Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most prevalent congenital malformations of the maxillofacial region, ranking third among all congenital defects, with a multifactorial origin. While surgical intervention is essential to restore both form and function, it is often postponed due to the newborn's age. An 18-day-old female infant was referred from the Department of Plastic Surgery with a unilateral CLP. A treatment plan was devised involving presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) using the Grayson technique, alongside the use of a nasal stent incorporating both conventional and digital (3D) technologies. After 4 months, the cleft width in the alveolar region was reduced from 1.24 to 0.70 cm. Following primary lip repair, a feeding plate and nasal stent prosthesis were fabricated in preparation for the upcoming cleft alveolus and palate surgery. The combined prosthodontic and surgical approach led to optimal therapeutic results.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:Immediate loading of dental implants in the esthetic zone combines implant placement and the interim restoration in a single stage, addressing the demand for reduced treatment duration and enhanced outcomes. The impact of prosthetic workflows, traditional versus digital, on marginal bone loss, esthetic success, and patient satisfaction remains unclear. PURPOSE:The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the clinical and patient-centered outcomes of traditional versus digital prosthetic workflows in the immediate loading of implants in the esthetic zone, focusing on marginal bone loss, esthetic outcomes, and patient satisfaction. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, randomized controlled trials and non-randomized comparative studies published between January 2015 and January 2025 were identified through searches in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. Studies reporting on marginal bone loss, Pink and White Esthetic Scores, and patient satisfaction for immediate implant loading were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. A qualitative and quantitative synthesis of findings was conducted. Review Manager (RevMan) was used to conduct the meta-analysis. The results were presented with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and the mean difference (MD) was calculated as the summary statistic for continuous outcomes. RESULTS:Four studies, comprising 2 randomized controlled trials and 2 non-randomized prospective studies, satisfied the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed a non-significant trend favoring digital workflows for patient satisfaction (SMD: 0.26, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.53; P=.06, I²=0%). Digital workflows demonstrated significant improvements in esthetic outcomes, with higher Pink Esthetic Scores (MD: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.24; P=.003, I²=17%) and White Esthetic Scores (MD: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.17; P=.02, I²=0%). Marginal bone loss was significantly reduced with digital workflows (MD:-0.08, 95% CI: -0.15 to -0.01; P=.02, I²=0%), indicating superior precision compared to conventional workflows. CONCLUSIONS:Digital workflows for implant placement showed significant advantages in esthetic outcomes and less marginal bone loss, with a trend toward higher patient satisfaction. These findings support the growing adoption of digital workflows in clinical dental practice.

