This study employs Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to quantitatively analyze the distribution patterns and metabolic roles of alpha-solanine across different organs (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits) of Solanum nigrum. By extracting absorbance values from key characteristic peaks (2923 cm-1, 2853 cm-1, 1639 cm-1, 1152 cm-1, and 1072 cm-1) and applying a normalization ratio method for quantitative assessment, our results reveal that fruits serve as the primary accumulation site of alpha-solanine, followed by flowers and leaves, whereas the lowest concentrations are detected in roots and stems. Further analysis suggests that the high accumulation in fruits is likely associated with defensive functions and seed protection, while leaves and flowers function as the primary sites for alpha-solanine biosynthesis and signaling regulation, respectively. In contrast, roots and stems mainly facilitate transport and storage. This study highlights FTIR as a rapid, non-destructive technique for the quantitative analysis of plant secondary metabolites, demonstrating its potential in botanical research and biochemical profiling. Moreover, these findings provide valuable insights into the ecological roles of Solanaceae secondary metabolites and their potential applications in agriculture and pharmaceutical sciences.

In this paper, using magnetron sputtering technology, the 3D SERS substrates (Ag/OFW substrates) were prepared by depositing silver films on the wings of Odontotermes Formosanus (commonly known as flying ants). By optimizing the preparation conditions, it was found that the substrate possessed the best enhancement effect when the deposition time was 7.5 minutes. FDTD simulation was used to analyze Ag/OFW substrate's enhancement effect with different deposition times. The results demonstrated that the substrate with the sputtering time of 7.5 min showed stronger electric field distribution; that is to say, the substrate with the sputtering time of 7.5 min possessed the best enhancement effect. It was consistent with the results of using rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a probe molecule to conduct an SERS study on the Ag/OFW substrates with different deposition times. The high-performance substrate exhibited a low detection limit (LOD) of 10(-9) mol.L-1 for R6G, indicating an excellent enhancement effect. When the Ag/OFW substrate was employed to solve critical pesticide residue problems for the detection of thiram, the detection concentration of thiram could reach 5.0X10(-8) mol.L-1, which exceeded the detection standard of thiram solution residue (4.16X10(-7) mol.L-1) established by China in 2021. Moreover, the detection method was expected to be used for the rapid detection of the residues of harmful substances.

According to a 2021 China CDC Weekly Express report,mushroom poisoning was one of China's most serious food safety issues.In 2021,a total of 327 mushroom poisoning incidents involving 923 patients and 20 deaths were investigated,and the overall mortality was 2.17％.About 74 poisonous mushrooms have been successfully identified.Boletuses are one of the people's favourite wild mushrooms because of their delicious taste.However,boletuses poisoning incidents can occur due to improper cooking or mixing with toxic boletuses.Quickly identifying variety and the main ingredients of boletus has become a problem that needs to be resolved immediately.Thus,tenfresh boletuses samples were purchased from the Chuxiong Hongfu market.The pileus was prepared by free-hand section,then the silver colloid area was prepared by using the silver colloid prepared by microwave.Under the DXR Laser confocal micro Raman spectrometer,the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)spectra of 10 samples were achieved.In these results,the main ingredients of samples 7,8 and 10 were the same,while samples 6 and 9 also shared the same main ingredients.However,the other samples had different ingredients compared to each other.As an example,in sample 1,the main ingredients were L-phenylalanine(1 583 cm-1 ring C—C stretching vibration and 1 199 cm1 NH2 rocking),L-histidine(1 572 cm-1 C=C stretching vibration COO-asymmetric stretching and 1 229 cm-1 in-plane ring deformation vibration),isoleucine(1 342 cm-1 C—H,N—H deformation vibration,486 cm-1 COOH rocking vibration and 353 cm-1 lattice vibration),L-aspartic acid(1 136 cm-1 C—N stretching vibration),glycine(1 386 cm-1 COO-deformation vibration and 889 cm-1 C—C stretching vibration),methionine(681 cm-1 C—S antisymmetric stretching vibration)and pyranose(973 cm-1 symmetric ring vibration)By applying the spectrum software OMNIC Specta and randomly selecting 10 lines to build the database of the sample spectra,the species of fresh boletuses could be identified quickly by measuring their spectra and matching them with the standard spectra in the database.In all samples,only samples 2 and 10 had relatively low matching rates,which were less than 60％.Furthermore,samples7 and 8 shared similar matching rates and cross terms with each other,which indicated they were of the same species.Samples 6 and 9 had similar matching rates but fewer cross terms,which indicated they were of the same or similar species.DNA test results showed that samples 7,8 and 10 were Boletus baingan,while samples 6 and 9 were Baorangia pseudocalopus.This experiment provides a simple and reliable method to detect the analysis of the main ingredients and rapidly identify Boletuses.Also,this approach has great potential for species identification of wild mushrooms.This experiment has great application value in quickly determining the poisonous wild mushroom species and gaining time to rescue the patient in the case of wild mushroom poisoning.To our knowledge,it is the first time SERS has been used on wild mushroom fruiting bodies.

