Functional neuroimaging studies have identified glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disorder marked by cortical activity alterations. This study explored resting-state EEG microstates and their intracranial sources to assess cortical dysfunction in early-stage glaucoma. High-density 128-channel EEG recordings were obtained from subjects with mild primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG; n = 37), mild primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG; n = 34), and healthy controls (n = 32) under eyes-closed (EC) and eyes-open (EO) conditions. Microstate topographies were analyzed using CARTOOL, and their cortical sources were localized using sLORETA. Microstate parameters were comparable across groups; however, significant differences were observed in intracranial source activity. In PACG, Map 4 during eyes-closed (EC) condition showed increased activation in visual cortical regions, including the middle occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, and cuneus, suggesting excitotoxic overactivation. Under eyes-open (EO) conditions, both PACG and POAG groups demonstrated reduced activation in the anterior cingulate and frontal regions across Maps 1, 2, and 3, indicating dysfunction in cognitive control and executive networks. These findings indicate early cortical hypoactivation in attention, memory, and executive networks in both PACG and POAG, with additional increased visual cortical activity during eyes-closed conditions in PACG. This may reflect early functional reorganization within visual processing networks. Overall, EEG microstate source analysis demonstrates subtype-specific cortical alterations in glaucoma, supporting early central involvement in the disease process.

Introduction:Sorafenib is a multikinase tyrosine kinase inhibitor whose prolonged use may lead to cognitive impairment due to inhibition of angiogenesis. However, data on its impact on neurocognitive function in desmoid tumours (DTs) is lacking. Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study enrolling 50 participants including 30 with DT on sorafenib (Group 1), 10 treatment-naive patients with DT (Group 2) and 10 healthy controls (Group 3). Questionnaire-based assessment was done using appearance anxiety inventory, Depression anxiety and stress questionnaire-21 (DASS-21), Hindi mental status examination (HMSE) and computer-based Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (CANTAB) neuropsychological tests. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software version 10 and individual groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test with p value of <0.05 considered significant. Results:50 participants had a median age of 29.91 years (25%-75% CI: 27.05-32.77 years), female predominance (n = 26, 52%), median duration of sorafenib 18.1 months (range: 6-60) at a median dose of 241.17 mg (range: 200-400). There was a statistically significant difference in anxiety (p = 0.0127) between Groups 1 (patients on sorafenib) and 3 (healthy controls), while other objective cognitive and neuropsychological parameters were comparable. There was a significant positive correlation between sorafenib duration and anxiety (p = 0.026) by DASS21, and a negative correlation between HMSE and mean five choice reaction time (p = 0.04). Conclusion:This is the first study to examine the neurocognitive effects of sorafenib in patients with DT. We exhibit significantly higher anxiety in patients with DT on sorafenib as compared to healthy controls. There was a significant correlation noted between anxiety and treatment duration. We propose further longitudinal studies to assess the effect of sorafenib in DT.

