Accelerating both electrical and ionic conductivity of spinel sulfides (AB2S4) presents a challenge that demands an urgent solution to improve their electrochemical properties for effective energy storage strategies. The need to develop electrode materials has been a significant step forward for the scientific community in enhancing electrochemical performance for supercapacitor applications. Therefore, incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into spinel sulfides could be an excellent option, serving as a model for new electrodes. To investigate this, FeCo2S4 spinel sulfide was combined with CNTs via hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis. A series of FeCo2S4/CNTs composites with 0, 3, 6, and 9 wt% CNTs were successfully prepared and confirmed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Meanwhile, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) revealed topographical features, including web-like structures of the highest CNTs treated sample, with significantly improved interconnectivity that enhances ion and electron transport. The FeCo2S4/9% CNTs electrode delivered an efficient electrochemical response, with a specific capacity of 1059.62 C g-1 at 10 A g-1, an energy density of 66.22 Wh kg-1, and a power density of 2250 W kg-1, while also retaining 98.8% of its initial capacity after 10k cycles. Electrochemical analyses further confirmed a hybrid charge-storage process, with low charge transfer resistance (5.15 Ω), stable conductivity (0.13 S cm-1), and a short relaxation time (0.010 s), yielding a maximum cation mobility of 3.81 × 10-10 m2 V-1 s-1 and a rate constant of 6.03 × 10-8 cm s-1 at 5.82 mA g-1. The fabricated asymmetric pseudocapacitive device facilitated the maximum energy and power density values of around 63.15 Wh kg-1 and 10 800 W kg-1, respectively, in 1 M KOH electrolyte. These findings suggest that CNT-assisted FeCo2S4 nanocomposites exhibit remarkable redox activity and transport properties, making them promising electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors.

The development of sustainable asymmetric supercapacitors demands advanced electrode architectures, where electrochemically active transition metal sulfides, coupled with a conductive scaffold and controlled morphology, offer a promising strategy to optimize the capacitive-diffusion profile in an electrolyte-dependent environment. In this pursuit, needle-like nanoarchitectures of copper sulfide, strategically doped with iron and subsequently integrated with carbon nanotubes (CFS-10), were synthesized via a two-step approach. Controlled morphology exhibited enhanced surface area and porosity, validated by nitrogen adsorption analysis. Redox analysis demonstrated a hybrid charge-storage mechanism for all the working electrode materials, as substantiated by Dunn's method. The optimized electrode (CFS-10) delivers a balanced synergy between specific capacity (1698.48C/g) and energy density (117.94 Wh/kg) at 5.88 A/g, with outstanding cyclic stability, retaining 95.32% after 11,000 cycles in a 1 M KOH electrolyte. Further, capacitive and resistive investigations showed a minimal resistive character (low charge transfer and solution resistance) and superior ionic conductivity (0.090 S/cm) for CFS-10. The diffusion dynamics through the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique revealed an optimized diffusion coefficient of 2.33 × 10−10 cm2/s in 1 M KOH and 2.13 × 10−10 cm2/s in 1 M NaOH electrolytes. Also, the 2-electrode assembly revealed a balanced energy density (33.50 Wh/kg) and storage capability (241.27C/g), and these findings are consistent with the results obtained from the half-cell assembly. Hence, these findings confirm that the synthesized working electrodes with controlled morphology and optimized diffusion dynamics in electrolyte-dependent environments are suitable for energy storage systems, specifically supercapacitors.

Understanding ion transport at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces is crucial for optimizing charge storage devices. In this work, Co3O4, NiMn2O4, and Co3O4/NiMn2O4 electrodes were synthesized via a combined hydrothermal-solvothermal approach and further engineered into a ternary nanocomposite with 9% carbon nanotubes to create a controlled Co3O4/NiMn2O4/CNTs (CO-II) interfacial architecture. Phase investigation displayed a cubic crystal structure for both phases, while the scanning electron microscopy revealed a well-developed three-dimensional interconnected architecture. Voltametric study demonstrated the hybrid charge storage mechanism, which was further validated via Dunn's analysis. Moreover, the CO-II achieved a superior specific capacity (Q s) of 1112.70 C g-1, accompanied by an energy density (ED) of 77.27 Wh kg-1 at 1470.58 W kg-1. Furthermore, CO-II preserved 98.89% of its initial capacity after 7500 cycles. Importantly, superior interfacial kinetic parameters of CO-II indicate rapid ion migration of the ternary composite. Additionally, the electrolyte-dependent diffusion behavior and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique demonstrated the highest diffusion coefficients in both KOH and NaOH electrolytes of 6.6 × 10-11 cm2 s-1 and 5.9 × 10-11 cm2 s-1. Moreover, the CO-II-based asymmetric supercapacitor device delivered outstanding Q s of 443.58 C g-1 and ED of 73.93 at a power density of 1764.71 W kg-1. These findings demonstrate that engineered oxide-carbon interfaces effectively enhance interfacial kinetics and diffusion-controlled charge storage, making the proposed hybrid electrode promising for advanced energy storage applications.