偏振拉曼光谱能有效分析蜘蛛丝的蛋白质结构特征,早期的研究对象多为人工抽取的络新妇属蜘蛛的曳丝,而同为大壶状腺丝的骨架丝及其他科属的蛛丝却很少被研究报道.为探讨自然状态下蛛丝蛋白二级结构与力学性能之间的关系,使用偏振拉曼光谱对艾蛛属的黑腹艾蛛、希蛛属的翘腹希蛛的骨架丝进行研究.结果表明,这两种丝有着相似的氨基酸序列和结构,且β-折叠平行于丝的轴线,但翘腹希蛛丝其余大部分的二级结构却垂直于丝的轴线,这一特殊结构也导致翘腹希蛛丝的断裂伸长率(42.18±11.84％)高于黑腹艾蛛丝(23.85±5.18％).同时,从不同峰强比、方向不敏感光谱得出,翘腹希蛛丝β-折叠结构的取向度比黑腹艾蛛丝的高,但相近的β-折叠结构、络氨酸氢键含量导致两丝的断裂强度变化差异不显著.蛛丝拉曼光谱的重现性较好,可用于研究更多种类的蛛丝,为开发利用蛛丝提供依据.

蜘蛛丝作为一种天然的蛋白质纤维,有较高强度及韧性,其因良好的综合力学性能与特性而备受关注.依托云南省丰富的蜘蛛资源,将褛网蛛科泰褛网蛛(Psechrus ghecuanus)、园蛛科黔美园蛛(Araneus gratiolus)作为对象,以纺自大壶状腺的蛛网框丝作为研究材料,采用单纤维强力机、拉曼光谱仪与X射线衍射仪对两种蜘蛛的蛛网框丝进行测试研究.结果显示,两种丝有相似的拉曼图谱,β-折叠均平行于丝的轴向.但两种丝由峰强比反映出的各结构含量却有一定差别,其中泰褛网蛛丝中络氨酸的氢键更强,β-折叠结构的含量更高,因而具有更高的强度;黔美园蛛丝中β-折叠的取向水平更低,因而具有更高的韧性.此外,X射线衍射图谱测得泰褛网蛛丝及黔美园蛛丝的结晶度分别为33%及20%.

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合技术研究存储5年的姜科药材,以探寻姜科药材存储五年的成分变化情况.结果显示,原始红外光谱整体相似,光谱反映出药材的主要物质有挥发油类、黄酮类、糖类、氨基酸等.对谱图差异较大的1300～1450 cm-1进行原始谱图局部放大处理、二阶导数处理,明显看出1384 cm-1、1410 cm-1峰强、峰位差异明显,推断含异丙基和叔丁基化合物的含量及化合物内部结构发生变化.结合吸光度比值法和曲线拟合面积定量分析得出,22种姜科药材的挥发油含量随着储藏时间的变化呈下降趋势,糖类含量呈上升趋势.研究表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合可为姜科药材的品质分析提供一种有效手段.

