dominated bioavailable fractions in winter, with QNs accounting for > 70% of total concentrations, while heavy metals (Cr, Cd and Cu) showed significantly increasing bioavailability in spring. QNs and TCs favoured coordination complexes with multivalent metal ions in sludge during winter, promoting immobilization of metals. With increasing temperature, destabilization of these complexes enhanced metal desorption into the aqueous phase and triggered remobilization of certain antibiotics into effluent. This temperature-dependent complexation-desorption behaviour revealed the seasonal dynamics of contaminant migration and uncertainties of WWTP removal performance. Ecological risk assessment based on DGT confirmed the shift in dominant risk drivers from antibiotics in winter to metals in spring. Wastewater-based epidemiology further confirmed that elevated winter antibiotic usage initiated these bioavailability-driven processes. Our study proved the bioavailability outperformed total concentration to characterize seasonal transport, removal efficiencies and environmental risk of antibiotic-metal mixtures in urban WWTPs, offering deep mechanistic insight for mixture-involved risk assessment and pollution control strategies.

A selective phase for tetracycline antibiotics (TAs) uptake was designed by incorporating [BMIM][PF6]-functionalized ZIF-67-derived carbonaceous material into the diffusive gradients in a thin-films (DGT) device. This material, integrated in the binding gel of DGT (ta-DGT), exhibited specifically strong affinity toward tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and chlortetracycline (CTC), with adsorption capacities of 12.22, 11.81, and 13.78 µg/disc, respectively. The ta-DGT showed preferential uptake of TAs over coexisting antibiotics and organic contaminants, with adsorption ratios above 80% and stable performance over pH 4-9 and ionic strength of 0.001-0.1 M. Mechanistic analysis indicated that π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions and cation-π bonding facilitated the specific targeting of TAs onto ta-DGT. During 7 days of field deployment in a domestic wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, ta-DGT showed 5-40 times higher detectable concentrations than conventional HLB/XAD DGT devices. These results validated its sensitivity, reliability, and feasibility for the selective separation and quantification of TAs in complex aqueous matrices.

In this study, polyhedral self-assembled spherical titania (TS) photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method from titanium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate and sulfuric acid. Titania modification with iron was carried out through the same procedure by the addition of different amounts of iron(III) chloride to the substrate mixture. Various methods were applied for sample characterization, e.g., XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV-vis DRS, and photo-electrochemical measurements, such as EIS, CV, transient photocurrent, whereas photocatalytic activity was investigated for hydrogen evolution under UV/vis and oxidative decomposition of antibiotics under UV and/or vis, including also tests with scavengers. It has been found that iron was both incorporated in the titania structure (doping) and adsorbed on its surface. Although iron presence has hardly influenced the properties (slight changes in morphology, bandgap energy, and crystallite size), the photocatalytic activity has increased significantly. Therefore, it is proposed that iron might work as an electron sink, hindering the charge carriers’ recombination. Linear evolution of hydrogen, recycling experiments and characterization of samples after recycling have confirmed a good stability of iron-modified titania.

Highly transparent, long-term durable superhydrophobic coatings are expected to solve the signal attenuation issue of optical monitoring sensors in harsh water environments. However, achieving both excellent underwater environmental durability and superior optical transparency remains a challenge for artificial superhydrophobic coatings. Here, this study reports an underwater application-oriented epoxy resin/perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane-candle soot (oxidized) (EP/F-CS(O)) coating with all of these merits, prepared by thermally depositing candle soot and removing carbon black under high-temperature annealing. The coating shows excellent static and dynamic superhydrophobicity (ultrahigh water contact angle (CA) = 160.1° and ultralow sliding angle (SA) = 0.67°), outstanding transparency (89.41%), and mechanochemical stability. Most importantly, this coating can maintain exceptional durability in various harsh water environments for 30 days. Furthermore, the coating is successfully applied to underwater optical sensors, effectively mitigating pollutant accumulation and signal attenuation. After continuous monitoring of the lake water for 30 days, the attenuation of the monitoring signals of the coated sensor is only 0.018 times that of the blank sensor. The coating can successfully reduce the signal attenuation of the sensor by 98.2%. This indicates that the EP/F-CS(O) coating can significantly improve the monitoring accuracy and extend the service life of the optical sensors. With these advantages, the superhydrophobic coating shows great application potential and market prospects in real-water optical monitoring fields.

