ABSTRACT Fonsecaea monophora is a dematiaceous fungus with worldwide distribution that can cause chromoblastomycosis, an implantation mycosis and a neglected tropical disease. F. monophora also causes phaeohyphomycosis, including central nervous system infections like brain abscesses, with high mortality rates. In the absence of clinical breakpoints, epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) can aid clinicians in monitoring antifungal resistance trends and guide initial antifungal selection. To establish F. monophora MIC distribution and ECVs, we performed antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) on F. monophora isolates. AFST data on F. monophora isolates were collected at 14 laboratories during September 2023–May 2026. Species identification was previously confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. AFST was performed by CLSI M38 standard broth microdilution method for itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine, flucytosine, and amphotericin B. The ECVs were established using the iterative statistical method with ECOFFinder (v2.1) following CLSI M57 guidelines. We analyzed MIC results from 137 F. monophora isolates. The calculated ECVs were itraconazole, 2 μg/mL; voriconazole, 0.25 μg/mL; posaconazole, 1 μg/mL; isavuconazole, 0.25 μg/mL; and terbinafine, 0.5 μg/mL. Amphotericin B and flucytosine had bimodal distributions, and no ECVs were set. Ketoconazole did not have data from ≥100 isolates. These F. monophora ECVs can detect non-wild-type isolates to reevaluate antifungal treatment and investigate treatment failure associated with potential clinical resistance. Established through a global multicenter collaboration, these values provide a baseline to better understand the in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile of this species and monitor resistance. IMPORTANCE Fonsecaea monophora is a dematiaceous fungus with worldwide distribution that can cause chromoblastomycosis, an implantation mycosis and neglected tropical disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. F. monophora also causes phaeohyphomycosis, including central nervous system infections like brain abscesses with high mortality rates. The paucity of antifungal susceptibility testing data on F. monophora complicates interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. We performed antifungal susceptibility testing on 137 F. monophora isolates to establish MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) for eight antifungals, including those commonly used to treat F. monophora infections. The calculated ECVs for commonly used antifungals were 2 μg/mL for itraconazole, 0.25 μg/mL for voriconazole, 1 μg/mL for posaconazole, and 0.5 μg/mL for terbinafine. ECVs can assist in selecting potential treatments for F. monophora and tracking antifungal resistance trends.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to establish epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole against Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei) using the CLSI broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility testing of 207 T. marneffei isolates was performed independently at five laboratories across China according to CLSI M27-A4 guidelines. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions were analyzed using ECOFFinder software (version 2.1), and ECVs were set at the upper MIC limit encompassing 97.5% of the modeled wild-type (WT) population. ECVs were determined as follows: amphotericin B (AMB) 8 µg/mL, voriconazole (VRC) 0.03 µg/mL, itraconazole (ITC) 0.125 µg/mL, posaconazole (POS) 0.06 µg/mL, isavuconazole (ISA) 0.125 µg/mL, and fluconazole (FLC) 8 µg/mL. MIC distributions for all six agents conformed well to the fitted models (normal or log-normal), supporting the validity of ECV determination. No non-WT isolates were detected for amphotericin B, whereas non-WT rates for azoles were 15.5% (voriconazole), 8.45% (itraconazole), 6.37% (posaconazole), 3.0% (fluconazole), and 1.02% (isavuconazole). Among voriconazole non-WT isolates, all were from patients with prior voriconazole exposure. This study provides the first standardized ECVs for T. marneffei against six key antifungal agents. The data establish a reference framework for antifungal susceptibility testing and resistance surveillance and highlight the need for continued monitoring of azole susceptibility in this pathogen.

Our study aims to compare the differences in gut fungal community structure between pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy pregnant women at 24–28 weeks of gestation, and to explore the correlation between differential fungi, clinical indicators and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We selected 96 pregnant women with GDM and 92 healthy pregnant women, all of whom had established prenatal care records at Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, and assigned them to the case group and the control group respectively. Fecal samples were collected from all participants at 24–28 weeks of gestation and sequenced using ITS rRNA gene sequencing. We then compared the fungal community characteristics between the two groups, screened for differential fungi between the groups, analyzed their association with clinical indicators, and further explored influencing factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. There were significant differences in gut fungal characteristics and clinical indicators between pregnant women with GDM and the healthy group. Compared with the healthy group, the α-diversity (including the Shannon, Simpson index, etc.) of gut fungi in pregnant women with GDM was decreased (P < 0.01). There were differential changes in the community structure. At the genus level, Candida contributed to the clustering analysis of pregnant women with GDM and was positively correlated with glucose metabolism indicators, whereas eight genera including Saccharomycopsis, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Pichia were more enriched in the gut of healthy pregnant women. To accurately identify the key fungi in the two groups, a random forest algorithm was used in the study for ranking. In addition, Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between the differential fungi and clinical indicators. Additionally, logistic multivariate regression analysis revealed that intestinal Saccharomyces acted as an independent protective factor against adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with GDM (OR = 0.206, 95CI