Objective: This study compared the retentive performance of two polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) matrix systems (retention.sil 400 and 600) versus conventional metal housing with nylon inserts in ball-retained mandibular overdentures.Methods: Thirty ball-retained overdenture models were allocated into three groups based on the attachment system material (n=10): Group 1, conventional metal housing with nylon inserts; Group 2, retention.sil 400; and Group 3, retention.sil 600. A total of 1440 insertion-removal cycles, simulating one year of clinical use, were conducted at 50 mm/sec using a universal testing machine. Retention forces were measured at baseline (0 cycles) and after 360, 720, 1080, and 1440 cycles. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc Tukey's test at a significance level of P<0.05.Results: The conventional group showed the highest retention at all cycles. There were statistically significant differences in retention between the conventional group and both PVS groups at all cycles (P<0.001), but no significant differences were found between the two PVS groups (P>0.05). Absolute retention loss was significantly greater in the conventional metal housing with nylon inserts than in the two PVS groups (P<0.001). No significant difference was found in relative retention loss among the groups (P=0.108).Conclusions: Conventional metal housing with nylon inserts provided superior mean retention compared to the retention.sil 400 and retention.sil 600 matrix systems at all cycles, with no significant difference between the two PVS materials. The relative retention loss, however, did not significantly differ between the conventional group and PVS groups.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:The manual segmentation of anatomic structures in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans such as the mandibular canal is time-consuming, operator-dependent, and prone to variability, limiting efficiency and consistency in implant planning. Whether automated CBCT segmentation is more accurate remains unclear. PURPOSE:The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize evidence on deep learning, primarily U-Net architectures, for automatic segmentation of the mandibular canal in CBCT imaging. The segmentation accuracy and clinical relevance for dental implant planning was evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines using the PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases. Eligible studies applied U-Net-based segmentation to CBCT scans for dental implants. Data on segmentation accuracy, Dice Similarity Coefficient [DSC], 95% Hausdorff Distance [HD], and Intersection over Union [IoU]), model architecture, validation strategies, and clinical applicability were extracted. Study quality was appraised using the Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (CLAIM) and QUADAS-2 tools. A random-effects meta-analysis using logit-transformed means and standard errors were performed for DSC and IoU, with results back-transformed to the proportion scale, while 95% HD was analyzed on its raw scale. A sensitivity analysis of DSC was conducted on overlapping studies reporting both DSC and IoU to verify metric consistency, and publication bias was examined using the Egger regression test and the trim-and-fill method. RESULTS:Eight studies were quantitatively synthesized. The pooled DSC was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.68-0.92), IoU was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.50-0.95), and 95% HD was 0.89 mm (95% CI: -0.13 to 1.92 mm), all demonstrating high heterogeneity (I²>99%). Sensitivity analysis of DSC on overlapping studies confirmed internal consistency between DSC and IoU (pooled DSC=0.89; IoU=0.81). The Egger tests indicated no significant publication bias (P=.932 for DSC; P=.898 for IoU; P=.626 for 95% HD). Advanced architectures such as attention- and residual-based U-Nets showed superior accuracy, though external validation and explainability analyses were rarely reported. CONCLUSIONS:U-Net-based deep learning models show a strong potential for automated CBCT segmentation of the mandibular canal, offering improved efficiency and accuracy. However, widespread clinical adoption requires standardized reporting, external validation, and explainability features to ensure trust and generalizability.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare peri-implant strain generated by polyetheretherketone (PEEK), zirconia, and porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) screw- and cement-retained implant-supported crowns using strain gauges. Materials and methods: A 4 × 12 mm implant (Dentium) was placed in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) block. A prefabricated standard abutment was screwed onto the implant and scanned using a lab scanner. Thirty crowns for the three study groups (n = 10 each), namely PEEK, zirconia, and PFM, were fabricated and screwed onto the implant. Four strain gauges were bonded on the test block around the implant neck at buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal locations. An axial load of 250 N was applied in the center of the crown using a universal testing machine (UTM). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test (p < 0.05). Results: One-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference (p < 0.001) among the groups. PEEK (1795.7 µε) showed significantly lower values of microstrain compared to zirconia (3110 µε) and PFM crowns (3435.9 µε). In all groups, strain was found to be higher on the buccal aspect, followed by the distal, lingual, and least in the mesial region. Conclusion: Peri-implant strain is influenced by the type of restorative material. PEEK significantly reduced the peri-implant strain relative to zirconia and PFM implant-supported crowns. PEEK may be a more biomechanically favorable material for implant-supported restorations, offering better stress distribution and reducing the risk of excessive peri-implant bone strain. How to cite this article: Kaur K, Sehgal K, Sahore P, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Peri-implant Strain Generated by Implant-supported Crowns Fabricated with Different Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2025;15(1):20–26.

Background:Various materials are available to plug screw access hole (SAH) in a screw retained implant prosthesis. Bacterial contamination of this plugging material and its subsequent leakage can contribute to inflammation of peri-implant area. Aim:The present study aimed to evaluate bacterial contamination of cotton (Co), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and cotton dipped in 1% chlorhexidine (Co1%CHX) as SAH plugging material. Materials and Methods:Forty implant sites were included in the study. After prosthetic restorations, cotton was used as the primary SAH plugging material in all implant sites. Next month, implant sites were randomly divided into subgroups Co1%CHX and PTFE and given respective plugging material after retrieving the cotton pellet, which was subjected for microbial assay the same day. On the next visit, respective plugging material was retrieved and sent for microbial analysis. SAH was re-plugged with the respective plugging material. Peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) was collected from respective sites and stored at - 80°C. After 3 months of the last visit, patients were recalled for the collection of PISF, stored suitably. All the PISF samples were analyzed for interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels via sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results and Conclusion:Bacterial contamination of cotton was highest and statistically significant when compared with both PTFE and Co1%CHX for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Co1%CHX with fewer positive samples and lower bacterial counts was found to be a better plugging material than PTFE. However, the leakage from SAH for both PTFE and Co1%CHX was insufficient to cause any significant increase in IL-6 levels in PISF of patients after 3 months.