With the growth of electric vehicles, non-exhaust PM10 is becoming the dominant contributor to vehicle-related particulate pollution and a source of emerging pollutants. This study evaluated four machine-learning algorithms and selected Random Forest (RF) to estimate road traffic flow. By coupling RF with the MOVES model, we developed an RF-MOVES model to quantify the emissions of non-exhaust PM10, heavy metals, and microplastics, and assessed the characteristics of the emissions under three electrification scenarios. Research shows that temporal variations in tire-road wear PM10 (TRWPM10) and tire brake PM10 (TBPM10) are attributed to travel behavior and road conditions, while spatial heterogeneity reflects road-network structure and vehicle-type distribution. Vehicle electrification increased the proportions of TRWPM10 and TBPM10 to total vehicle-related PM10 due to reduced exhaust PM10. The fractions of heavy metals and microplastics in non-exhaust PM10 increased by over 4% and 9%, respectively, indicating a growing potential for environmental contamination. Furthermore, increasing regenerative braking reduces non-exhaust PM10 and heavy metal emissions, while its effects on microplastic mitigation remain limited. This study provides a model for calculating high-resolution non-exhaust PM10. Our results highlight the potential environmental contamination risks of vehicle-related non-exhaust PM10 and offer insights for managing non-exhaust PM10, heavy metals and microplastics in future electrification scenarios.

Fenton-like advanced oxidation processes hold promise for treating heavy metal complexes (HMCs), yet their practical application is often limited by high oxidant consumption and low utilization efficiency. Although several reviews have summarized various advanced oxidation processes for HMCs removal, a comprehensive analysis focusing specifically on oxidant-minimized strategies for both conventional HMCs and emerging antibiotic-metal complexes (AMCs) is still lacking. This review systematically examines recent advances in low-oxidant-consumption Fenton-like systems for the decomplexation of HMCs and AMCs, as well as for metal recovery. Radical-based strategies, including catalyst design, nanoconfinement, self-catalysis, and external-field assistance, are critically evaluated for their effectiveness in enhancing radical generation and utilization while reducing oxidant demand. Nonradical pathways, such as ligand-to-metal charge transfer, high-valent metal species, and singlet oxygen, are analyzed for their advantages in suppressing side reactions and resisting matrix interference. Metal recovery approaches via oxidative and reductive routes are outlined to integrate resource reclamation into treatment processes. Key influencing factors, including the thermodynamic stability of metal complexes and the kinetic selectivity of reactive species in complex water matrices, are also discussed. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are identified to guide the development of oxidant-economical and resource-conscious Fenton-like technologies for practical wastewater treatment.

This study elucidates the roles of oxygen vacancies (Vo) concentration and spatial distribution in governing the generation and transformation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using a bismuth-based metal-organic framework (Bi-MOF) as a self-sacrificing template, three BiOBr photocatalysts (BiOBr-C, BiOBr-E, BiOBr-H) with tunable Vo configurations were synthesized by varying the solvent (ethanol, ethylene glycol, or deionized water). It was demonstrated that oxygen activation followed a single-electron reduction pathway (O2 ->& sdot;O2 ) under low Vo content, but switched to a two-electron reduction path (O2 ->& sdot;O2 -> H2O2) under high Vo content. Combined characterization and theory calculations revealed that BiOBr-C and BiOBr-H, with high total Vo content, supplied sufficient delocalized electrons for H2O2 generation. However, BiOBr-C suffered from a kinetically hindered bulkto-surface electron transfer, whereas BiOBr-H was plagued by severe hole annihilation, both resulting in suboptimal charge carrier utilization. In contrast, BiOBr-E, with the lowest total Vo yet a moderate surface Vo content, exhibited the highest charge separation efficiency, longest carrier lifetime, and largest electrochemical active surface area, thereby maximizing hole availability. Moreover, the relatively lower Vo content in BiOBr-E also contributed to a higher valence-band maximum, enhancing hole oxidation capability. Together with a high tetracycline (TC) adsorption capacity, these attributes endowed BiOBr-E with superior photocatalytic performance, achieving a pseudo-second-order kinetic constant of 2.78 & times; 10-3 mg- 1 & sdot;L & sdot;min- 1, which was 5.57 times higher than that of the control sample BiOBr-E-b (prepared from Bi(NO3)3 & sdot;5 H2O under identical conditions) and surpassed many previously reported Bi-based photocatalysts. This work offers fundamental insights into how Vo governs electron transfer in oxygen activation and ROS selectivity, providing a rational design strategy for efficient vacancy-mediated photocatalysts.