Background:In order to understand social interactions, integration of emotional valence and semantic information plays a pertinent role. Emotional interference is reflected as a decline in executive function in the presence of emotional stimuli (faces and valenced words). We hypothesise that apart from what we perceive, the intrinsic brain activity may also influence the behavioural outcome. Purpose:We aimed to investigate the role of the pre-stimulus EEG microstate in determining the performance of an individual in an emotional interference task. Methods:Twenty healthy participants performed the emotional interference task, while microstate parameters were derived from single trial 128 channel EEG during correct and error trials. Results:We found that four microstate maps could represent the response accuracy of the preceding behavioural response during emotional interference. The intracranial generators of the pre-trial microstate during emotional interference revealed the areas related to phonological processing (middle temporal and superior temporal gyri), emotional processing (inferior parietal, parahippocampal, transverse temporal gyri), conflict resolution (inferior frontal gyrus and insula) and motor responses (pre-central gyrus). Conclusion:In addition to the valence and semantics of the stimuli, the pre-stimulus microstate may help to determine subsequent performance.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Owing to early diagnosis and better therapeutic care, survivorship in these patients have improved tremendously. Chemotherapy, cornerstone in BC management have been associated with debilitating side effects including the effect on cognitive function, which significantly impairs the quality of life in these patients. Thus, it is imperative to understand the timeline and magnitude of the effects of chemotherapy on cognition to develop better management strategies. This is even more relevant in developing country like India, where there is inconspicuous absence of data in this regard. Aim: To study the acute and long-term effects of chemotherapy on the cognitive function in BC patients compared to chemotherapy na & iuml;ve (Cx na & iuml;ve) BC patients (disease controls) and matched healthy controls (HC) using subjective, objective questionnaires and neuropsychological tests (NPTs). Methods: The current cross-sectional study involved 120 participants, 30 each of Cx na & iuml;ve BC patients, during chemotherapy BC patients (during Cx), post-chemotherapy BC patients (post Cx) and HC; all matched for age and education levels. Both subjective and objective assessments of cognitive functions were done in all the groups. Hindi Mental State Examination (HMSE) and FACT Cog questionnaire V3 were used for subjective assessment while Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III) questionnaire and domain specific computer based NPT (Wisconsin card sorting task (WCST) (learning), Flanker's (attention and interference) and n back task (working memory) were done for objective assessment. The data were analysed for descriptive and inferential statistics, as appropriate using GraphPad Prism V9. Results: The subjective assessment using HMSE questionnaire revealed a significantly lower score in post Cx group as compared to HC (p < 0.001); however, it was comparable in other groups. FACT Cog V3 questionnaire revealed significantly higher cognitive impairment among those during Cx compared to Cx na & iuml;ve patients (p < 0.001), post Cx BC patients (p < 0.001) and HC (p < 0.0001). Meanwhile, the objective assessment using ACE-III examination revealed significantly lesser scores among during Cx patients (p < 0.001), and post Cx BC patients (p < 0.0001) compared to HC group. In NPTs, WCST and N back working memory task revealed significantly lower accuracy in Cx na & iuml;ve versus post Cx (p = 0.0054, p = 0.0068, respectively) and HC versus post Cx (p = 0.0054, p = 0.0045, respectively), while no significant difference was found in Flanker's task. Furthermore, in WCST there were significantly higher scores present in total reaction time in post Cx compared to Cx na & iuml;ve: p = 0.00444 and HC: p = 0.0003). In Flanker's task reaction time was higher in all the groups (Cx na & iuml;ve: p = 0.002, during Cx: p = 0.0007 and Post Cx: p < 0.0001) compared to HC. In addition negative correlation was found between the duration of chemotherapy with Perceived Cognitive Abilities (r = -0.482; p = 0.006), between the total number of cycles with Fact Cog Total (r = -0.373, p = 0.04) and Perceived Cognitive abilities (r = 0.39, p = 0.03), and between total dose and perceived cognitive abilities (r = -0.42, p = 0.014) also a positive correlation was seen between dose of epirubicin with reaction time of n back (r = 0.373, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Chemotherapy can have a negative impact on the cognitive function in BC patients, manifested as both acute and long-term effects, based on patient reported/subjective and laboratory based/objective cognitive function tests. The deficits were seen mostly seen in domains of attention and working memory across groups compared to matched HC.

Background:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children and their siblings often exhibit deficits in emotional information processing both in terms of emotion recognition and interference. An individual's preparedness to resolve cognitive and emotional conflict before encountering emotionally interfering stimuli or while making a response can reveal the neural basis of emotional processing, utilizing pre-stimulus electroencephalography (EEG) microstates and pre-response source localization. This study aimed to investigate emotional interference via emotional Stroop task (EST) in children with ADHD and their siblings and neurotypical controls. Methods:In this cross-sectional observation study, 43 children with ADHD, 17 siblings of ADHD children, and 40 age-matched controls participated. EEG data was recorded using 128 channels during EST performance and analyzed for behavioral performance, pre-stimulus microstate parameters, and pre-response source localization of correct response trials. Results:Behavioral performance showed higher reaction time in ADHD children and their siblings than neurotypical controls. ADHD children had lower accuracy, while their siblings had higher accuracy than controls. Siblings also had higher accuracy compared to children with ADHD. Microstate analysis revealed Map 2 as a state marker and Map 3 as a trait marker. Meanwhile, increased allocation of cognitive resources was found to be a preserved trait among ADHD children and their siblings to resolve cognitive conflict during emotional interference tasks. Conclusion:EST was found to be a potential cognitive endophenotypic marker.