The distribution of dietary macronutrients is critical for blood glucose management and adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); however, the relationship between plant-based food intake and the risk of large-for- gestational-age (LGA) birth is unclear. Here, based on a large-scale birth cohort, we aim to investigate the prospective association between plant-based diet intake and the risk of LGA birth in pregnant women with GDM. We included 1768 GDM participants and assessed dietary plant-based diet patterns by constructing plant-based diet index (PDI), healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthy plant-based diet index (uPDI) using data collected from food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). LGA were defined as gender- and gestational age-adjusted birth weight of newborns greater than 90th percentile. We found that individuals in the highest quartile of uPDI had a significantly higher risk of LGA compared to those in the lowest quartile (OR :1.62, 95

BACKGROUND:Tinea capitis is still common in China. The gold standard for treatment is oral antifungal drugs. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to clarify the current epidemiological characteristics and efficacy of different treatments of tinea capitis in China. METHODS:A multicenter, prospective real-world study involving 20 tertiary hospitals in China was conducted. From August 2020 to December 2021, 819 patients with tinea capitis were enrolled. Data concerning demography, clinical types, fungal tests, treatments and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS:The most common pathogen was Microsporum canis (69.8%). Itraconazole (45.4%) and terbinafine (33.4%) were commonly used, while griseofulvin (16.0%) and fluconazole (5.3%) were less frequently prescribed. Most patients (81.9%) were clinically cured with the initial systemic antifungal treatment schemes. In treating gray patch tinea capitis, the success rate of oral terbinafine (58.1%) was significantly lower than itraconazole (92.2%) and fluconazole (91.3%). Treatment success rate of terbinafine for M canis tinea capitis was 59.4%. LIMITATIONS:All involved clinical centers are tertiary hospitals. Missing data may introduce bias. CONCLUSION:All 4 antifungal drugs have shown good efficacy and were well tolerated. More attention should be paid to the relatively low success rate of oral terbinafine in treating gray patch and M canis tinea capitis.

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic and difficult-to-treat infection caused by dematiaceous fungi, primarily affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In Southern China, Fonsecaea monophora is recognized as a predominant pathogen agent of CBM cases. Effective therapeutic strategies remain limited for this mycosis. However, berberine, a bioactive compound extracted from various traditional medicinal herbs, has attracted considerable attention due to its potent antimicrobial properties. The study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of berberine against F. monophora through a series of in vitro studies, including antifungal susceptibility testing and time-kill curve analysis. Moreover, a Galleria mellonella infection model of F. monophora was also established for the comparative analysis of berberine’s efficacy. Berberine exhibited inhibitory activity against all tested strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of berberine against F. monophora strains ranged from 16 to 64 µg/mL, with a geometric mean of 49.74 µg/mL. In the Galleria mellonella model, berberine treatment significantly prolonged the survival time of infected larvae. These findings suggest that berberine has the potential, as a complementary treatment, for CBM. However, the current research is limited to in-vivo and preliminary in-vitro model involving a small number of fungal strains. Therefore, further validations through additional studies, such as involving murine model and other advanced experimental systems, will be necessary.

Although many home-used intense pulsed light (IPL) are available for hair removal, whether these devices exhibit comparable efficacy and safety to those IPL used at hospitals is unknown. Therefore, we compared here the efficacy and safety of a home-used UI04 IPL freezing point hair removal device with a Broadband Light (BBL) intense pulsed light hair removal device for hair removal. A total of 84 participants were enrolled from our outpatient clinic. In each participant, the right and the left sides of the axilla, calf, or forearm were randomly assigned to either the observation side treated with a UI04 IPL hair removal device or control side treated with a BBL device for 3 months and were followed up for 3 months. Our results showed that 78 out of 84 (87.6 Trial registration 20210454.