Designing synergistic regulation strategies is widely recognized as an effective approach to enhancing electrocatalytic performance. This study synthesized a nanosheet array composed of Cr-Co2P confined within a P, N co-doped carbon matrix (Cr-Co2P@PNC) through a facile synchronous carbonization-phosphorization method, then anchored onto a P-doped carbonized wood framework (PCW) to construct a composite catalyst. Benefiting from the synergistic coupling between the Cr-Co2P@PNC nanosheet array architecture and the wood-derived carbon matrix, the Cr-Co2P@PNC/PCW demonstrates remarkable catalytic activity and long-term durability for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), achieving an overpotential of 283 mV at 50 mA cm-2 with stable operation exceeding 100 h. When integrated with commercial Pt/C into an anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer, it delivers 500 mA cm-2 at 1.87 V and exhibits excellent durability. Experimental characterization and theoretical calculations confirm that the coupling of the wood-derived interconnected hierarchical porous structures with the nanosheet array facilitates extensive contact between active sites and electrolyte, enhancing mass transport during reactions. Cr doping modulates the electronic structure, alleviating strong adsorption at Co sites and reducing the energy barrier of the OER rate-determining step. The P, N co-doped carbon matrix inhibits the corrosion and aggregation of metal active sites and promotes electron transfer to optimize reaction kinetics. This work demonstrates an optimization strategy for OER composite catalysts while providing new perspectives for exploring renewable wood-derived catalyst designs.

Achieving deep decarbonization in industry sector is a central socio-environmental challenge for achieving global climate targets, particularly in countries with large industrial bases. In China, the iron and steel sector is one of the most carbon-intensive industries and therefore plays a decisive role in the realization of the 2030 carbon peaking and 2060 carbon neutrality goals. Electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is widely regarded as a key technological pathway toward near-zero emissions, yet its large-scale deployment faces critical constraints related to material availability, regional heterogeneity, and infrastructure conditions. In particular, the lack of systematic, province-level assessments of resource constraints and spatial allocation hampers effective planning of EAF-based decarbonization pathways. To address this knowledge gap, this study applies the AIM-China/Steel model to quantitatively assess the provincial production potential of EAF steel in China. The analysis integrates cost optimization with regional scrap availability, inter-provincial scrap transportation, and energy costs to simulate future EAF capacity deployment under decarbonization constraints. The results show that regional scrap supply and the feasibility of scrap transport jointly determine the spatial distribution of EAF capacity. In scrap-scarce regions, EAF expansion is significantly constrained, requiring either cross-regional scrap flows or complementary low-carbon options such as hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (H-DRI). Moreover, energy prices, infrastructure conditions, and policy interventions strongly influence the timing and scale of EAF deployment. These findings demonstrate that Chinau2019s steel decarbonization depends not only on green electricity expansion but also on coordinated planning of scrap recycling systems, transportation networks, and regional resource allocation. This study provides quantitative evidence to support province-level EAF capacity planning and informed policymaking for the steel industryu2019s transition toward near-zero carbon emissions.

The widespread distribution of microplastics (MPs) presents new challenges for the remediation of toxic metals-contaminated sediments. In this study, carboxymethylcellulose-modified nano-zero-valent iron (C-nZVI) was applied to explore its potential to assist ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in remediating sediment co-contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and six different types of MPs. Experimental results indicated that application of C-nZVI not only increased total dry biomass (+0.81 % to + 58.94 %) and enhanced the overall length of plants (+2.57 % to + 30.94 %), but also improved their capacity for Cd accumulation (+4.76 % to + 69.49 %). Furthermore, C-nZVI significantly increased the residual fraction of Cd (+22.12 % to +148.67 %), stimulate sediment enzyme activities and increased the relative abundance of key bacterial taxa (such as Devosia and Nitrosomonas), which are functionally linked to nutrient cycling and toxic metal immobilization, thereby supporting the remediation process. The partial least squares path model revealed that C-nZVI regulated the sediment-ryegrass system via two effective pathways: it not only reduced the bioavailable forms of Cd and increased the residual forms of Cd, but also enhanced Cd uptake by plants and facilitated plant growth. This study demonstrates the promising application of C-nZVI in enhancing phytoremediation efficiency in complex pollution scenarios where toxic metals and diverse MPs co-exist. This nano-enabled strategy offers a practical solution for the in-situ remediation of polluted riverine or wetland sediments. Future research should focus on field validation and assessing the long-term ecological impacts of this approach.