Analysis of binding patterns of biomolecules underpin new paradigms for trait engineering. One way of designing early flowering crops is to manipulate genes controlling flowering time. SOC1, a central integrator of flowering, is downregulated by SVP. In amphidiploid Brassica juncea, flowering is plausibly mediated by combinatorial interactions involving natural variants of SOC1 promoter and SVP protein homologs. Although fluctuating temperatures influence energetics of molecular interactions and phenotypes, mechanistic insights on these remain unknown. Herein, we report diversity in 50 homologs of SVP proteins from 25 Brassicaceae species. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of 9 natural variants of B. juncea SVP revealed differences in MIKC domains and sub-genome of origin. Generation and refinement of 15 SVP protein models (natural and hypothetical) using I-TASSER and ALPHAFOLD, and 3 SOC1 promoter fragments using 3D-DART, revealed structural diversity. Notwithstanding, binding affinity of 48 docked complexes analysed using HADDOCK and PreDBA were similar. Analysis of 27 docked complexes for distribution of shared or unique binding patterns and type of molecular contacts (π-π stacking, hydrophobic interactions, Van-der-Waals forces, H-bonds) using PyMOL, CCP4i, DNAproDB, PremPDI and DIMPLOT revealed extensive variation implicating compensatory mutations in preserving binding affinity. Yeast one-hybrid assays validated binding potential predicted in docked complexes. Conserved amino-acid and nucleotide residues involved in non-covalent interactions were identified. Computational alanine substitution established cruciality of amino-acid hotspots conferring stability to docked complexes. Our study is important as identification of crucial amino-acid hotspots is essential for rational protein design. Targeted mutagenesis resulting in modified binding spectrum of regulatory proteins suggests a way forward for trait engineering.

This study examined how varying angular perturbations in a visuomotor adaptation task (VMAT) influence implicit and explicit motor learning. The goal was to assess whether implicit adaptation can compensate for limitations in explicit learning, particularly in the context of neurological rehabilitation. The study was designed to map the implicit and explicit learning processes in response to a specific perturbation angle in a VMAT using mean directional errors and adaptation as outcome variables. Participants performed reaching tasks under visuomotor rotations of different angles (30°, 45° and 60°), presented in block sequences. Performance was measured using mean directional errors and adaptation levels, reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT). The design allowed for the distinction between implicit and explicit learning based on changes in performance across blocks. As expected deterioration in performance was observed (as indicated by mean directional errors) on exposure to altered perturbation during each block. Participants struggled to adapt for smaller angle (the RT and MT failed to improve across block), as they used sensory feedback rather than relying on implicit strategy. Partial adaptation was observed until block 2 for sequences with smaller angles presented together. Small angles (30° and 45°) showed no improvement, indicating that magnitude of movement is critical for precise motor control. This approach is especially important for tasks that require explicit knowledge of subsequent actions. The study highlights the importance of visual representations of hand position in motor learning, and its findings could be applied to specialized rehabilitation training.

Background:North Indian classical music ragas evoke distinct emotional responses, shaped by their tonal structures. Prior studies on Western music have shown that minor and major intervals influence affective valence and neural activity, but similar research in the Indian context is limited. Purpose:This study aimed to investigate how increasing minor-to-major intervals (m/M tonal ratios) in North Indian classical music affect cortical sources and emotional responses. Methods:Thirty healthy participants listened to four ragas-Bilawal (M1), Yaman (M2), Puriya Kalyan (M3), and Todi (M4)-while undergoing EEG recording. Emotional responses were assessed using the GEMS-25 and self-assessment manikin (SAM) scales. The ragas were selected to represent ascending m/M tonal ratios. Results:Ragas with higher proportions of major intervals (e.g., Bilawal) elicited positive emotions such as joy and calmness, accompanied by widespread cortical activation, particularly in areas associated with emotional processing and musical familiarity. In contrast, ragas with increasing minor intervals (e.g., Todi) induced negative affect such as sadness and tension, with reduced cortical engagement. Raga Todi showed minimal deviation from resting-state EEG, correlating with low arousal and negative valence. EEG analysis revealed heightened activation in areas involved in acoustic processing and the Default Mode Network during Bilawal, which progressively declined across Yaman, Puriya Kalyan, and Todi as the m/M ratio increased. Conclusion:The minor-to-major tonal ratio significantly modulates emotional and cortical responses in Indian classical music. Increasing minor intervals reduces cortical engagement and evokes negative affective states. These findings not only mirror trends observed in Western music but also highlight the cultural and therapeutic potential of ragas in emotional regulation and mental well-being.