AIM:Microbial assessment of internal recess of two different internal implant connections in an in vivo study. STUDY SETTINGS AND DESIGN:This randomized, in vivo study included 40 patients requiring mandibular single-tooth implant-supported prostheses, allocated into two equal groups based on implant connection design. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Group Internal Hex (IH) and group Conical Connection (CC) received implants with IH and CC, respectively. On the day of prosthetic loading, peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) sample was collected and stored. PISF samples were recollected after 3 months. Subsequently, the screw access hole was exposed, and the abutment screw was removed. Implant-abutment recess was washed with saline, lavage was sent for microbiological assay. The abutment screw and crown were restored. PISF was analyzed for interleukin-6 (IL-6). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:For nonparametric values Chi square test and for parametric values t-test was used to analyse the data. RESULTS:No implant failure or patient fallout was observed. In Group IH, 17 out of 20 samples were positive for aerobic viz-a-viz 7 samples from Group CC; P = 0.001. For anaerobic bacteria, similar results were obtained with a number of positive samples 19 as compared to 6 in respective groups; P = 0.00002. IL-6 values did not differ significantly from baseline to 3 months in either group. CONCLUSION:Within the limitations of the study, results show higher bacterial contamination of implant recess in IH than CC. However, the bacterial load had an insignificant contribution to IL-6 levels in PISF of the patients of either group in this time period.

Objectives: The purpose of this comparative study in vitro was to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic nanoparticles on colour stability, tear strength and hardness of maxillofacial silicone elastomer at baseline and when subjected to outdoor weathering for 6 months. Material and Methods: A total of 240 specimens were fabricated using M511 platinum silicone which were divided into total 4 groups (n = 60) based on the type of nanoparticles (control, polytetrafuoroethylene [PTFE], titanium dioxide [TiO2], zinc oxide [ZnO]) added and each group was further divided into 3 subgroups (n = 20) for colour, tear strength (TS) and hardness (H) testing. The tests were conducted and data was obtained both before and after outdoor weathering of 6 months. Results: Minimum colour change after weathering was observed in PTFE group (∆E = 2.23). TiO2 group showed maximum TS (12.01 N/mm) followed by PTFE group (10.85 N/mm) before weathering. After weathering, maximum TS was shown by TiO2 group (12.9 N/mm) and PTFE group (12.54 N/mm). TiO2 group showed maximum hardness (24.15 shore A) before weathering and PTFE group showed maximum hardness (33.43 shore A) after weathering. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the addition of polytetrafuoroethylene nanoparticles to the polymer enhances both the optical as well as mechanical properties and can be considered favourable for the extended life of the prosthesis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture toughness and marginal adaptation of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and cast metal crowns for restoring posterior teeth using the endocrown and Richmond crown techniques. Materials and methods: Forty-two extracted permanent first molars were divided into three groups (n = 14 each): group E (endocrown), group R (Richmond crown), and the control group. Groups E and R were subdivided based on materials (PEEK and cast metal) used into PEEK endocrown (EP), cast metal endocrown (ECM), PEEK Richmond crown (RP), and cast metal Richmond crown (RCM). Standardized endocrown and Richmond crown preparations were done, and samples were randomly divided into subgroups. Restorations were fabricated, and marginal gap evaluation was conducted using two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional analysis. After cementation, specimens were subjected to compressive stress until failure using a universal testing machine. Failure loads and modes were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test (p < 0.05). Results: One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in fracture toughness, with the RCM subgroup showing the highest mean fracture toughness (3530.06 N) compared to RP (2879.89 N), EP (2249.56 N), and ECM (2919.69 N). The EP subgroup exhibited favorable fractures in 71% of samples. No significant variations in mean marginal gap were observed among groups, with all mean values within clinical acceptability. Conclusion: PEEK and cast metal crowns achieved satisfactory marginal adaptation within clinically acceptable limits, ensuring effective sealing against microleakage. Richmond crowns demonstrated superior fracture toughness but were prone to catastrophic failures. Conversely, the endocrown technique exhibited high fracture toughness with a safer, more predictable failure mode. PEEK-based restorations, particularly EPs, showed promising results in terms of fracture toughness, marginal adaptation, and favorable failure patterns. How to cite this article: Singh C, Singla S, Singh S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Fracture Toughness and Marginal Adaptation of PEEK and Cast Metal Crowns for Restoring Posterior Teeth with Endocrown and Richmond Crown: An In Vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2024;14(4):234–241.

