In English, "millet (s)" refers to a group of cereal grains.Millet is a staple grain in several impoverished countries, as well as a part of many more prosperous countries' traditional diets, and it is growing increasingly popular across the world.It is a valuable source of dietary energy.Millet seeds are shown to have various health-promoting properties as well as of their high calorie level.Millets have been utilized for both human food and fodder for around 10,000 years.It thrives in dry, hot regions and produces small, seeded grasses.While millets are a valuable source of protein, calories and minerals, there hasn't been much research on the potential of biotechnology to enhance millets.Researchers and scientists have conducted studies with millets; here, we assess their nutritional value and write about how biotechnology can improve millet crops.

A field experiment was conducted at Crop Research Center, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, with compare the production potential under different crop establishment methods and nutrient management and also to find out the economic viability of this cultivar for soil quality. The treatments comprised of Main Plot Puddled Transplanted Rice (C1), Un-puddled Transplanted Rice (C2) and Raised-Bed Planting (C3) Sub Plot Control (N1), 100% NPK (150: 75:60) (N2), 50% RDN + FYM @15ton ha-1 (N3), 50% RDN + vermicompost @ 5ton ha-1 (N4), 50% RDN + FYM @15 ton ha-1 + Bio-stumulant G @ 20Kg ha-1 (N5) and 50% RDN + vermicompost @ 5 ton ha-1 + Bio-stumulant G @ 20Kg ha-1 (N6). revealed that crop establishment methods treatment C1 (Puddled Transplanted Rice) and Nutrient management N6 (50% RDN + vermicompost @ 5ton ha-1 + Bio-stumulant G @ 20Kg ha-1) exhibited significant influence on yield attributes and yields of rice as compared to the application of Un-Puddled Transplanted Rice and control treatment.

SUMMARY In spite of the fact that rhyolite constitute a vital part of the key tectonic environments, such as continental rift-arc systems and oceanic islands, the data on the thermal and physical properties are scarce, which hinders the exact thermal modelling of these regions. Here, we have investigated the thermal conductivity from room temperature (25 °C) to elevated temperatures (up to 300 °C) for 11 massive rhyolite samples, collected from the greenstone belt of the Bundelkhand Craton, central India. The petrographical, geochemical (major oxide and trace elements) and physical (density and porosity) properties have been studied to characterize the samples before measurement of thermal conductivity at elevated temperatures. Geochemical results indicate that these rhyolites are high-K (K2O: 3.6–5.4 wt. per cent), calc-alkaline in nature with enriched REE signatures {(La/Yb)N: 9.4–22.3, (Gd/Yb)N: 1.2–1.9} and are similar to FI-type Archaean rhyolites. The density of these rhyolites depicts a narrow range between 2590 and 2690 kg m−3, with an average of 2637 kg m−3 and negligible porosity. Their thermal conductivity at room temperature varies between 2.5 and 3.3 W m−1 K−1, with an average of 2.8 W m−1 K−1; the decrease in thermal conductivity from room temperature to 300 °C ranges between 16 and 32 per cent, with an average of 23 per cent; and the temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity b, in the expression λT = λRT (1 + bT)−1, varies between 0.7 × 10−3 and 1.7 × 10−3 K−1 with an average of 1.1 × 10−3 K−1. Our study reveals that the massive rhyolites have an almost similar density as their intrusive equivalent like Bundelkhand granitoids, but their thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity at room temperature (λRT), decrease in thermal conductivity with temperatures (Δλ) and the temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity (b), lies between the two extreme variety of the granitoids, that is (i) alkali feldspar granite to monzogranite and (ii) granodiorite to tonalite to quartz diorite. We suggest that the temperature coefficient of the massive rhyolite can be expressed as b = 0.81 × λRT–1.21, which will be useful in determining the thermal conductivity of such rhyolites at elevated temperatures from their thermal conductivity at room temperature (λRT). Thermal and physical parameters reported for rhyolites will provide important constraints in various geophysical and thermo-mechanical modelling for the rhyolitic terrains.