BACKGROUND:In the current study, we examined electroencephalography (EEG) microstate alterations and their neural generators during resting state in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to explore a potential state biomarker. METHODS:A total of 76 participants, 38 with combined-type ADHD and 38 neurotypical children, took part in the study. Five-minute resting (eyes-open) 128 channel EEG data were acquired, and 2 minutes of clean EEG data were analyzed for microstates, its sources, and connectivity in both groups. Between-groups comparisons were done for microstate parameters using modified k-means clustering with Cartool software. Furthermore, the cortical sources and functional connectivity of significant microstate maps were explored using LORETA software. Subsequently microstate parameters were correlated with the behavioral scores from the Conners' Parent Rating Scale. RESULTS:Among the microstate parameters examined, children with ADHD displayed significant differences (p < .05) in time frames and time coverage of map B (decreased) and transition probability of map D (increased). Interestingly, source analysis of both microstate maps showed hypoactivation of frontal areas predominantly while functional connectivity showed hyperconnectivity between the medial frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus (executive function area) for map B and hypoconnectivity between the medial frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus (both are suggested to be part of default mode network areas) for map D. Further, cross-spectral density values of map B were found to be correlated with executive function scores from the Conners' questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS:EEG microstate features, together with source and connectivity measures, could help differentiate children with ADHD from neurotypical children. The hypoactivation of predominantly frontal areas and their connectivity was found to determine microstate maps.

Introduction:The duration of treatment for desmoid-type fibromatosis (DTF) is undefined. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of discontinuing sorafenib in responding patients with extremity DTF. We hereby report the initial findings comprising outcomes of 20 evaluable patients enrolled in this study. Methods:This prospective single-arm phase 2 Simon's 2-stage trial enrolled adults with radiologically non-progressive, pain-free (Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) score <2) extremity DTF post at least 1 year of sorafenib. Sorafenib was discontinued and patients were monitored by clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. Disease progression was defined as ≥10% increase in size plus ESAS >5 or ≥20% increase in size. The primary endpoint was a 1-year progression-free survival rate (PFR) after discontinuation. An unplanned analysis of the primary objective among 20 evaluable patients is being presented in this study. Results:33 patients had a median age of 29.5 years (range: 23-38) and a female-to-male ratio of 1.2:1. Median duration of sorafenib therapy was 24 months (range: 14.5-33.5), and at a median follow-up of 15 months (range: 9-18), 20 patients were evaluable. Among the 20 evaluable patients, 1-year change in tumour size ranged from a 21% decrease to a 32% increase. Three patients restarted sorafenib because of pain with stable disease (n = 2) and radiological progression (n = 1). 6-month and 1-year PFR was 96.7% and 95%, respectively. Statistically significant quality of life (QoL) improvement was demonstrated in insomnia (p = 0.01), diarrhea (p = 0.02), physical (p < 0.001) and social (p = 0.04) functioning at 12 months while neurocognitive functions remained stable. Conclusion:As per the early results, stopping sorafenib can be potentially considered in responding patients with stable extremity DTF after at least 1 year of treatment. With improvement in QoL and an acceptable rate of disease progression upon stopping sorafenib, this treatment discontinuation strategy could be an important consideration in DTF management. Further analysis of the entire study cohort is warranted to establish optimal treatment duration for extremity DTF.

INTRODUCTION:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive deficits (HAND) distress a substantial proportion of people living with HIV (PLHIV). The present research intends to examine the neurocognitive functions in PLHIV, compared to healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS:About 48 HIV patients were recruited from one tertiary health care center, while 24 matched healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls from the community. Neurocognitive functions were assessed using the Hindi Mental Status Examination (HMSE), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE)-III, and International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) questionnaires, along with the computer-based color-word Stroop cognitive task. RESULTS:The total HMSE scores (p = 0.0047), IHDS scores (p = 0.0002), and ACE-III scores (p < 0.0001) were statistically lower in PLHIV, compared to controls. The specific domain scores of ACE-III in PLHIV were also statistically lower compared to the control group, with greater differences seen in memory (p < 0.0001) and language (p = 0.0012) domains. Similarly, higher reaction time was seen in PLHIV in comparison with the control group (p < 0.0001) during Stroop cognitive task performance, while a statistically significant difference in accuracy was not observed among groups. Further, among PLHIV, reaction time had a significant positive correlation with years since diagnosis of HIV infection (p = 0.006, r = 0.39, Spearman correlation). CONCLUSION:Observations demonstrate neurocognitive deficits in PLHIV across multiple domains. Our study, therefore, offers insights into the neurocognitive manifestations of HIV infection, which could facilitate tailored preventive and therapeutic interventions by healthcare providers to enhance the overall quality of life for PLHIV.