Endodontic therapy weakens the remaining tooth structure which demands their rehabilitation. Various treatment modalities exist for rehabilitation of severely debilitated endodontically treated tooth including Endocrown, Post and core and Richmond crown depending on the clinical situation. Post and core with Davies crown is a routine practice of rehabilitation of severely debilitated tooth. In endodontically treated tooth with inadequate inter-arch space, endocrown can be safely given, although, presence of atleast 2mm of circumferential enamel is necessary. In cases with inadequate inter-arch space and absence of adequate circumferential enamel, Richmond crown is indicated. Conventional materials for rehabilitation using these modalities have major disadvantage of their high modulous of elasticity which increases the chances of rehabilitation failure. BioHPP, a modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) can safely replace the conventional materials because of striking advantage of its modulus of elasticity which is similar to that of tooth structure. This case series presents the clinical situation-based rehabilitation of endodontically treated tooth using BioHPP as restorative material. 1.5 years follow-up showed satisfactory results paving the way for higher success rates of endodontically treated tooth with BioHPP as material of choice.

Purpose: The purpose of this prospective split-mouth study was to compare crestal bone loss (CBL) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) levels in peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) between implants restored with platform matched (PM) and platform switched (PS) abutments. Materials and methods: A total of 50 single tooth implants of 4.6 mm diameter were placed crestally in 25 patients (two implants in each patient) in the molar region. After 3 months, each of the two implant sites in each patient was randomly restored with a PM and a PS abutment (3.8 mm), and prostheses were given. The bone loss was calculated using a digital radiograph after abutment placement (baseline), 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years of loading. During each interval, PISF was collected around the implant and IL-1β and CTX were estimated using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. The mean difference in bone loss and IL-1β levels within and between the two groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-tests. About 80% of PISF samples at baseline and 90% of samples of subsequent visits developed very negligible or no color and thus were considered negative for CTX. Results: The bone loss found at baseline was 0.82 ± 0.54 mm in the PM group and 0.69 ± 0.47 mm in the PS group (p = 0.376). At 6 months, the total bone loss was 1.05 ± 0.62 mm in the PM group and 0.97 ± 0.58 mm in the PS group, and increased to 1.11 ± 0.60 and 1.03 ± 0.64 mm, respectively in 2 years of follow-up. IL-1β levels were 4.52 ± 5.24 and 5.30 ± 6.38 ng/mL in the PM and PS groups, respectively (p = 0.175) at baseline. The levels decreased to 0.73 ± 0.83 ng/mL and 0.59 ± 0.54 ng/mL in the two groups, respectively, at 2-year follow-up. An insignificant difference was found in bone loss and IL-1β levels of both groups during the follow-up. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study, the extent of bone loss and PISF IL-1β levels were insignificantly different when PM and PS abutments were used with the same implant system. IL-1β levels reflected the extent of inflammation associated with the implant site, which decreased with time. How to cite this article: Singla S, Kumar L, Gupta M, et al. Association of Platform Shifting with Bone Remodeling and Cytokine Levels in Peri-implant Sulcus Fluid in Single Tooth Implants: A Split-mouth Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2024;14(1):10–15.

Severe and combined nasal defects associated with trauma or neoplasm excision can cause significant functional and esthetic problems. To avoid nasal synechia following reconstructive surgeries, a nasal stent prosthesis is required to act as an internal scaffold to support the graft and residual tissues. The purpose of the stent is to maintain internal airway patency and to prevent collapse and contracture of the donor tissues. A conventional nasal stent prosthesis has disadvantages, including the difficulty in maintaining adequate thickness and internal patency during fabrication. Hence, this clinical report introduces the fabrication technique for 3- dimensionally printed polylactic acid nasal stent prostheses using extraoral scanning and photogrammetry methods.