In order to comprehensively evaluate potential GHG emissions and reduction of applied carbonized waste biomass, a Prospective Life Cycle Assessment (PLCA) was conducted. This evaluation quantified the carbon sequestration and GHG (CO2, N2O, CH4) reduction effects of two crop residue biochar-based products (biochar and biochar-based fertilizer) from their production to application stages, including applications in diverse soils (black soil, loess, and laterite) for cultivating paddy and other crops respectively. Results showed that the slow pyrolysis process was the main source of GHG emissions due to electricity consumption. Biochar-based fertilizers exhibited higher GHG emissions than biochar because of the additional energy required for extra processing steps. In addition, under the low-carbon scenario with a higher share of clean energy, GHG emissions at the production stage were significantly reduced compared to those under the baseline scenario. At the usage stage, the GHG emissions varied significantly with soil and crop types. In laterite, biochar-based fertilizers for paddy cultivation effectively reduced GHG emissions, while biochar for other crops increased GHG emissions; in black soil, the GHG emissions reduction of biochar in paddy fields was superior to that of biocharbased fertilizers; in loess, for both paddy and other crops, the GHG emissions reduction of biochar was more pronounced. This study indicates that soil physicochemical properties directly affect the GHG reduction efficiency of biochar-based products, resulting in potentially different GHG emissions or reduction in different soil-crop systems.

This paper aims to deeply analyze the structural changes in China's household water use under the carbon neutrality transition path and predict its future development trend. By integrating key factors such as climate change, household water use habits, efficiency of water-using appliances, penetration rate and household income level, this study constructed a household water use module in the IPAC-Tech Water model, which noticeably improved the accuracy and reliability of the model in predicting future changes in water resource demand. This paper first reveals the differential characteristics of household water use in various regions of China and its potential connection with climate change through case analysis. Then, this paper sets up eight different scenarios to simulate and analyze the future household water technology structure and water demand. The results show that temperature change is a significant factor affecting household water consumption. It is estimated that by 2050, the additional water consumption caused by rising temperatures will account for 29.3 % of the total water consumption. In the absence of water-saving measures, per capita water consumption may reach 219.2 L d- 1 p- 1; In the scenario of extreme water-saving measures and environmental constraints, water consumption can be reduced to 83.5 L d- 1 p- 1; In the most likely scenario, per capita water consumption is expected to reach 137.1 L d- 1 p- 1 in 2050. In addition, this study predicts that the market share of water-saving water-using appliances will increase notably before 2040, and the use of water-saving appliances will reduce water consumption by 60 %. This paper also comprehensively scores household water-using appliances with different water efficiency levels and quantifies the actual water-saving effect of water-saving appliances. The study further reveals the decoupling phenomenon between socioeconomic development and domestic water consumption, pointing out that water prices and income have limited impact on household domestic water consumption. This study emphasizes that when formulating water resources management and water conservation strategies, attention should be paid to the impact of temperature changes and the market share of domestic water-using appliances with different energy efficiency levels. These findings provide a scientific basis for policymakers, which will help

Owing to its relatively wide band gap, BiVO4 primarily absorbs ultraviolet and visible light, leaving the nearinfrared (NIR) portion of the solar spectrum underutilized. Coupling BiVO4 with upconversion luminescent materials has been recognized as an effective strategy to extend its optical response into the NIR region. In this work, a NIR-responsive CaF2:Yb3+,Tm3+@BiVO4 (CFYT@BVO) composite was synthesized through a two-step chemical route. Structural characterization revealed that CFYT nanoparticles were uniformly deposited on the surface of rod-like BVO, which facilitates efficient energy transfer between the two components. CFYT functions as an energy conversion center that absorbs NIR light and emits ultraviolet (379 nm) and blue (488 nm) light via upconversion, both of which are efficiently absorbed by BVO. This process effectively extends the photoresponse of CFYT@BVO into the NIR region. The attenuation of the multi-level fluorescence transitions of Tm3+ in CFYT further confirms the occurrence of efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from CFYT to BVO. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that CFYT@BVO exhibits a significantly higher photocurrent density and lower charge transfer resistance than pure BVO. As a result, the CFYT@BVO composite showed a markedly enhanced rate for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride. Under full-spectrum irradiation, the degradation rate of CFYT@BVO was 2.14 times that of pure BVO. This study offers valuable insights for the rational design of high-performance NIR-driven photocatalytic systems.