Background: The autonomic nervous system dynamically adjusts cardiac regulation during cognitive challenges, reflecting the interplay between sympathetic and parasympathetic branches to support task performance. Objective: To investigate within-subject changes in heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy individuals transitioning from eyes-open resting baseline to performance of a visuo-spatial working memory task (VSWMT) with increasing cognitive demand. Methods: Thirty healthy control participants completed five-minute ECG recordings during eyes-open resting conditions and during VSWMT. HRV analysis included time-domain measures (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50) and frequency-domain metrics (LF power, HF power, LF/HF ratio). Statistical analyses compared HRV indices between resting and task conditions within subjects. Results: Compared to baseline, controls exhibited significant increases in time-domain HRV parameter, SDNN, indicating enhanced parasympathetic modulation and greater beat-to-beat variability during task engagement. Frequency-domain analysis showed significant elevations in both LF and HF power (p < 0.05), with a stable LF/HF ratio, reflecting balanced sympathetic and parasympathetic activation. Total power of HRV increased significantly, supporting the notion of increased autonomic flexibility and adaptive regulation during cognitive load. Conclusion: Healthy individuals display robust autonomic modulation characterized by increased variability and balanced autonomic activity during visuo-spatial working memory demands. These physiological adaptations likely facilitate optimal cognitive function and resilience to stress during challenging mental tasks.

Purpose: We aimed to explore the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), psychological issues and concerns among sarcoma survivors in India and assess their satisfaction with nursing care. Methods: This study employed a sequential mixed-methods design, enrolling 100 sarcoma survivors from July to December 2021, with data collected using standardised questionnaires for HRQoL, depression, anxiety, stress, cognitive impairment and self-structured satisfaction with nursing care. Qualitative data were gathered through focused group discussions. Results: The mean global health score among sarcoma survivors was 79.48 +/- 16.26. A significant number of survivors had symptoms of mild-to-moderate depression (30%), severe anxiety (12%), stress (16%) and mild cognitive impairment (5%). Significant mean rank differences were observed between anxiety and financial difficulty (p < 0.05), emotional functioning (p < 0.001), cognitive functioning (p < 0.001), pain (<0.05), insomnia (p < 0.001), fatigue (p < 0.001), anorexia (p < 0.05) and nausea/vomiting (p < 0.001). Educational qualification had a significant association with depression and anxiety while family history of cancer emerged as a significant factor associated with anxiety and stress among survivors. Qualitative analysis revealed themes related to body image, societal discrimination, socio-economic impact, marriage concerns and fertility issues. Survivor satisfaction with nursing care was good. Conclusion: A substantial number of sarcoma survivors had an average HRQoL and experienced depression, anxiety and stress. Our study emphasizes the importance of holistic survivorship care, involving nurses in post-treatment support, and addressing societal discrimination and psychosocial concerns to enhance their quality of life. Implications for cancer survivors: Our study calls for a holistic approach to sarcoma survivor care and emphasizes the importance of personalised survivorship care plans led by nurses to address the diverse needs of sarcoma survivors in India. Such plans should encompass strategies for managing depression, anxiety and stress, along with addressing body image concerns and social support.

BACKGROUND:Sustained activation of default mode network has been implicated for momentary lapses of attention and higher errors during performance of cognitive tasks in attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) children. Despite emerging evidence indicating the genetic basis of ADHD, there is paucity of literature investigating the alteration of DMN in children with ADHD and their unaffected siblings. AIM:To study the cortical sources of DMN in children with ADHD compared to their siblings and neurotypical controls. METHODS:Eighty-six participants (35 ADHD (12.4(±2.7) years), 16 unaffected siblings (11.8(±4.3) years) and 35 matched neurotypical controls (12.6 (±3.6) years) participated in the study. 128 channel EEG data was acquired during rest and Stroop cognitive task and analyzed for cortical source estimation using LORETA software. RESULTS:Higher activation of DMN and DMN associated areas were observed during encoding of the color-word stimuli in children with ADHD. Sustained activation of core DMN areas namely medial frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule was observed across all groups. Among the three groups, distinct cortical source activation differences were identified solely in the DMN and its associated areas among children with ADHD during the task encoding phase compared to baseline. In contrast, both siblings and neurotypical controls displayed activation in fronto-parieto-temporal areas subserving executive function were also observed. CONCLUSION:Sustained activity of DMN areas with minimal activity in executive network in ADHD children and unaffected siblings during encoding of stimulus implies potential endophenotypic marker in children with ADHD compared to neurotypical controls.

