To investigate the possible protective effect of hesperidin on intestinal damage caused by high-temperature heat stress in yellow-feathered broilers, 960 broilers aged 21 days were randomly divided into four groups: HT, HT300, HT450, and HT600, with each group receiving different amounts of hesperidin supplementation (0, 300, 450, and 600 mg/kg). The dietary supplementation of hesperidin could mitigate the elevation of corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) levels in serum from yellow-feathered broilers induced by heat stress. The supplementation of 300 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg of hesperidin reduced crypt depth and increased the V/C ratio in the small intestine compared to the HT group. The dietary supplementation of hesperidin decreased endotoxin and D-lactic acid levels in the blood, and dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of hesperidin increased the expression of claudin-1 and ZO-1 mRNA in the jejunum compared with the HT group. Furthermore, the dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of hesperidin decreased serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels. In comparison, supplementation with 300 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg of hesperidin decreased serum TNF-α levels in yellow-feathered broilers compared to the HT group. Moreover, the dietary supplementation of hesperidin decreased NF-κB mRNA levels. Overall, these data suggest that dietary supplementation with hesperidin potentially improves intestinal injury caused by heat stress in yellow-feathered broilers.

我国是家禽养殖大国,每年出栏家禽量居世界前列.但家禽生产中仍存在许多问题,影响家禽健康,造成大量经济损失.橙皮苷是一种黄酮类物质,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抑菌、调控脂质代谢等生理功能,其来源丰富,具有规模化应用的前景.本文综述了橙皮苷的主要生理功能及其潜在的作用机理,并在此基础上探讨其在家禽生产中的应用.

Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenolic compound with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of RSV supplementation on the inflammatory responses of broilers during heat stress. A total of 432 28-d-old white-feathered broilers (817 crossbred chicken) with an average weight of 549 ± 4 g were randomly allotted to 4 equal groups (Half male and half female, 6 replicates/group, 18 chickens/replicate), including normal temperature (NT) group (24 ± 2°C for 24 h/d, basal diet), NT+RSV group (24 ± 2°C for 24 h/d, basal diet + RSV), heat stress (HT) group (37 ± 2°C for 8 h/d, basal diet), and HT+RSV group (37 ± 2°C for 8 h/d, basal diet + RSV). Serum samples were collected on d 7 and 14 of heat stress, and thymus, spleen, jejunum, and bursa of Fabricius samples were collected and analyzed on d14. RSV treatment decreased the feed conversion ratio, partially reversed the negative alternations in body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake caused by heat stress. RSV treatment also decreased the elevated levels of corticosterone on d 14, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and triiodothyronine in serum on d 7 caused by heat stress, and significantly increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum on d 14. Dietary RSV also reduced heat stress-induced splenic pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations. TUNEL assay showed that RSV significantly reduced heat stress-induced the number of apoptotic cells. Remarkably, RSV down-regulated some splenic related genes for apoptosis genes, including BCL-2, Apaf-1 , and MDM2 mRNA levels induced by heat stress. According to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, the differential genes between HT and HT + RSV groups were mainly associated with immune system process, hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development, and toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The relative mRNA expression of NF- κ B , heat shock protein 70 ( HSP70 ), and p38 MAPK were markedly decreased by the combination of RSV and heat stress. These findings showed that RSV might reduce the splenic inflammatory response in heat-stressed white-feather broilers by inhibiting heat stress-induced activation of NF-B, MAPK , and HSP70 , as well as inhibiting the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathways.

Context Heat stress is one of the problems commonly found in broiler industry in tropic and subtropic regions that results in impairment of intestinal integrity, leading to inflammation and poor performance. Aims This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary resveratrol supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and barrier integrity, and inflammation response of yellow-feather broilers under heat stress. Methods In total, 288 birds (28-day-old) were randomly allotted to three treatment groups, with six replicates. A thermo-neutral group (24 ± 2°C) received a basal diet and two heat-stressed groups (37 ± 2°C for 8 h/day and 24 ± 2°C for the remaining time) were fed the basal diet (HT) or basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg resveratrol for 14 consecutive days. Key results Compared with the thermo-neutral group, birds in the HT group had a decreased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake, average daily gain, villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio, mRNA concentrations of mucin-2, secreted immunoglobulin A (sIgA), claudin-1,zona occludens-1 and serum concentrations of interferon γ, and increased (P < 0.05) feed to gain ratio, crypt depth, mRNA levels of expression of heat-shock protein (HSP) 70, HSP90, nuclear factor kappa B, mucin-4, claudin-2 and serum concentrations of endotoxin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α on Day 3 and Day 14, except for claudin-1 on Day 14 and TNF-α on Day 3 (P > 0.05). Compared with HT group, birds in HT supplemented with resveratrol group decreased (P < 0.05) crypt depth (in jejunum on Day 3, ileum on Day 14), mRNA levels of expression of HSP70, HSP90, nuclear factor kappa B, mucin-4, claudin-2 and serum concentrations of endotoxin, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α, and increased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (+11%), average daily gain (+22%) and villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio, mRNA levels of expression of mucin-2, sIgA, claudin-1,zona occludens-1 and serum concentrations of interferon γ, although with few fluctuations between Day 3 and Day 14. Conclusions Dietary supplementation of resveratrol was effective in partially alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in yellow-feather broilers, by restoring the impaired villus-crypt structure, altering the mRNA expression of intestinal HSPs, mucins, sIgA and tight junction-related gene, and inhibiting secretion of pro-inflammation cytokines. Implications Dietary resveratrol supplementation is a considerable nutritional strategy to anti-stress in animal production.