OBJECTIVE:We aimed to investigate the association between gestational weight gain rate (GWGR) in the second and third trimesters (ISTT) and both pregnancy complications and perinatal outcomes. METHODS:This was a cross-sectional study of data from the 2664 pregnant women between March 2018 and December 2018. Pregnant women were grouped by different GWGRs ISTT according to the latest recommendation for maternal weight gain in 2021 and they were classified as below (insufficient GWGR), within (normal GWGR) and above (excessive GWGR) the standard. According to the level of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), these pregnancies were further divided into low BMI, normal BMI and high BMI subgroups. Pregnancy complications and outcomes in each group were analyzed. One-way ANOVA test, Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test and Logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS:Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that excessive GWGR was associated with an increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) (AOR = 2.197, 95%CI: 1.561-5.274), hyperlipidemia (AOR = 1.567, 95%CI: 1.284-1.871), macrosomia (AOR = 1.788, 95%CI: 1.183-2.702), LGA (AOR = 1.661, 95%CI: 1.327-2.088), preterm neonates (AOR = 2.416, 95%CI: 1.429-3.519) and caesarean section (AOR = 1.434, 95%CI: 1.191-1.727), while a decreased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (AOR = 0.436, 95%CI: 0.332-0.572); and insufficient GWGR was associated with a decreased risk of hyperlipidemia (AOR = 0.578, 95%CI: 0.351-0.951) and gestational hepatic dysfunction (AOR = 0.348, 95%CI: 0.182-0.811), while an increased risk of GDM (AOR = 2.212, 95%CI: 1.652-2.962). In the low BMI subgroup, insufficient GWGR were associated with a decreased risk of GDM respectively (AOR = 0.295, 95%CI: 0.139-0.629; AOR = 0.471, 95%CI: 0.234-0.948). In the high BMI subgroup, insufficient GWGR was associated with an increased risk of GDM (AOR = 3.593, 95%CI: 1.586-8.140), hyperlipidemia (AOR = 4.929, 95%CI: 1.315-18.479) and preterm neonates (AOR = 3.083, 95%CI: 1.050-9.155), and excessive GWGR was associated with an increased risk of GDM (AOR = 2.819, 95%CI: 1.346-3.208), hyperlipidemia (AOR = 2.029, 95%CI: 1.168-5.365), macrosomia (AOR = 3.008, 95%CI: 1.003-9.020), LGA (AOR = 1.459, 95%CI: 1.046-2.036) and caesarean section (AOR = 1.552, 95%CI: 1.142-2.110). CONCLUSIONS:In this study, we found that 65.4 % of women did not achieve optimal GWGR. Insufficient GWGR ISTT was associated with decreased risk of pregnancy complications, in particular with hyperlipidemia. Excessive GWGR ISTT was associated with severe adverse birth outcomes, especially among women with high pre-pregnancy BMI. Although associations between GWGR and perinatal outcomes were observed, subsequent longitudinal studies are required to establish causal relationships.

Background:Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast associated with high transmission rates in healthcare settings. This study investigates C. auris infections/colonization in a single institution to elucidate their clinical and epidemiological patterns, with the ultimate aim of informing infection control measures. Objective:To characterize the genetic basis of antifungal resistance in C. auris, specifically through ERG11 gene mutation analysis, and correlate these findings with clinical outcomes and epidemiological data. The results are intended to guide the development of targeted strategies for outbreak prevention and resistance mitigation. Methods:A case series study of seven C. auris-infected/colonized patients (May-September 2023 and April 2024) was conducted. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected, and ITS and SNP analyses were used to examine genetic relationships and resistance profiles, focusing on fluconazole, amphotericin B, and ERG11 gene mutations. Results:All seven C. auris isolates were fluconazole resistant, with three also resistant to amphotericin B. ITS and SNP analysis identified two geographic clades (I and III), with clade III strains sharing ERG11 mutations (V125A, F126L) and one clade I strain showing the Y132F mutation. These markers shed light on resistance mechanisms and clade-specific clustering. All patients were elderly individuals (≥64 years old) with severe underlying conditions admitted to the ICU. After C. auris was detected, their treatment became delayed or inefficient, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Conclusion:This study highlights the value of SNP and ITS analysis in uncovering genetic diversity and adaptation in C. auris. The consistent mutations in Clades I and III enhance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms influencing ERG11 gene variability across clades. Additionally, the challenges in managing multidrug-resistant C. auris infections, especially in elderly patients with severe comorbidities, emphasize the urgent need for effective surveillance, infection control, and new antifungal agents.