There is an urgent need for effective renewable energy technology due to the growing global energy demand. Solar energy is a clean and plentiful answer among them, and perovskite solar cells are becoming more and more popular because of their remarkable photovoltaic (PV) capabilities and affordability. This work presents a novel double-absorber solar cell configuration based on 1D TiO2/CsSnI3/BiFeO3 (BFO)/Spiro-OMeTAD, investigated through comprehensive simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics. The dual absorber layers are designed to improve light absorption and charge carrier separation, aiming to boost overall device performance. Simulation results reveal that the short-circuit current density (J sc) reaches a maximum of 33.05 mA/cm2 and peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.11% achieved at a hole transport layer (HTL) thickness of 205 nm. Furthermore, maximum output power (P max) reduces from 17.11 to 11.16 mW/cm2, as the temperature rises, disclosing the inverse coupling between power and temperature. The open-circuit voltage (V oc) peaks at 0.93 V, and the fill factor (FF) attains 82.36% at an absorber layer thickness of 10 nm. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of the proposed lead (Pb2+)-free structure, with future work focusing on experimental validation and stability enhancement for practical applications.

Exploring an effective approach to attain moderate electrical conductivity with high electrochemical performance of transition metal oxides integrated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has remained a challenging task for electrode fabrication in supercapacitors. To achieve this, NiMn2O4 composites with optimal concentrations of rGO (4, 8, and 12%) were synthesized using solvothermal route. The NiMn2O4 with 12% rGO composite, which exhibited the highest values of energy density, power density, and specific capacity, 77.79 Wh/kg, 375 W/kg, and 2240.49C/g, respectively, via three-electrode electrochemical tests, significantly outperformed the pure electrode. The involvement of a conductive rGO network provided more active sites and enabled rapid electron transport. The electrochemical analysis manifested that the designed asymmetric device (NiMn2O4@12%rGO//AC) yielded the maximum specific capacity of around 413.70C/g and delivered an outstanding energy density of 86.18 Wh/kg at 375 W/kg. It also exhibited several ion transport features such as ionic conductivity (similar to 0.049 S/cm), transference number (similar to 0.10), along with enhanced cationic mobility (similar to 8.47 & times; 10(-10) m(2)/Vs), rate constant (similar to 2.09 & times; 10(-8) cm/s), and exchange current density (similar to 1.0 mA/g). Moreover, after 10,000 cycles, it maintained an excellent cyclic stability by depicting 86.27% capacity retention and 95.39% Coulombic efficiency. This asymmetric device, having 12% rGO contents, showed viable applicability when a green light-emitting device associated with the coin cell glows for about 55.86 s, making the composite sample with 12% rGO extremely preferential for advanced asymmetric supercapacitors. These outcomes provide evidence for the rationale that a 12% rGO concentration enabled faster charge transport at the electrode/electrolyte interface and have probed the role of cation mobility within the diffusion matrices.

MgB₂ wires fabricated by the advanced magnesium infiltration process (AMIP) were subjected to different drawing steps and cold high-pressure densification (CHPD) at 0.8 GPa. Four samples were compared: as-drawn A1 and further-drawn A2, together with their CHPD-pressed counterparts, AP1 and AP2. X-ray diffraction confirmed the phase purity of MgB₂, with lattice parameters of (a = 3.0882) Å and (c = 3.5261) Å. SEM analysis revealed a substantial reduction in porosity and improved grain compaction following CHPD. The wire-core area decreased by 19