With the increase of consumer demand for high-quality animal protein, it becomes imperative to improve meat quality through nutritional strategy. Resveratrol is a plant polyphenol that exists in grapes and grape products, and it has been considered as a potential functional feed additive. Here, we aimed to explore the optimal dose of resveratrol in Pekin ducks' diet and its effect on improving meat quality. A total of 432 male Pekin ducks (1-day-old) were selected and randomly allotted to 4 treatment groups, with each group containing 6 replicates. Four different levels of resveratrol were evaluated (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg) for 42 d. The carcass traits, meat quality, and muscle fiber characteristics of Pekin ducks were investigated. Results showed that a∗24h, b∗24h, intramuscular fat, crude protein, total flavor amino acid content of duck breast muscle, and a∗45min of duck leg muscle were increased (P < 0.05) by resveratrol. Resveratrol also reduced abdominal fat deposition, shear force, L∗45min of breast muscle and drip loss, shear force, and L∗45min of leg muscle. In addition, the breast muscle fibers of resveratrol-fed ducks had lower diameter and cross-sectional area and higher density (P < 0.05). Overall, we conclude that dietary resveratrol supplement can effectively improve Pekin duck meat quality, the optimal additional range in diet being 300 to 450 mg/kg. Its underlying mechanism might be partly through stimulation of intramuscular fat and flavor amino deposition and alteration of muscle fiber characteristics.

This study investigated the effect of dietary resveratrol supplementation on growth performance, rectal temperature, and serum parameters of yellow-feather broilers under heat stress. A total of 480 yellow-feather broilers (28-day-old) were randomly allotted to five groups with six replicates. A thermoneutral group (TN) (24 ± 2°C) received a basal diet and another four heat-stressed groups (37 ± 2°C for 8 hr/day and 24 ± 2°C for the remaining time) were fed the basal diet or basal diet with 200, 350, and 500 mg/kg resveratrol for 14 consecutive days. The results revealed that resveratrol supplementation improved average daily gain (p = 0.001), and decreased (p < 0.05) rectal temperature from d 3 when compared with heat-stressed group without resveratrol. In addition, supplementation with resveratrol at 350 or 500 mg/kg lowered (p < 0.05) the contents of corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, malonaldehyde, and activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, increased (p < 0.05) the levels of triiodothyronine, the ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, total protein, glutathione, and activities of alkaline phosphatase, total superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, though with few fluctuation. In conclusion, supplementation with resveratrol can improve the growth performance by positively regulating serum metabolic parameters and alleviating tissue oxidant damage of broilers under heat stress.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）是指碳原子数目不大于6的脂肪酸,在肠道中以乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量居高。在生物体内SCFAs具有提供能量、调节免疫、调控肠道细胞代谢、维持水电解质平衡、改善肠道菌群结构等多种重要的生物学功能。本文就机体内SCFAs的产生、SCFAs的生理功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展进行综述,旨在为SCFAs的开发利用提供理论依据。</span>

