With the continuous decline of global biodiversity, biodiversity conservation has attracted more and more attention from the international society. In order to slow down the trend of biodiversity decline, it is particularly important to identify key areas for biodiversity conservation. However, most of current methods for identifying important areas have different assessment criteria and focus on different biological assemblages (species or communities) and ecosystem types. Key biodiversity areas (KBAs) are sites that contribute significantly to global biodiversity persistence. Unlike traditional research and identification methods, KBAs identification is based on a unified global standard to explore habitats that are critical to endangered plants and animals in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. Based on the theoretical and technical framework of KBAs, we summarized the system of identification criteria and assessment parameters for KBAs. The five high-level criteria are separated into eleven sub-level criteria. Among the eleven evaluation parameters, there is one evaluation parameter for the ecosystem level, eight evaluation parameters for the species level, one evaluation parameter for the gene level, and one comprehensive evaluation parameter. In addition, we analyzed the application of KBAs identification in biodiversity research and conservation combined with relevant domestic and foreign research cases. Furthermore, we discussed the future development direction and application prospect of KBAs identification method in China. This method could provide a new perspective for the formulation of ecological protection policies and the planning of naturally protected areas in China.

In order to fully understand the current situation of bird resources in Dongtai, eight field surveys were conducted in the study area from December 2018 to November 2019. The results show that there were 180 species of birds, belonging to 14 orders and 46 families. Among them, 80 species（44.44%） are palaearctic birds, dominating the birds′ distribution pattern. 134 species（74.44%） are residents, winter migratory and summer migratory. 5 species（Ciconia boyciana, Platalea minor, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Tringa guttifer, Saundersilarus saundersi） are listed in the first category, and 22 species are listed in the second category of the nationally protected wildlife species in China. One species is classified as critically endangered（CR）, 3 species as endangered（EN）, 2 species as vulnerable（VU） and 5 species as near threatened（NT） by the International Union for Conservation of Nature（IUCN）. Most of the IUCN listed key protected wildlife species and the highly endangered species in the study area were found in coastal tidal flats habitats, which means that the coastal tidal flats habitats in the study area should have priority in protection. The related suggestions are put forward for protecting the birds habitats, such as the construction of artificial tidal ditches and offshore shallow ponds, the maintenance of the key bare beach, and the formulation of long-term monitoring scheme. The findings of this research can provide basic data for the management of Tiaozini Wetland and for birds monitoring in Dongtai.

曲纹紫灰蝶(Chilades pandava)是一种以幼虫危害苏铁(Cycas revolute)嫩枝嫩叶的园林害虫,对苏铁的生长繁殖、生产者的经济效益以及城市园林的美观造成严重影响.基于曲纹紫灰蝶和苏铁的现存分布点,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)、ArcGIS、R软件对当前和未来气候条件下曲纹紫灰蝶在中国的潜在适生区分布及当前气候条件下寄主苏铁在中国的潜在适生区分布进行了预测,其中当前气候数据基于1970—2000年的历史数据,未来气候数据(2021—2040年、2041—2060年和2061—2080年)选择第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中中国北京气候中心中等分辨率气候系统模式(BCC-CSM2-MR)下的3种共享社会经济路径(SSP126(属于低强迫情景),SSP370(属于中等至高等强迫情景),SSP585(属于高强迫情景)).结果表明:(1)模型预测结果非常好,各组模型的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)值均高于0.95,昼夜温差月均值(bio2)、等温性(bio3)、最热季平均温度(bio10)、最湿月份降水量(bio13)是影响曲纹紫灰蝶分布的主导气候因子;(2)当前气候条件下曲纹紫灰蝶的适生区面积占国土面积的29.7％,其中高适生区主要分布于长江以南,如海南、广东、广西、香港、江西、湖南、福建、中国台湾、四川东南部、重庆北部、安徽南部、上海、江苏、浙江等区域;(3)曲纹紫灰蝶与其寄主苏铁的适生重叠区占国土面积的25.9％;(4)未来气候变化条件下曲纹紫灰蝶的总适生区面积均比当前气候条件下的总适生区面积大,尤其是山东、河北、河南、天津、北京等高适生区面积扩增明显,其中2061—2080年SSP585情景下的曲纹紫灰蝶总适生面积最大,占国土面积的41.33％,比当前气候条件下预测的多出111.57万km2.构建的MaxEnt模型预测结果可信度高,可以为制定防治曲纹紫灰蝶相关检疫措施以及保护中国苏铁资源提供理论依据.