Spider venom has high research value for use as an insecticide and drug, but its extraction is expensive and complicated. In this paper, Raman microspectroscopy was used to determine the secondary structure of the proteins, which are the active ingredients in venoms, and the venoms were obtained from eight spiders: Hippasa lycosina, Lycosa grahami, Lycosa wangi, Lycosa yunnanensis, Heteropoda venatoria, Psechrus ghecuanus, Macrothele yani and Macrothele yunnanica. The results indicate that venom glands are the preferred substitute for venom for research. Second, the eight glands have similar strongest Raman peaks, but there are partial differences in the weaker peaks and relative intensity ratios, and the differences can give a preliminary classification for the eight spiders. Third, Raman spectroscopy is an effective method with good repeatability and stability to study spider venom glands.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

In this paper, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to compare the five dendrobium species' infrared absorption spectra of stem powder. The stem of Dendrobium is rich in saccharides. The saccharides of Dendrobium Officinale, Dendrobium Paxt and Dendrobium wardianum Warner are complex in composition. And the sugar units are mainly galactopyranose, grape pyranose, mannopyranose, arabinopyranose and xypyranose. The sugar components in the stem of Dendrobium strongylanthum Rchb. f. were simple. The sugar units were galactopyranose, grape pyranose and mannopyranose. Dendrobium wardianum Warner had the same chemical structure as Dendrobium strongylanthum Rchb. Dendrobium Officinale had the same chemical structure as Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. The species of Dendrobium could be identified by the characteristic absorption peak of the polysaccharide fingerprint absorption region.

To analyze the protein conformation and mechanical properties of what types of spider silks, web frame silks from spiders of five different families, Parawixia dehaani ( P. dehaani), Herennia ornatissima ( H. ornatis-sima), Nephilengys malabarensis ( N. malabarensis), Hippasa lycosina ( H. lycosina) and Macrothele bannaensis ( M. bannaensis), were investigated by tensile testing, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The order of the fracture strength or breaking force ( H. ornatissima > N. malabarensis > P. dehaani, H. lycosina > M. bannaensis) is in accordance with the order of the Raman intensity ratios or crystallinity, the order of the extensibility ( H. ornatissima < N. malabarensis < P. dehaani) is inversely proportional to the order of the degree of orientation of the ,B-sheets, which verify the theory that mechanical properties of silk mainly depends on protein conformation. Meanwhile, the Raman spectra of the web frame silks from four Araneidae spiders (Gasteracantha diadesmia, Gasteracantha kuhli, Macracantha arcuata and P . dehaani) and two Tetragnathidae spiders (Leucauge tessellata and H . ornatissima) show that the slight spectral dif-ferences might enable preliminary identification and classification of spiders. We believe that researching either the relationship between or individual performance of the mechanical properties and structures of various types of spider silks would benefit the utilization of silks as biomaterials and the classification of spider silks.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

用油细胞原位拉曼光谱检测方法,直接获得了白兰花、深山含笑、黄花含笑油细胞的拉曼光谱,通过分析研究得出其主要挥发物.白兰花盛花油细胞中的主要挥发物为:芳樟醇、β-蒎烯、没药醇、香芹酮、α-松油烯、β-榄香烯.深山含笑盛花、花蕾油细胞中的主要挥发物为:甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯、对伞花烃、香茅醇.黄花含笑小花蕾、花蕾、盛花油细胞中的主要挥发物为:香芹酮、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、反式-反式-金合欢醇;对伞花烃、甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯、反式-反式-金合欢醇;甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯、反式-反式-金合欢醇.

In order to identify the ingredient in Melaleuca alternifolia oil cells at room temperature, and avoid sample pretreatment and extractions, which can be labour-intensive. Oil Cells Distribution on Different Parts of Melaleuca alternifolia and the principal component in oil cells have been studied by Micro-Raman Spectrometer. It has been found that there are barely any oil cells on the soft branches. There are more oil cells on new leaves compared to mature leaves. In Raman spectroscopy of mature leaf of oil cells, 1 675/726 cm (1) (C=C stretching/ring deformation) are a characteristic key band of terpinene-4-ol, 1 700/754 cm (1) (C=C stretching/ring deformation) for-y-terpinene, 1 609 cm 1 (C=C stretching) for a-terpinene and 1 522/1 156/1 011 cm (1) (C=C stretching/C-C stretching/C C in-plane rocking)for n-carotene. In Raman spectroscopy of new leaves oil cells, 745 cm (1)-(ring deformation) is a characteristic key band of cis-sabinene hydrate, 1 609 cm i for a-terpinene and 1 522/1 160/1 008 cm i for n-carotene. The principal components are different in oil cells of new and mature leaves. It is the first report that there are cis-sabinene hydrate and n-carotene in oil cells of Melaleuca alternifolia. This method can be used for quality control and developmental research for Melaleuca alternifolia plant essential oil extraction.