The growing demand for sustainable ultra-capacitive energy storage systems has driven the exploration of ecofriendly, cost-effective electrode materials with fast ion diffusion kinetics and well-balanced energy-power densities. Motivated by these challenges, we synthesized spinel NiMn2O4 (NMO) and its nanocomposites with varying CNTs weight percentages, designated NMO-I, NMO-II, and NMO-III, via a controlled two-step strategy. Structural attributes were confirmed using diffraction analysis, while Raman spectroscopy revealed characteristic bands associated with the composites. The surface morphology showed irregular shape and agglomerated nanoparticles with CNTs incorporation, facilitating enhanced electrochemical performance through increased surface area (49.5-67.2 m2 g-1) for electrolyte interactions. Cyclic voltammograms exhibited redox peaks across various scan rates and a hybrid charge-storage mechanism, as elucidated by Dunn's model. Charge-discharge measurements revealed that the optimized NMO-III electrode achieved a superior specific capacity (Qs = 943.91C g-1) alongside an energy density (ED = 66.86 Wh kg- 1) at 2.9 A g-1. Impedance spectroscopic analysis showed a reduced charge-transfer resistance (3.76 Omega) for the optimized electrode. Furthermore, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique analysis confirmed a diffusion coefficient of 2.82 & times; 10-14 m2 s- 1 for the NMO-III electrode, corroborating its enhanced kinetic properties. An asymmetric device delivered a discharge time of 73 s, corresponding to a Qs of 128C g-1, an ED of 21.47 Wh kg-1, and a power density (PD) of 1058 W kg-1, with 98.7% of its initial capacity retained over 4500 cycles. These attributes position the optimized NMO-III electrode as a highly promising candidate for practical implementation in advanced asymmetric supercapacitors.

Promising studies with a core discussion of the fundamental charge-transport mechanism, and addressing electrode material degradation at higher current densities through the development of composite materials (metal oxides/carbon-based materials), for supercapacitor applications. From this perspective, activated carbon-modified WO3 composites were engineered by integrating 1, 3, and 5 wt% AC with hydrothermally synthesized WO3 through a facile solvothermal route. Structural analysis confirmed phase-pure monoclinic WO3 with P21/n symmetry, a unit-cell volume of 422 & Aring;3, and an average crystallite size of 46.13 nm. Among the investigated compositions, the three-electrode configuration probed that WO3@5%AC delivered the best electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 534.90 F g-1 at 5 A g-1, an energy density of 37.14 Wh kg-1, and a power density of 2500 W kg-1. Kinetic analysis revealed predominantly diffusion-controlled charge storage, with an 84% diffusive contribution. The optimized electrode retained 83% capacitance after 10,000 cycles and exhibited an ionic conductivity of 0.094 S cm-1, along with noticeable cation mobility (7.51 & times; 10-12 m2/Vs). On the other hand, the asymmetric setup of this electrode material yielded performance parameters of around 160.41 F g-1 and 64.16 Wh kg-1 at 600 W kg-1, underscoring its strong potential for advanced supercapacitor applications in emerging energy-storage technologies.

As world transitions towards sustainable energy paradigm, solar energy has emerged as vital component of this shift. Among various solar cell architectures, SnS based solar cells have garnered significant attention due to their potential for high efficiency and environment friendly composition. This study uses COMSOL software to explore 2D ZnO/SnS/spiro-OMeTAD solar cells, assuming ohmic front and back contacts. The influence of various parameters, including the thickness of the absorber layer, thickness of electron transport layer, band gap, acceptor/ donor doping densities, and operating temperature, on performance of the proposed solar cell was analyzed. Particularly, the correlation between trap-assisted non-radiative recombination and temperature gradient was studied and found enhanced recombination probability at higher temperatures. Efficiency was increased up to 14.755 % as the SnS thickness was varied from 10 to 1610 nm. Further increase up to 19.112 % was achieved by optimizing donor densities signifying SnS-based solar cells as promising candidates for photovoltaic applications.

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) play a key role in all-solid-state batteries, promising next-generation technology capable of transforming the landscape for energy storage systems. Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), the cubic garnet oxide, is one of the extensively studied SSEs. In the present study, LLZO is investigated as a potential solid electrolyte by co-doping strategy with Al and Gd compositions of Li6.76Al0.24La3-xGdxZr2O12 (x = 0.07, 0.14, 0.21, 0.28, 0.35). Structural investigations revealed the successful formation of the cubic phase with lattice parameters in the range of 12.84-12.99 & Aring; and crystallite size ranging from 88.72 to 116.47 nm. Morphological analysis showed the transformation into a dense microstructure upon doping from the fluffy morphology of the parent composition. Moreover, increased Gd content led to a notable reduction in grain boundary resistance, decreasing from 7438 to 842 Omega, and a rise in ionic conductivity from 0.0262 to 0.219 mS cm- 1, as indicated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis. The linear sweep profile showed stability of Li6.76Al0.24La2.72Gd0.28Zr2O12 up to 5.26 V, which exceeds the working range of traditional lithium-ion batteries. The interface stability test also shows stability up to 100 h at a current density of 0.1 mA cm- 2. The ex-situ scanning electron microscopy images of membranes before and after cycling and their EDX mapping showed no considerable cracks, reaffirming the mechanical stability. Stable crystal structure, dense morphology, high ionic conductivity, and electrode interface stability showed that LLZO is a promising alternative to traditional electrolytes for next-generation battery technology.