外来入侵植物裸冠菊(Gymnocoronis spilanthoides)具有较强的入侵适应性能快速繁殖扩散,会对本土物种的生长繁殖及本地生态安全、景观格局等产生不良影响.基于265个有效分布点和7个环境变量,调整优化预测模型的调控倍频和特征组合参数,应用MaxEnt、ArcGIS、R软件预测当前和未来(2050s,2070s)不同气候情景(SSP126,SSP245,SSP370,SSP585)下裸冠菊在中国的潜在地理分布,定量分析其适生区的空间变化及质心移动轨迹,最后采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)和测试遗漏率评估模型的精确性.未来气候模式选择中国国家气候中心开发的CMIP6中BCC-CSM2-MR.结果表明:(1)模型预测结果极准确,各组模型的AUC值均高于0.97;(2)最干季降水量(bio17)、最冷季度平均温(bio11)、温度季节性变化(bio4)和最暖季度平均降雨量(bio18)是影响裸冠菊地理分布的主导气候因子;(3)当前气候条件下,裸冠菊的总适生区面积达到191.18×104km2,约占国土总面积的19.9％,其中高适生区主要分布于我国湖南西北部、浙江东北角、台湾、广东和广西零星区域等;(4)未来气候变化情境下,裸冠菊的总适生面积和低适生面积均比当前气候条件下预测的面积大,且呈现沿低适生区边缘向北扩散的趋势,其中2050s的SSP245情境下总适生区面积增加的最多,达到216.64× 104km2;(5)未来气候变化情境下,裸冠菊适生区扩增或收缩的变动区域主要集中于四川东北部和南部、陕西南部、河南南部、湖北北部、安徽北部、江苏北部.总体上看,裸冠菊在中国的潜在分布未达到饱和,呈现以长江以南为中心,向北辐射扩散趋势.从当前到未来(2050s,2070s),裸冠菊适生区的分布质心变化大体方向是先向东北迁移,再向西南迁移.对裸冠菊在中国的潜在分布格局及对气候变化的响应研究,将有助于对其进行早期防控减少入侵所带来的危害.

基于2019年3月(春季)、6月(夏季)和9月(秋季)进行的50个调查样点和247个1 m×1 m的草本调查样方数据,探究了东台市野生草本植物多样性现状及其与环境因子的关系.通过R语言的vegan程序包计算各调查样点的物种多样性指数.同时结合相关环境因子,运用R语言的ggplot2、spgwr、multcomp和dplyr等程序包,通过一元线性回归模型和地理加权回归模型探讨了物种多样性与环境因子的关系.统计分析结果表明:东台市共计有野生草本植物178种,隶属于47科134属.其中,一年生和二年生草本植物共计有90种,占总数的50.56％;多年生草本植物共计有88种,占总数的49.44％.物种丰富度指数(R)随年均温度(MAT)的上升呈极显著性的递增趋势(P<0.01),同时随年均降水量(MAP)的上升呈显著性的递增趋势(P<0.05).Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)随年均温度(MAT)的上升呈显著性的递增趋势(P<0.05).年均温度(MAT)和年均降水量(MAP)对东台市野生植物多样性的影响较大,二者对野生草本植物物种丰富度差异的解释率可达41.80％,其中年均温度解释率为25.38％,年均降水量解释率为12.76％,而人口密度(PD)对物种多样性的影响较小.研究结果表明东台市野生草本植物物种多样性受水热条件影响较大,主要由热量动能和水分状况共同决定,进一步验证了水分-能量动态假说.