Using (Na)2TiF6 and CO(NH2)2 as raw materials, we proposed a simple one-pot hydrothermal method for synthesizing single-phase anatase TiO2 across a broad pH range of the precursor solution. The results showed that, irrespective of whether the precursor solution was acidic (pH=1.43, 3.43, 5.37), neutral (pH= 7.23), or alkaline (pH=9.45, 11.18, 13.15) prior to the hydrothermal reaction, the post-reaction solution pH stabilized between 8 and 9, and all resultant TiO2 materials were identified as single-phase anatase. This finding contrasted with previous reports where phase transformations among anatase, rutile, or brookite were observed under varying pH conditions of the precursor solution. This discrepancy was attributed to the continuous decomposition of urea during the hydrothermal process, which maintained the pH of the reaction solution within a relatively stable range. Comprehensive investigations revealed that anatase TiO2 synthesized at pH 7.23 exhibited optimal light absorption ability, enhanced charge dynamics, and a larger electrochemically active surface area. As a result, TiO2 (pH 7.23) showcased the highest photocatalytic activity toward tetracycline (TC), achieving a degradation efficiency of 97.7

In organic degradation, a prevalent perspective that biogenic manganese oxides possess enhanced catalytic ability compared to their chemical counterparts remains experimentally unvalidated. In this study, biogenic alpha-Mn2O3 was proven to be superior to its chemogenic counterpart in atrazine degradation. In native degradation, biogenic alpha-Mn2O3 achieved a 35.39-65.09 % degradation efficiency, while commercial alpha-Mn2O3 showed no such ability. This is because biogenic alpha-Mn2O3 generated greater amounts of reactive oxygen species than commercial alpha-Mn2O3 (the contribution order for atrazine degradation was O-1(2) > (OH)-O-center dot >> O-2(center dot-)). In advanced oxidation, only periodate was efficiently activated by biogenic alpha-Mn2O3, achieving a 79.79 % degradation efficiency. Comparatively, the corresponding efficiency for commercial alpha-Mn2O3 was 18.58 %. This discrepancy is due to the significantly higher levels of (OH)-O-center dot and O-2(center dot-) generation in the biogenic alpha-Mn2O3/periodate system (the contribution order was (OH)-O-center dot > O-2(center dot-)). Importantly, the (332()) and (222) crystal planes of biogenic alpha-Mn2O3 exhibited a higher catalytic ability than the (211) plane in activating periodate to produce (OH)-O-center dot and O-2(center dot-). The N(8)-C(10), C(17)-C(23), and N(9)-C(17) bonds in atrazine were susceptible to attack by (OH)-O-center dot, while the C(3)-Cl(7) bond was liable to be attacked by O-2(center dot-), ultimately resulting in the formation of seven intermediates.

Urban traffic that is heterogeneous significantly impacts on urban air quality in both temporal and spatial scale, while traditional dispersion models struggle to assess it at high temporal resolution and multiple spatial scales. This paper tried to comprehensively review the machine learning (ML)-based high-resolution traffic-air quality (TAQ) models and provide valuable insights for the development and application. The advancements in ML-based TAQ models are highlighted via our analysis of 103 studies from 2013 to 2023, particularly for European regions where relevant research have increased significantly. The review summarized the prediction of urban air quality influenced by complicated on-road traffic conditions using various ML algorithms (e.g., tree-based and neural network algorithms). Additionally, we explored the sources of input datasets, feature applications and challenges associated with ML algorithms’ selection and application. Additionally, prospects were proposed for prioritizing interpretability in ML algorithms and the optimizing input metadata to improve the reliability and performance of ML-based TAQ models. Together with future research directions were also discussed, including real-time urban air quality evaluation and models facilitated concerned with health and economic effects. Aiming to advance ML-based TAQ models in this field,this review illustrates a brand-new roadmap for understanding the intricate relationship between urban on-road traffic and air quality dynamics.