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary resveratrol supplementation on innate immunity and inflammatory responses in the spleen of yellow-feather broilers under heat stress. A total of 288 yellow-feather broilers of 28-day-old were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups with 6 replicates. A thermo-neutral group (TN) (24 ± 2°C) received a basal diet and another 2 heat-stressed groups (37 ± 2°C for 8 h/D and 24 ± 2°C for the remaining time) were fed the basal diet (HT) or basal diet with 500 mg/kg resveratrol (HT+Res) for 14 consecutive days. The results showed that heat stress decreased (P < 0.05) the growth index of thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius, reduced (P < 0.05) the levels of complement C3 and C4 in serum. Heat stress also caused activation of inflammatory immune responses evidenced by increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA abundance of HSP (heat shock protein) 70, toll-like receptor (TLR)1, TLR4, TLR5, myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), Dectin-1, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but decreased the mRNA abundance of interferon (IFN)-γ, activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and phosphoinositide-3 kinases-protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathways. Dietary supplementation with resveratrol improved (P < 0.05) the growth index of thymus, spleen and bursa Fabricius, and increased (P < 0.05) the serum level of complement C3 under heat stress. In addition, resveratrol reduced (P < 0.05) the mRNA abundance of HSP70, TLR4, TLR5, NOD1, Dectin-1, and TAK1, and inhibited the NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway via down-regulated the phosphorylation of p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase and AKT, as well as decreased the inflammatory cytokines expression, including IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in the spleen under heat stress. Collectively, dietary resveratrol could have beneficial effects to regulate innate immunity and inflammatory response, via inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways induced by heat stress in the spleen.

High ambient temperatures affect animal production and welfare in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Feed intake, growth rate, mortality, egg production, hatchability and other production traits related to the economic success of the poultry industry are adversely affected by severe heat stress. In general, heat stress induces the activity of the neuroendocrine system, resulting in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and elevated corticosterone (CORT) concentrations, which affects metabolism and immune responses. These include negative regulation of metabolic hormones, antibody production and heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. Heat stress increases mitochondrial activity, causing reactive species overproduction which disrupts the antioxidant balance, leading to oxidative stress damage of membranes, protein and DNA. Heat stress stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), which significantly reduces daily gain, feed intake and FCR in poultry. Consequently, from an animal husbandry perspective, intervention strategies to relieve heat stress conditions have been the focus of many published studies. This review describes the effect of high temperature on production, behavioural, biochemical and immune responses, including oxidative damage that occur during heat stress in poultry, in broilers and laying hens. Moreover, nutritional interventions to alleviate the negative consequence of heat stress is discussed.

Innate immunity is the first defense against the pathogen aggression. Toll-like receptors ( TLRs) , nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors ( NLRs) and RIG-1-like receptors ( RLRs) serve as pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs) that recognize different but overlapping microbial components, formation of the corresponding signal transduction to generate immune response. The study on innate immunity and PRRs has received grade advancement in recent years that provides a way for the treatment of immune related disea-ses. This review summarized characteristics of PRRs and the interplay across different PRR signaling pathways.

研究旨在对宁乡猪和杜长大杂种猪的生长性能、胴体性状和肉质性状进行评估.选取体重、胎次、日龄相近的宁乡猪和杜长大分为两组,每组24头,分为4个重复,每个重复6头,在同一饲养标准下饲养.结果表明:1)杜长大的日增重是宁乡猪的1.5倍,差异极显著(P<0.01);料重比杜长大比宁乡猪低27.25%,差异显著(P<0.05).2)杜长大的屠宰率、瘦肉率、眼肌面积、胴体斜长和胴体直长等分别比宁乡猪高5.31%、67.99%、248.36%、19.74%、20.23%;宁乡猪的脂肪率和腹脂率分别为40.43%、2.87%,杜长大分别为17.53%、0.49%,杜长大比宁乡猪分别低56.64%、82.93%,均差异极显著(P<0.01);宁乡猪背膘厚、皮厚高于杜长大,差异不显著(P>0.05).3)宁乡猪的大理石纹评分和在24 h的肉色红度极显著大于杜长大(P<0.01);宁乡猪的pH1和pH2均大于杜长大,两猪种的熟肉率、失水率、肉色亮度和pH均差异不显著(P>0.05).综上所述,杜长大杂种猪的生长性能和胴体性状较好,宁乡猪肉质较好,这主要是脂肪沉积能力决定的.

Objective This study investigated the effect of microbial phytase supplementation on growth performance, tibia ash, plasma parameters, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acid (AA) and apparent digestibility of nutrients in Youxian Sheldrakes fed with low-phosphorus (P) corn-soybean diets. Methods A total of 350 Youxian Sheldrakes (7d old) were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups: positive control (PC) group has adequate available P diet (0.42% and 0.38%, starter and grower), negative control (NC) group were deficient in available P (0.32% and 0.28%, starter and grower) and NC diet was supplemented with 3 levels of microbial phytase (500, 750, and 1,000 U/kg). Results Dietary supplementation of phytase in NC diet improved the average daily gain, increased the levels of serum calcium (Ca), tibia Ca and P, AID of AA and apparent digestibility of energy and Ca in starter stage (p<0.05). There was an increased (p<0.001) in the utilization of P from 17.3% to 23.9%. Phytase supplementation (1,000 U/kg) has shown that the AID of His, Thr, Val, indispensable AA, Glu, Pro, and dispensable AA was higher (p<0.05) than that of NC. Moreover, phytase supplementation improved (p<0.05) serum and tibia Ca and P, AID of AA and apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, energy, P and Ca, and reduced (p<0.05) feed to gain ratio (F/G) and the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase in grower stage. Likewise, an increase (p<0.001) in the utilization of P was noticed from 12.6% to 17.2%. Supplement phytase at 750 U/kg improved the AID of His, Thr, Asp, Cys, Pro, and Ser (p<0.05). Conclusion The microbial phytase supplement could improve growth performance, AID of some AA and apparent utilization of other nutrients in Youxian Sheldrakes, and reduce excreta P load to environment.