The adverse effects of global warming and the continued reliance on hazardous energy sources, such as coal and petroleum, have intensified the global pursuit of clean and sustainable energy alternatives. Among these, solar energy emerges as the most viable option to meet the growing energy demands of an expanding population. Over the past decades, extensive research has focused on identifying optimal materials for solar cells to enhance their stability, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. In this context, perovskite materials-particularly BiFeO3-have gained significant attention as absorber materials due to their multifunctional properties, including room-temperature ferroelectricity and strong remanent polarization, which eliminate the need for a conventional p-n junction. This study employs COMSOL Multiphysics software to simulate a ZnO/BiFeO3/spiro-OMeTAD solar cell structure, assuming ohmic front and back contacts. Key parameters, such as the acceptor and donor densities of states, as well as the thicknesses of BiFeO3, ZnO, and spiro-OMeTAD layers, were systematically varied to evaluate their influence on the photovoltaic performance of the cell at room temperature. The results indicate that increasing the thickness of BiFeO3 leads to a progressive enhancement in short-circuit current density, power output, and overall efficiency. In contrast, increasing the thicknesses of the ZnO and spiro-OMeTAD layers results in a decline in these performance metrics. Furthermore, variations in donor and acceptor densities significantly impact the solar cell's efficiency. This study offers valuable insights into optimizing material properties and device parameters for experimental applications, highlighting the potential of BiFeO3-based perovskite materials as promising candidates for next-generation photovoltaic technologies.

Density functional theory calculations were performed using the Tran-Blaha modified Becke-Johnson exchange–correlation functional, to study the structural, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of Ca-substituted SrO. For comparative simulation and experimental investigations, Ca-substituted SrO thin films were grown using a chemically derived technique. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed prominent diffraction peaks indexed as the (111) and (200) planes of the cubic phase of SrO. Surface analysis demonstrated the trend of increasing porosity and decreasing grain size at higher calcium substitution levels. The evaluated density of states of SrO are primarily influenced by Sr-d and O-p orbitals, while the substitution of Ca introduced a hybridization of O-p, Sr-d, and Ca-d orbitals. The simulated optical band gap of SrO was observed as 5.02 eV which experienced a variation with Ca-substitution. The thermoelectric properties indicated enhanced electrical conductivity for Ca-substituted SrO compositions. The key findings of simulations and experiment are consistent, and the improved properties suggest these compositions suitable for thermoelectric and optoelectronic applications.

The scintillating multiferroic composites with efficient magnetoelectric coupling and rapid charge switching dynamics has shown diversity in the realm of fast switching applications. This research work presents a groundbreaking approach by developing the tri-phasic composites having general formula (1-x)(0.7BiFeO3 + 0.3SrTiO3) + xNiFe2O4 (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10) providing synergistic convergence between electric and magnetic orderings. Rietveld refinement exhibited least goodness of fit value of 1.68 for x = 0.02, that has ascertained the credibility of the structural data. At x = 0.02, the ferroelectric analysis manifests recoverable energy density value of 0.25mJ/cm3 and the maximum ferroelectric efficiency of 51.45 %. The remarkable interaction among the distinct constituent phases provides substantial variation in switching charge density from 9.6 x 10-6 to 1.1 x 10-5 mu C/cm2. The highest magnetoelectric response having value of 10.3 mu C/ cm2.G, at x = 0.02 facilitates the utilization of such composites in next generation applications such as ultra-fast tunable gadgets.