Preterm birth, the leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity, lacks robust biomarkers for early risk prediction. Here, we characterized the maternal gut microbiome in 5,313 Chinese pregnant women from two independent cohorts and identified eleven genera and one species associated with preterm birth during early pregnancy. We demonstrated that microbial risk scores (MRSs), generated from selected microbial genera or species, could effectively segregate pregnant women with shorter gestational duration and at higher preterm birth risk. The MRS showed interaction with host polygenic susceptibility to amplify preterm birth risk. Among bacteria comprising the MRS, Clostridium innocuum exhibited the most promising replicable microbial feature for preterm birth. The C. innocuum exhibited 17β-estradiol-degrading activity, and the estradiol-degrading gene k141_29441_57, validated through functional prediction and heterologous expression in E. coli, was enriched in women with preterm birth. These findings open new avenues for microbiome-targeted predictive and therapeutic strategies to mitigate adverse pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:The objective is to investigate the differences in urinary organic acid (OA) profiles and metabolism between healthy control (HC) pregnant women and those with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during the second trimester and third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS:A total of 66 HC pregnant women and 32 pregnant women with GDM were assessed for 107 hydrophilic metabolites in urine samples collected during the second and third trimester of pregnancy using tandem mass spectrometry. The urine OA profiles for each group were obtained, and metabolomic analysis and discussion were conducted. RESULTS:This study identified a total of 50 metabolic biomarkers. In the third trimester of pregnancy, short-chain dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and tryptophan (Trp)-related metabolites were significantly upregulated in the urine of both the HC group and the GDM group. Comparatively, the glycine (Gly) levels and related synthetic precursor metabolites were lower in the GDM2 group. The overall dietary polyphenol metabolic intermediates level in the GDM group was lower than in the HC group. Among the pathways enriched for differentially expressed metabolites, the predominant metabolic pathway in the GDM group was the citric acid cycle. In contrast, in the HC group, it was the metabolism of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate. CONCLUSIONS:The study reveals the differences in metabolomics between pregnant women with HC and those with GDM, identifying several metabolites associated with the occurrence and development of GDM. Demonstrating the presence of abnormal mitochondrial and peroxisomal functions at the metabolite level in GDM will contribute to future exploration of the condition.

We aim to investigate the association of plant-based diets with the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived glycemic metrics among gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients. We included 1756 GDM patients in the present analyses and assessed plant-based dietary patterns through constructing a plant-based diet index (PDI), healthy PDI (hPDI), and unhealthy PDI (uPDI). CGM-glycemic metrics, such as time in range (TIR), mean blood glucose (MBG), time below range (TBR), low blood glucose index (LBGI), mean of daily differences (MODD), and glycemic risk assessment in diabetes equation (GRADE), were constructed. We found that individuals in the highest quartile of PDI were more likely to have greater TIR (β: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.41) and MBG (β: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.36), while lower TBR (β: -0.26, 95% CI: -0.39 to -0.12), LBGI (β: -0.18, 95% CI: -0.32 to -0.05), and GRADE (β: -0.25, 95% CI: -0.39 to -0.11), compared to those in the lowest quartile. Moreover, most of these associations demonstrated a dose-response relationship, and hPDI and uPDI showed distinct associations with MODD, with higher hPDI favoring a healthier MODD pattern (FDR < 0.05). This study suggests potential benefits of increasing intake of plant-based food for glycemic management among GDM patients.

This report details a rare case of paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) associated with pheochromocytoma. The patient presented with prominent dermatological manifestations, including erythema, vesicles, and erosions. During hospitalization, diagnostic imaging revealed a retroperitoneal mass, which was subsequently surgically removed. A comprehensive diagnostic workup, including CT, MRI, histopathological analysis, and direct immunofluorescence examination, was conducted. Postoperative management combined with pharmacological intervention led to significant clinical improvement. This case highlights the critical importance of considering PNP in the differential diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, particularly in patients presenting with complex autoimmune manifestations. The findings underscore the necessity for early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention in such cases. Additionally, this report emphasizes the need for further investigation into the clinical spectrum, genetic associations, and underlying mechanisms of this rare disease association to enhance diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes.

To investigate the incidence, subtypes, and pathogens of fungal infections in transplant recipients pre- and post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their prognosis. Data from transplant recipients with fungal infections treated at our hospital between January 2005 and April 2024 were collected. Pre- and post-COVID-19 data were compared. Among 3,505 transplant recipients, 203 had fungal infections, mostly in hematopoietic stem cell recipients (178 cases, 8.4

Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) is emerging as an opportunistic pathogen and has been grouped with the nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM). Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affects elderly individuals with chronic lung disease and remains one of the leading causes of death in many regions worldwide. Distinguishing between NTM infection and TB is challenging due to similar clinical manifestations and histopathological characteristics. Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei) is a pathogenic fungus causing devastating infection, primarily in immunocompromised individuals. Few reports describe disseminated co-infection of M. avium and T. marneffei in HIV-negative persons. Herein, we present a case of an HIV-negative Chinese woman who initially presented with chronic cough, sputum production, and recurrent low-grade fever, which was initially misdiagnosed as TB. After three years of anti-TB treatment, her situation progressed, and she developed multiple subcutaneous abscesses throughout the body, including the brain. Subsequent bacterial culture and molecular diagnostic techniques confirmed the presence of NTM, specifically identified as M. avium. However, despite receiving anti-M. avium therapy remained ineffective until co-infection with T. marneffei was eventually diagnosed. The patient responded well to anti-M. avium therapy combined with antifungal agents after two weeks. Unfortunately, she was lost during the follow-up. Strict adherence to the established clinical diagnostic guidelines for tuberculosis is essential. Early implementation of ‌microbial culture and molecular diagnostic tools plays a critical role in distinguishing TB from NTM infections, particularly in patients who do not respond adequately to anti-tuberculosis therapies. In addition, clinicians should remain vigilant for potential co-infections when inflammatory markers fail to decline or disease progression continues despite adequate anti-infective treatment.

BACKGROUND:Dermatophytosis caused by the Trichophyton mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale species complex (TMTISC) has attracted global attention, with increasing reports of terbinafine-resistant T. indotineae in China. OBJECTIVES:This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological features of antifungal-resistant TMTISC in China and monitor the prevalence of T. indotineae. METHODS:A total of 230 TMTISC strains were isolated from nine tertiary hospitals across three economic regions of China. These isolates were identified through molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was performed for eight drugs, following the EUCAST 11.0 protocol. Mutations in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene were detected. RESULTS:The phylogenetic tree revealed that 120 strains (52.17%) were T. mentagrophytes, 92 (40.0%) were T. interdigitale, and 18 (7.83%) were T. indotineae. Eight different genotypes were identified, including TM-IX, which was predominant in China, along with two newly discovered genotypes, TM-XXX and TM-XXXI. Among T. mentagrophytes isolates, tinea faciei (44.17%) was the common clinical type, primarily isolated from the central region. T. interdigitale isolates were mainly found in onychomycosis (36.96%), T. indotineae was commonly isolated from tinea corporis (94.44%) and tinea cruris (55.56%). AFST showed that all isolates of T. interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes were susceptible to terbinafine [minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) < 0.125 mg/L] and voriconazole (MICs < 0.5 mg/L). All isolates of T. indotineae were resistant to terbinafine (0.25 to >4.0 mg/L), exhibiting a single amino acid substitution in SQLE (Phe397Leu, Leu393Ser or Phe415Cys). Additionally, elevated MICs were observed in TMTISC for itraconazole, miconazole, ciclopirox (1-2 mg/L) and griseofulvin (1-64 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS:The TMTISC was predominantly composed of T. mentagrophytes, followed by T. interdigitale and T. indotineae. A rising trend of reduced azoles susceptibility in TMTISC and multi-drug resistance among T. indotineae isolates has been observed in China.

Both mothers and infants experience oxidative stress due to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is strongly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Ferroptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, is believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of GDM. Metformin (MET) has shown potential in alleviating oxidative stress; however, research on its specific mechanisms of action in GDM remains limited. We collected placental tissues from GDM patients and healthy controls and established an in vitro GDM cell model. We measured markers of ferroptosis including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity. Additionally, we evaluated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, apoptosis, cell viability, and migration in the cell model. Our findings revealed significant changes in the GDM group compared to controls, including increased MDA and GSSG levels, decreased GSH levels, and reduced expression of GPX4 protein in the GDM placenta. High-glucose (HG) conditions were shown to reduce trophoblast cell viability and migration, accompanied by elevated ROS and MDA levels, as well as reduced expression of GSH, GPX4, Nrf2, and HO-1 proteins. Importantly, treatment with MET reversed these effects, similar to the action of deferoxamine mesylate (DFOM), a known ferroptosis inhibitor. These results confirm the occurrence of ferroptosis in the placentas of GDM patients and demonstrate that MET mitigates high-glucose-induced ferroptosis in trophoblasts through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. This study provides novel insights into the protective mechanisms of MET, offering potential therapeutic strategies for GDM. management.

Various species of fungi can be detected in the environment and within the human body, many of which may become pathogenic under specific conditions, leading to various forms of fungal infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are evolutionarily ancient components of the immune response that are quickly induced in response to infections with many pathogens in almost all tissues. There is a wide range of AMP classes in humans, many of which exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial function. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of action of AMPs, their distribution in the human body, and their antifungal activity against a range of both common and rare clinical fungal pathogens. It also discusses the current research status of promising novel antifungal strategies, highlighting the challenges that must be overcome in the development of these therapies. The hope is that antimicrobial peptides, as a class of antimicrobial agents, will soon progress through large-scale clinical trials and be implemented in clinical practice, offering new treatment options for patients suffering from infections.