Objective/Introduction: Bacterial infiltration at implant abutment junction is a potential risk for soft tissue inflammation and bone loss around the implant. Potential colonization of microgap is related to precision of fit at the mating interfaces of implant and abutment and is dependent on structural geometry of implant abutment connection. Considering the limited information regarding differences in microbial penetration at the junction in implants with degree of taper in internal connections, this study conducted comparative analysis of microbial seal of three different implant abutment connections—1.5 mm internal hex (IH), 4° tapered, and 11° conical hex (CH) implants. Materials and methods: Three study groups with 18 implant abutment assemblies in each, included 1.5 mm IH (BioHorizon®), 4° taper (4° CH) internal conical connection (Ankylos®), and 11° taper (11°CH) connection (Neobiotech® Active) implants. Each assembly was suspended in Escherichia coli as well as Enterococcus faecalis suspension in brain heart infusion (BHI) separately and incubated at 37°C for 3 days. Wash from respective implant internal recess was assessed for microbial contamination. Results: Internal hex group showed significantly higher E. coli (44.4%) and E. faecalis (50.0%) leakage than 4°CH and 11°CH groups. The difference in microbial leakage in 4°CH (11.1%) and 11°CH (16.7%) for both the study microbes was statistically insignificant (p = 0.630), thus partially accepting the null hypothesis. Conclusion: The type of connection significantly influences microbial leakage at implant abutment junction with internal connection more conducive to bacterial infiltrations than conical connection implants. However, degree of taper of conical connection does not have a significant effect on bacterial permeability of the implant abutment connection.

Purpose: Commercially available stock trays do not usually fit the arch form and are relatively flat in dimensions, leading to a compromised impression and prosthesis. So, the purpose of this study was to categorize resorbed mandibular ridges according to arch width and sulcus depth and formulation of stock tray design conforming to different resorbed ridge forms. Materials and methods: Measurements on master casts of completely edentulous resorbed ridges (n = 280) were done using a digital vernier caliper. Cluster analysis of means of anterior and posterior arch width and posterior alveololingual sulcus (ALS) depth was done to categorize the extremely resorbed residual ridges for the formulation of conforming stock trays. Cluster analysis formulated three categories. Category 1 had a mean anterior arch width of 23 mm, posterior arch width of 50 mm, and posterior ALS depth of 5.5 mm. Respective dimensions in category 2 were 31, 58, and 12 mm, and in category 3 were 27, 55, and 8.7 mm. Means of arch length, ridge width, sulcus depth, and retromolar pad (RMP) angle were used to modify tray flange dimensions. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for K-means and multiple Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were applied for validation of clusters/categories. Results: Significant p-values in one-way ANOVA for K-means cluster (p < 0.001) and multiple Tukey HSD test (p < 0.001) validated categorization of extremely resorbed mandibular residual ridges in the study. Mean values of other parameters were used to modify the tray flanges. The 135° angle of the RMP with residual resorbed ridge was suggested to be incorporated in trays to accommodate higher angles too. Conclusion: Use of the formulated stock trays, will improve their adaptation to the resorbed mandibular edentulous ridges and hence the primary impression making, which will provide a strong foundation for a successful final complete denture in such patients. How to cite this article: Verma N, Singla S, Sehgal K, et al. Categorization of Extremely Resorbed Mandibular Edentulous Ridges and Formulation of Edentulous Stock Trays Conforming to Different Resorbed Ridge Forms: An Observational Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2023;13(2):70-75.