Due to their remarkable cycle stability and outstanding capacitance, ABO3-type perovskite materials have emerged as highly effective electrode materials, delivering remarkable electrochemical performance. In this study, BaCoO3/rGO composites with varying rGO content (0, 5, 10, and 15%), designated as PBCO, BCO-I, BCO-II, and BCO-III, were synthesized using a solvothermal process. These composites were evaluated for their potential as electrode materials in supercapacitor (SC) applications. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of well-crystallized samples with a hexagonal phase structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the desired level of porosity, well-defined morphologies, and uniformly distributed grains, which are beneficial for electrochemical applications. Elemental analysis verified the stoichiometric composition of the samples. Comprehensive electrochemical characterization was performed using cyclic voltammetry in a 2 M KOH solution, revealing a transition from diffusive control (EDLC) to hybrid capacitor behavior. Additionally, galvanostatic charge-discharge experiments demonstrated that the BCO-III composite exhibited a specific capacity of 90.15 C g-1, an energy density of 21.28 W h kg-1, and a power density of 531.25 W kg-1. The transference number (t+) is found to be 0.2, which means that higher current will be driven through the anion. Further, the sample BCO-III, exhibiting the highest specific capacity, was evaluated for stability and demonstrated a remarkable retention rate of 90% after 5k GCD cycles and a remarkable coulombic efficiency of 94%, with an excellent diffusion rate and ionic conductivity of about 4.51 x 10-14 cm2 s-1, 0.128 S cm-1, respectively, highlighting its significant potential for SC applications.

Growing demands for efficient energy storage have cultivated the scientific community to introduce novel electrode materials for energy storage devices. In this view, we fabricated a novel electrochemically efficient perovskite series of BiMnO3 incorporated with different weight percentages (0, 3, 6, and 9 %) of CNTs and categorized as BMO, BMO-I, BMO-II, and BMO-III, which may be utilized as efficient electrode material in supercapacitors to meet energy requirements. This was accomplished by synthesizing BiMnO3 via an economically facile hydrothermal process, and then BiMnO3/CNTs composites were prepared by a solvothermal approach. The monoclinic structure of BMO was affirmed through the XRD survey, along with electrochemically efficient morphological features found indicating the wrappings of nanoparticles around the CNTs. A comprehensive electrochemical investigation revealed different redox peaks in cyclic voltammetry curves at various scan rates, indicating hybrid behavior. The composite BMO-III outperformed other composite samples with a specific capacity of 355 C/g at a lower scan rate of 2.5 mV/s using cyclic voltammetry. The GCD analysis showed that BMO-III exhibits a maximum specific capacity of 117 C/g, energy, and power densities of 8.17 Wh/kg and 5000 W/kg. Moreover, the BMO-III ion transport properties such as charge transfer resistance (0.68 Omega), diffusion coefficient (3.45 x 10-18 m2/s), ionic conductivity (0.978 x 10-3 S/cm), and transference number (0.31) attributed to the highest content of CNTs (9 %) and outstanding capacity retention of 78.62 %, suggesting enhanced electrochemical response of BMO-III based electrode material. The electrode BMO-III demonstrated improved surface capacitive charge storage, making it a promising choice for electrode materials.

We report a systematic investigation of the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of Al-C co-doped MgB2 superconductors with the nominal formula Mg1-xAlx(B1-yCy)(2), where x = 0.02 and y varies from 0 to 0.06. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms successful incorporation of dopants, along with a reduction in lattice parameter a from 3.0848 angstrom (pure) to 3.0654 angstrom (C6 %Al2 %), indicating carbon substitution at the B site. SEM analysis shows progressive grain refinement with doping, and crystallite size decreases from 26.86 nm (pure) to 18.71 nm (C4 % Al2 %), contributing to enhanced flux pinning. Electrical transport measurements reveal increased residual resistivity and reduced RRR with doping, from 77.9 mu Omega center dot cm and 2.67 (pure) to 880.5 mu Omega center dot cm and 1.6 (C6 %Al2 %), respectively. Despite these changes, the superconducting transition temperature (TC) remains relatively high, decreasing modestly from 38.5 K (pure) to 36.2 K (C6 %Al2 %). Magnetization measurements at 20 K demonstrate significantly enhanced magnetic critical current density (J(C)) with optimal doping. The C1 %Al-2 % sample exhibits a JC of 1.1 x 10(4) A/cm(2) at 3 T - nearly six times that of the undoped sample (1.9 x 10(3) A/cm(2)). The irreversibility field (H-irr) also peaks at similar to 5.3 T for this composition. These results confirm that moderate Al-C co-doping effectively enhances flux pinning while preserving superconducting performance, making MgB2 a promising candidate for mid-field superconducting applications.