将恒温法制备的银胶滴在经过处理的载玻片上,制成银膜基底,在该基底获得了不同浓度市售乙酰甲胺磷农药液体的表面增强拉曼光谱,其检测极限为10-6 mol/L.将制备的银胶,组装在毛细管内壁上,制成毛细管-银胶基底,在该基底上获得不同浓度乙酰甲胺磷农药挥发物的表面增强拉曼光谱,其检测极限为10-6 mol/L.本实验所涉及的两种方法可以作为检测市售乙酰甲胺磷液体农药及其挥发物的一种快速、有效的方法.

对双柏县丫口村发现的一野姜,用原位显微拉曼光谱技术直接获取油细胞拉曼光谱,在实验室已经建立的姜科植物油细胞拉曼光谱库中检索,其与采于马关县的野生襄荷的匹配度为94.17％,再加上该野姜的果实照片,可确定该野姜为野生襄荷.对其油细胞拉曼光谱的研究表明,油细胞中的主要挥发物为香茅醛、β-蒎烯、柠檬烯、4-萜烯醇、β-榄香烯.野生襄荷为药食两用食材,对其开发利用提出了建议.

Eleven cases of pleural mesothelioma and two cases of pleural normal tissue were detected using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The differences between pleural mesothelioma and normal pleural tissues identified by comparison of their respective Fourier transform infrared spectra were as follows: (1) a higher relative intensity of the protein amide I band at 1641 cm–1 for pleural mesothelioma compared to normal pleural tissues, a pointed peak of amide II band at l550 cm–1 for pleural mesothelioma, and a higher relative intensity compared to normal pleural tissues, all relating to increased protein content in pleural mesothelioma; (2) a symmetric stretch of the vibration band of phosphodiester bonds in the nucleic acid molecules of pleural mesothelioma towards the long 1240 cm–1 wave, and a higher relative intensity compared to normal pleural tissues, indicating increased nucleic acid content of the pleural mesothelioma; (3) a lower relative intensity of the absorption peak near 2854–2922 cm–1 in the pleural mesothelioma compared to normal pleural tissue, indicating reduced lipid content of the pleural mesothelioma; (4) a lower relative intensity of the absorption peak near 1047 cm–1 associated with soluble sugar content of the pleural mesothelioma compared to normal pleural tissues. Our results show that Fourier transforms infrared spectra exists differences between pleural mesothelioma and normal pleural tissues. It is expected to become a new method for rapid identification of pleural mesothelioma.

Taking glyphosatc pesticide sold in the market as test sample and capillary glass tube with Ag nanoparticles adsorbed on the inner wall as active substrate, the surface enhanced Raman spectra (SERSs) of the glyphosatc and its volatilcs in the air arc studied to explore a new method for determination of the pesticide residues using the pesticide volatiles. Using prepared Ag colloid substrates, the SERS detection is performed on commercially available glyphosatc pesticides with different concentrations, and the detection concentration of the glyphosatc can be as low as 1.8X 10(-6) mol/L Next the SERS of the volatiles of glyphosatc solutions with different concentrations arc studied by using the prepared capillary glass tube. When the glyphosatc solution is diluted to a concentration of 1.8 X 10(-6) mol/L, there is still a significant characteristic absorption peak of the glyphosatc, which indicates the detected concentration of the experimental method can reach 1. 8X 10(-6)mol/L (about 0.3 mg/kg). According to the National Food Safety Standard formulated in 2016, the maximum glyphosatc residue in fruits is 0.5 mg/kg. Compared with the national standard, the concentration of the glyphosatc pesticide residues in the detected water has basically reached the national maximum detection standard of pesticide residues. Therefore, this experimental method can be used as a scientific and effective method for the detection of glyphosatc pesticide residues and can provide a reference for detecting other pesticide residues.

用显微拉曼光谱仪直接获取丫口草果、怒江草果、文山草果果仁油细胞拉曼光谱,三者拉曼光谱的峰形,峰位基本一致,说明三者的主要挥发物一样.与标样的拉曼谱对比,1688、1637、1446、1305 cm-1主要是[E]2-癸烯醛的拉曼峰;1674、1446 cm-1是香叶醇的拉曼峰;650 cm-1为1-8桉油精的拉曼峰;1600、1446、1163 cm-1为α-水芹烯的拉曼峰.三种草果的主要挥发物都为[E]2-癸烯醛、香叶醇、1-8桉油精、α-水芹烯.