Purpose: To compare retention and retention loss exhibited by a pair of ball or locator attachments individually or in combination in straight and angulated two implant-retained overdentures (IRODs) over a period equivalent to 5 years of denture insertion and removal. Materials and methods: The bilateral canine region of the edentulous mandibular model was used to receive two implants at 0 and 15°. Overdenture bases were retained by ball or locator attachments individually or in combination and grouped as group BB (retained by a pair of ball attachments); group LL (retained by a pair of locator attachments); group BL (retained by ball attachment on straight and locator attachment on 15° angulated implant); and group LB (retained by locator attachment on straight and ball attachment on 15° angulated implant). Respective housings were picked up in overdenture matrices (seven per group). After cyclic loading with 70 N of load for 100,000 cycles, retention values were recorded at various intervals of time during 7,200 insertion-removal cycles. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Results: A significant difference was found for intergroup comparison of mean retention. Group LB maintained the highest initial and final retentive force, that is, 182.44 ± 63.59 N and 108.64 ± 52.03 N, respectively. Group LB exhibited the highest mean loss of retention of 42.42 ± 9.88%, followed by BB (41.38 ± 4.25%), BL (35.57 ± 5.78%), and lastly LL (24.65 ± 6.60%). There was a significant decrease in mean retention for all the groups during the 1st year and subsequently from 2 to 5 years except LL. Conclusion: There exists a significant loss in mean retention in all combinations of ball and locator attachments at straight and angulated implants. The combination of a locator at 0° and ball attachment at 15° exhibited the highest retention, in spite of the maximum percentage loss of retention. Therefore, the combination of a locator on a straight and ball attachment on an angulated implant seems suitable and can ensure adequate retention during long-term clinical use. How to cite this article: Gaur N, Singla S, Kumar L, et al. An In Vitro Study to Evaluate Retention of Ball and Locator Attachments in Straight and Angulated Implant-supported Overdenture. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2023;13(4):235–241.

Biosensors have revolutionized nanotechnological development and are therefore the future ubiquitous devices for disease diagnosis monitoring treatment and health management. They provide a non-invasive method of continuous monitoring of various physiological signals like temperature heart rate blood pressure respiration rate and oxygen saturation and transmits that information to the patient and the physician. Thus their role in at-home detection of cases with obstructive sleep apnea OSA is significant which can easily replace the gold standard yet complex in-lab polysomnography PSG. The oral health care providers can be of great value to the team of sleep specialists when it comes to early detection and intervention with correct therapy for such patients. All the parameters that are studied in PSG can now be easily analyzed with the help of biosensors. However most of the sensing systems available today are extra-oral in nature and have no relation in anyway to the dental aspect of detection of OSA. Thus there is a vast space that is left unexplored in the world of biosensors when it comes to oral appliances which can be put into a pivotal role in diagnosing the undetected sleep apneic patients at a very early stage. This review paper presents an overview of the biosensors exploring their types functional modes and applications with particular emphasis on their potential application in diagnosing OSA.

Bone loss around an implant is an inevitable occurrence, mostly occurring during the first year of function. Various modifications have been tried to reduce this bone loss, one of them being Platform switching (PS). Present study compared the bone loss and MMP-8 levels in PISF between Platform Matched (PM) and Platform Switched (PS) implants using same implant geometry and surgical protocols and loading mechanisms in all patients. 50 implants of diameter 4.6 mm were placed crestally in selected patients. After 3 months, 25 implants were restored with platform matched abutment (Group A) and 25 with platform switched abutment (Group B). Bone loss was evaluated radiographically and MMP-8 levels were assessed in peri-implant sulcus fluid and gingival crevicular fluid of adjacent tooth by ELISA, at the time of prosthetic loading(baseline) and again after one year of loading. Prosthetic phase bone loss was calculated by subtracting baseline loss from total bone loss.After 1 year of loading, the total bone loss in platform matched group was 1.29 ± 0.39 mm and platform switched group was 1.31 ± 0.38 mm. Prosthetic phase bone loss (0.41 ± 0.14 mm and 0.48 ± 0.24 mm) and MMP-8 levels (83.6 ± 26.1 ng/ml and 78.4 ± 27.2 ng/ml) were insignificantly different between the two groups. MMP-8 levels were significantly higher in peri-implant sulcus fluid than gingival crevicular fluid in all patients at both stages. MMP-8 levels significantly correlated with bone loss. In the present study, altering the abutment diameter did not influence the extent of bone resorption within similar clinical and treatment protocols of implant supported restorations.

Introduction: Mucormycosis is the fungal infection which especially affects immunocompromised patients. Case Report: In this case report, prosthetic rehabilitation of maxillary defect due to past mucormycosis in an uncontrolled diabetic patient was discussed by means of lightweight prosthesis by attaching a hollow occlusal shim to cast partial denture framework as absence of alveolar ridge on the defect side tends to increase the weight of the prosthesis which would have compromised the retention of the prosthesis. Conclusion: This technique is simple, economical and less time-consuming.