Integration of theoretical knowledge and practical skills is critical for effective medical education. Simulation is crucial in bridging the gap to prepare medical professionals for high-quality patient care in a safe environment. Simulation-based teaching has become the standard practice in medical education, especially in postgraduate courses like Anaesthesia. However, undergraduate medical education and other doctoral courses are still nascent. In line with the current National Medical Commission guidelines, it is imperative to complement the existing curriculum with a simulation-based approach as early as the first year of medical school. This review focuses on the current practices related to simulation-based medical education during undergraduate and postgraduate courses, particularly on anaesthesiology. We aim to discuss different types of simulation, the advantages of integration, students' perspectives, and the role of simulation in assessment and feedback. Finally, recommendations for future advancements of simulation in medical education and the way forward will be laid.

Introduction:chanting in meditation reduces stress and it is reported to have a relaxation effect during both verbal "OM" chanting (VOM) and listening to "OM" chanting (LOM). There is paucity of literature on EEG microstates information after VOM and LOM using qEEG compared to the resting condition. Methods:therefore, to examine the effect of these actions on the brain using qEEG, it is required to compare the EEG microstates among the baseline, VOM, and LOM. In the present work, 23 adult male subjects were examined and given a paradigm designed using E-prime for both VOM and LOM chanting each of 5 min duration. A 128-channel geodesic sensor net was used to obtain the experimental data, which was later pre-processed, segmented, and analysed. Results:the present work is the first to report the three scalp maps topographies, i.e. microstates obtained utilizing k-means cluster analysis for the response of the VOM and LOM. Also, the number of time frames, Global Explained Variance (GEV), time coverage, and mean duration parameters for the three maps were analysed statistically. Conclusion:the study revealed three microstate topographies as markers and reported no significant effect/changes for the short-term chanting.

To study qEEG microstates and their cortical sources during changing Visio-Spatial Working Memory (VSWM) load in patients with schizophrenia as compared to healthy subjects.

Background:The fascinating ability of brain to integrate information from multiple sensory inputs has intrigued many researchers. Audio-visual (AV) interaction is a form of multisensory integration which we encounter to form meaningful representations of the environment around us. There is limited literature related to the underlying neural mechanisms. Purpose:Quantitative EEG (QEEG), a tool with high temporal resolution can be used to understand cortical sources of AV interactions. Methods:EEG data was recorded using 128 channels from 30 healthy subjects using audio, visual and AV stimuli in 'object detection task'. Electrical source imaging was performed using s-LORETA across seven frequency bands (lower alpha 1, lower alpha 2, upper alpha, beta, delta, gamma, theta) during AV versus unimodal conditions across 66 gyri. Results:The cortical sources were activated in the theta, beta, and gamma bands in cross modal versus unimodal conditions, which we propose, reflect neural communication for AV interaction network. The cortical sources constituted areas involved with visual processing, auditory processing, established multisensory (frontotemporal cortex, parietal cortex, middle temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus) and potential multisensory areas (paracentral, postcentral and subcallosal). Conclusion:Together, these results offer an integrative view of cortical areas in frequency oscillations during AV interactions.

Introduction:the objective of the study was to find out the microstate map topographies and their parameters generated during the resting state and during listening to North Indian classical Music Raag 'the Raag Bilawal'. It was hypothesized that in the resting state and during listening to music conditions, there would be a difference in microstate parameters i.e. mean duration, global explained variance (GEV), and time coverage. Methods:a 128-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded for 12 Indian subjects (average age 26.1+1.4 years) while resting and listening to music using the EEG microstate investigation. Investigation and comparison of the microstate parameters were the mean duration, global explained variance (GEV), and time coverage between both conditions were performed. Results:seven microstate maps were found to represent the resting state and listening to music condition, four canonical and three novel maps. No statistically significant difference was found between the two conditions for time coverage and mean duration. The statistical significance levels of the map-1, map-2, map-3, map-4, map-5, map-6, and map-7 for the mean duration were 0.4, 0.6, 0.97, 0.34, 0.32, 0.69, and 0.29 respectively; and for time coverage were 0.92, 0.92, 0.96, 0.64, 0.78, 0.38, and 0.76 respectively. Map-1, map-4, and map-7 were the three novel maps we found in our study. Conclusion:similarities regarding stability and predominance of maps with small vulnerability exist in both conditions indicating that phonological, visual, and dorsal attention networks may be activated in both resting state and listening to music condition.