Ex situ conservation of botanical gardens is one of the important approaches to protect threatened plants. Through 52 investigated botanical gardens which had the major function of ex situ conservation, we analyzed the status and problems of ex situ conservation of China's threatened higher plants based on the Threatened Species List of China's Higher Plants, and proposed some suggestions for botanical gardens' future development. During the investigation, we found that 1754 threatened species preserved in 52 botanical gardens, including 252 Critically Endangered (CR) species, 589 Endangered (EN) species and 913 Vulnerable (VU) species. These botanical gardens had protected over 45 % of known China's threatened species, and reached about 60 % of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) Target 8. However, we also revealed that botanical gardens had low coverage of threatened species, especially bryophytes and pteridophyte. About 78 % of ex situ conservation threatened species were existed in less than 5 botanical gardens. Distribution of ex situ conservation of threatened species was inconsistent with their natural habitat. Furthermore, botanical gardens did not have enough capacity to cope with the crisis of species extinction. Therefore, we suggest that botanical gardens should strengthen in-formation management, increase the proportion of threatened species, attach great importance to the threatened species with few collections and low safety, and make a positive and reasonable response to the threat status of plants.

在对灌南县进行全面的野外实地调查研究的基础上,结合相关文献资料,对灌南县陆生维管植物多样性进行研究,并对植物区系特征进行了分析.结果表明,灌南县共有陆生维管植物78科244属330种,包括蕨类植物2科2属3种,裸子植物共计3科5属5种,被子植物73科237属322种,其中双子叶植物共计61科186属256种,单子叶植物共计12科51属66种.灌南县草本植物种类最为丰富,共计237种,占全部种类的71.8％.从科、属的组成来看,灌南县陆生维管植物科组成以分布2～5种的寡种科和仅分布1种的单种科占优势,两者共占总科数的82.1％;属组成以分布2～5种的寡种属和仅分布1种的单种属占优势,两者共占总属数的99.2％.灌南县植物资源以观赏、食用、药用以及材用为主,具有较高的开发利用价值.灌南县共有野生维管植物52科159属219种,其中科的地理成分共分为5个类型,以热带性成分占明显优势;属的地理成分包括14个分布区类型,以温带成分占优势,同时热带成分也占据较大的比例,该植物区系具有明显的由北亚热带向暖温带过渡的趋势及特点.调查研究结果可以为灌南县植物资源的保护管理和开发利用提供基础科学资料.

Abstract In recent decades, due to the effect of climate change and the interference of human activities, the species habitat index has fallen by 2%. Studying on the geographical distribution pattern and predicting the potential geographical distribution of species are of great significance for developing scientific and effective biodiversity conservation strategies. Plenty of rare and endangered species that need immediate conservation are distributed in Northwest Yunnan. In this regard, this research is conducted in the purpose of predicting the potential geographical distribution of 25 rare and endangered plant species in Northwest Yunnan and analyzing the explanation capabilities of various environmental factors on the potential geographical distribution patterns of these species. Initially, the ecological niche model MaxEnt was employed to predict the potential geographical distribution of target species. Following that, the superposition method was applied to obtain the potential geographical distribution pattern of species richness on the spatial scale of the ecological niche model with a resolution of 0.05° × 0.05°. Ultimately, geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was adopted to investigate the explanation capabilities of various environmental parameters on the potential distribution patterns. The research results showed that the average value of the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of each species was between 0.80 and 1.00, which indicated that the simulation accuracy of the MaxEnt model for each species was good or excellent. On the whole, the potential distribution area for each species was relatively concentrated and mainly distributed in the central‐western, central‐eastern and northern regions of Northwest Yunnan. In addition, the potential distribution areas of these species were between 826.33 km2 and 44,963.53 km2. In addition, the annual precipitation (Bio12), precipitation of coldest quarter (Bio19), and population density (Pop) made a greater contribution to the species distribution model, and their contribution values were 25.92%, 15.86%, and 17.95%, respectively. Moreover, the goodness‐of‐fit R 2 and AIC value of the water model were 0.88 and 7,703.82, respectively, which indicated the water factor largely influenced the potential distribution of these species. These results would contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the potential geographical distribution pattern and the distribution of suitable habitats of some rare and endangered plant species in Northwest Yunnan and would be helpful for implementing long‐term conservation and reintroduction for these species.