将新鲜山柰、海南三七块根的切片置于DXR激光共焦显微拉曼光谱仪下,用10倍物镜观察到山柰、海南三七的油细胞.将激光聚焦在油细胞上,获得了山柰、海南三七油细胞中的精油拉曼光谱,不同油细胞上获得的拉曼光谱非常相似.山柰的拉曼光谱与甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯的拉曼光谱,海南三七的拉曼光谱与苯甲酸苄脂的拉曼光谱在峰形、峰位上都非常相似.采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯及苯甲酸苄脂拉曼光谱,计算的拉曼光谱与实验的拉曼光谱非常相似,据此对甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯拉曼光谱和山柰油细胞中的精油拉曼光谱及苯甲酸苄脂拉曼光谱和海南三七油细胞中的精油拉曼光谱进行了初步的归属,说明山柰的主要挥发物为甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯,海南三七的主要挥发物为苯甲酸苄脂.

本文以内壁吸附银纳米粒子的毛细玻璃管作为活性基底,以市售的乐果农药作为试验样品,用表面增强拉曼光谱技术在中性和酸性条件下对菜籽油中乐果农药残留进行检测.在中性条件下只能检测乐果农药浓度到200 mg/kg,而在酸性条件下可以检测乐果农药浓度到0.1 mg/kg,已接近食品中最大农药残留量0.05 mg/kg的国家安全标准.试验结果表明,在酸性条件下表面增强拉曼光谱可以作为检测菜籽油中乐果农药残留的一种有效方法.

Direct and label-free detection of unmodified DNA has always been a great challenge for DNA analyses. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can provide structural fingerprinting of analytes with single-molecules sensitivity, so it could be the best candidate for label-free detection of DNA. Wild mushrooms, a very nutritious and delicious food in our lives, are widely distributed in Yunnan province. Herein, a simple and reliable method, based on SERS, was developed for label-free detection of DNA from six wild mushrooms and three common edible mushrooms. Concentrated Ag colloid prepared by microwave heating method with high SERS activity was used to obtain high reproducible SERS spectra. SERS signatures and spectroscopic band assignments of these mushrooms DNA were analyzed. Principal component analysis was used to distinguish these nine mushrooms. This experiment provides a simple and reliable method to detect mushrooms DNA, which is useful for the study of mushrooms DNA. Also, this approach has great potential for species identification of wild mushrooms and provides a basis for learning the interaction between DNA and small molecules. To our best knowledge, it is the first SERS study on DNA from wild mushrooms.

Non-destructive analysis of the essential oils ingredient in oil cells at room temperature was presented. This work showed the possibility to detect in situ the main components of the essential oils in Alpinia kwangsiensis and Achasma yunnanensis oil cells by means of Raman spectroscopy. Water slice of fresh samples were prepared. The oil cells in water slice can be seen using 20 objective lens of DXR Laser confocal micro Raman spectrometer. At the Alpinia kwangsiensis oil cell, high intensity bands were present in 1 638, 1 600, 1 555, 1 203, 1 001 cm(-1), and low intensity bands were present in 1 716, 1 577, 1 496, 1 407, 1 346, 1 307, 1 273, 1 181, 1 156, 1 029, 958, 618, 218 cm(-1). Together 26 spectroscopic bands were obtained. The Raman spectrum of the Methyl cinnamate, together 29 spectroscopic bands, were obtained. It was found that the 22 presented spectroscopic bands of Alpinia kwangsiensis oil cell correlated very well with those obtained by the Methyl cinnamate; At the Achasma yunnanensis oil cell, high intensity bands were present in 1 648, 1 639, 1 607, 1 174, 842, 836 cm(-1), and low intensity bands were present in 1 292, 1 244, 1 235, 1 204, 631 cm(-1). Together 24 spectroscopic bands were obtained. The Raman spectrum of the 4-Allyl anisole, together with 29 spectroscopic bands (between 300 similar to 1 700 cm(-1)) was obtained. It was found that the 23 presented spectroscopic bands of Achasma yunnanensis oil cell correlated very well with those obtained by the 4-Allyl anisole. The experimental work was supported by quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G level of theory. The essential oils ingredient in oil cells of Zingiberaceae samples can be detected directly and quickly without extraction. This method can be use to quality control and development research for zingiberaceae plant essential oil extraction.