肠道是动物消化食物、吸收营养的主要场所。闭合蛋白Occludin作为细胞紧密连接的重要组成部分，发挥封闭细胞间隙、形成机体渗透屏障、保持细胞两侧物质差异的作用。本文综述了闭合蛋白Occludin在调控畜禽肠道健康中的作用及影响其蛋白表达的一些因素。

Huang Lang chicken is the native breed of Hunan province in China. The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence plays an important role in the accurate determination of phylogenetic relationships among metazoans. It is the first time that the complete mt genome sequence of the Huang Lang chicken was reported in this work, which was determined through the polymerase chain reaction-based method. The total length of the mitogenome is 16,786 bp, with the base composition of 30.25% for A, 23.71% for T, 32.53% for C and 13.51% for G, in the order C > A > T > G feature occurs in the Huang Lang chicken. It contains the typical structure, including two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The complete mt genome sequence of the Huang Lang chicken provided an important data for further study on the genetic mechanism.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with resveratrol could alleviate intestinal injuries and to explore how resveratrol regulates heat shock protein (HSP)70, HSP90, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) expression in the jejunal mucosa of black-boned chickens under circular heat stress.

日粮中添加植酸酶能够降解植酸盐,从而改善磷和其他养分的消化吸收,减少养分排泄,对动物生产和环境保护具有重要意义.本文综述了植酸酶分类、来源、介导植酸水解的途径及其在畜禽生产中的应用效果和影响因素.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">本试验旨在研究牛膝多糖（Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides,ABP）、白术多糖（Atractylodes macrocephalaon polysaccharides,AM P）、黄芪多糖（Astragalus polysaccharides,AP）单独或联合使用对断奶仔猪淋巴细胞增殖作用和细胞因子分泌的影响,探讨ABP、AMP、AP免疫调节作用机制。选用256头28日龄的杜长大（杜洛克×长白×大白）断奶仔猪,采用2×2×2因子设计,随机分为8个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复8头猪,试验第14天和第28天每个重复随机选取1头仔猪进行前腔静脉采血,测定仔猪外周血淋巴细胞转化率和血清中细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）的含量。结果表明:1)单独或联合添加多糖组的断奶仔猪外周血淋巴细胞转化率较对照组都显著提高（P&lt;0.05）。3种多糖合用时淋巴细胞转化率显著高于单独添加1种多糖（P&lt;0.05）,较两两合用有不同程度提高（P&gt;0.05）。2)分别添加3种多糖组断奶仔猪血清的细胞因子IL-2、IL-1β、TNF、IFN-γ的含量与对照组相比都显著提高了（P&lt;0.05）,IL-6含量有一定程度提高,但差异不显著（P&gt;0.05）。3种多糖两两合用或三者合用较对照组显著提高了细胞因子IL-2、IL-1β、IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF的含量（P&lt;0.05）。由此可知,ABP、AMP、AP单独或合并使用可促进断奶仔猪外周血淋巴细胞转化率和血清细胞因子TNF、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ的分泌。</span>

Taoyuan chicken is excellent native breeds in China. This study firstly determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Taoyuan chicken using PCR-based amplification and Sanger sequencing. The characteristic of the entire mitochondrial genome was analyzed in detail, with the base composition of 30.26% A, 23.79% T, 32.44% C, 13.50% G in the Taoyuan chicken (16,784bp in length). It contained 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a major non-coding control region (D-loop region). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Taoyuan chicken will be useful for the phylogenetics of poultry, and be available as basic data for the genetics and breeding.

院牛奶安全问题已成为社会关注的焦点之一，奶牛饲养中迫切需要一种安全无毒、对奶品质无影响、能提高产奶性能和抗菌的绿色饲料添加剂。本文综述了中草药添加剂对奶牛产奶性能的影响，着重介绍了奶牛产奶量的变化；进一步分析了其对产奶性能影响的机理，并提出了发展中草药添加剂的注意事项。