Age and petrogenesis of a Neoarchean calcio-carbonatite dyke from the Khajraha, Bundelkhand craton (India), is presented here. Zircon U-Pb age data shows emplacement age of 2567 +/- 8.0 Ma marking the discovery of the oldest Indian carbonatites. Dyke consists of coeval emplaced three litho variants, keep the record of multi-level emplacement and concomitant exsolution of carbo-hydrothermal fluids in their micro-textures and geochemical composition. The first emplaced grey sovite (c1) grade to silico-carbonatite (SiO2: 24 -26 wt.%) consist of abundant autolith-segregations set in groundmass of fine-size spinifex-habit calcite. Autolith-segregations are hydrothermally altered early-formed cumulate and their alteration products formed while deep-seated storage. The later emplaced magma batches, pink alvikite (c2) and white sovite (c3), are monomineralic of calcite and have pure calcio-carbonatite composition represented to be residual melt formed after fractionation of silico-carbonatite solid-residue (c1) as evident from Harker variations. During fractionation at depth, hydrous fluids exsolved are re-equilibrated with primary magmatic biotite and amphibole, forming chlorite with byproducts of titanite and K-feldspar at-300 degrees C. This autometasomatism also witnessed precipitation of primary hydrothermal phases like spherulite-chlorite, epidote, titanite, K-feldspar, apatite and REE-phases. While emplacing to sub -volcanic level they variably admixed, disaggregated and dispersed in calcio-carbonatite magma defining micro -to meso-scale flow fabrics in c1. At subvolcanic level, undercooling led the calcio-carbonatite to crystallize spinifex-habit calcite by wrapping autolith-segregations. Continuously increasing Y/Ho and Th/U ratios, nega-tive Eu-anomaly and positive Y-anomaly in REE pattern of c1, c2 and c3 record that fractionation of carbonic fluids (Mn-rich) accompanied with this kinematic crystallization. In addition to undercooling, rate of retention and venting out of exsolved fluids in the dyke-conduit has regulated nucleation and growth rate of spinifex-habit calcite, particularly in c3, they grown to pegmatoidal size in hot CO2-rich fluid ambience as indicated the gradual lowering of 818OSMOW values from 7.28 to 3.41 %o keeping 813CPDB-1 values almost constant. Dyke contain low Ba (27 -298 ppm), Sr (146 -739 ppm) and total REE (7 -696 ppm), representing to be a carbonatite of 'trace -element depleted end-member'. The elevated 813CPDB-1 values (-1.93 to-2.99 %o) coupled with 818OSMOW values (5.82 -7.53 %o, in c1 and c2) within the range of Primary Igneous Carbonatite (PIC), low Nb/Y (<1) and Nb/Ta (1.4 -16.1) ratios and high Zr/Hf (40 -48) and Zr/Nb (12 -116) ratios are similar to recycled slab component and zircons eHf(t) value --4.0with TDMC of-3.0 Ga suggest that calcio-carbonatite magma sourced from a Mesoarchean depleted mantle containing carbonated-eclogite.

The majority of carbonatites over the world occur in cratonic settings and provide important insights into the sub-continental mantle. Here we document a Neoarchean calcio-carbonatite dyke in Khajraha from the Bundelkhand craton (BC) in India and discuss its petrogenesis based on zircon U-Pb age and Hf-isotope, whole-rock geochemistry, C-O isotope and mineral chemical data. The zircon age data show emplacement age of 2567 ± 8.0 Ma marking the discovery of the oldest Indian carbonatites. The dyke consists of three variants: pink alvikite (c1) and white sovite (c2), both are monomineralic containing calcite only and grey sovite (c3) containing abundant autolith-segregations which show cumulate-unmixing, disaggregation and define flow fabrics to the outcrop. These were emplaced as distinct magma batches although related by fractional crystallization and accompanied orthomagmatic fluid fractionation. The c1 and c2 are differentiated pure calcio-carbonatite whereas c3 represents an admixture of cumulate silicate fractions and differentiated magma. Similar to fractional crystallization trend, continuously increasing Y/Ho and Th/U ratios, negative Eu anomaly and positive Y anomaly in REE pattern from c3 to c1 and c2, indicate expulsion of carbo-hydrothermal fluids during magmatic evolution. At subvolcanic condition, undercooling and CaCO 3 supersatuartion lead the calcites to grow in spinifex-habit including wrapping autolithic-segregations; however, variation in their size up to a few centimeters scale was strongly controlled by the retension and rate of venting of expelled fluids in the dyke conduit. Textural evidence suggests that the autolithic-seggregations were formed at depth and then brought to subvolcanic level. Moreover, they were subjected to propyllite-facies autometasomatism at depth involing orthomagmatic hydrous fluids as recorded from intense chloritization of primary biotite and amphibole; by forming secondary epidote, titanite and K-feldspar. Presence of spherulitic-chlorite indicate fluids that were abundant to cause dissolution, migration and pecipitation at high temperature around 300°C. Disequilibrium textures in titanite record fluctuations of X(CO 2 ) in orthomagmatic fluid. Dyke is unique as it shows low Ba (27 - 298 ppm), Sr (146 - 739 ppm) and total REE (7 - 696 ppm) compared to world-average of calcio-carbonatite and represent trace-element depleted carbonatite end-member. This depleted trace-element signature is an attribute of source feature. Elevated δ 18 O V-SMOW values (-1.93 to -2.99 ‰) coupled with low Nb/Y (<1) and Nb/Ta (16.1 - 1.4) ratios and high Zr/Hf (40 - 48), Zr/Nb (12 - 116) ratios and zircons εHf (t) value ~ -4.0 with T of ~3.0 Ga, indicate a Paleoarchean depleted mantle source containing carbonated-eclogite (recycled oceanic crust) devoid of fluid or melt related enrichment. The dyke as emplaced close to the tectonic boundary between the northern and southern crustal blocks of BC and contemporaneous with initial stage of subduction-accretion-collision during 2.58 - 2.43 Ga between these crustal blocks. In this scenario, an extensional fracture system developed by transcurrent movement or localized brittle shearing by the compressional setting could be the likely geodynamic setting for the Khajraha carbonatite.

The effect of meteorite impact on basement rocks remains widely debated at Lonar Crater, Central India. We investigate an impact melt-bearing rock from the ejecta layer of Lonar to assess the potential interaction of the projectile with the underlying Archean basement. The investigated sample is a melanocratic, aphanitic melt rock comprising glassy inclusions, and plagioclase and quartz clasts. Plagioclase and quartz show shock-induced features including diaplectic glass and well-developed planar deformation features (PDFs), respectively. The decrease in shock pressure is thus established with the plagioclase of overlying basalt showing shock features like diaplectic glass whereas the quartz from lower Archean basement showing PDF development. Laser Raman spectroscopy reveals the presence of cristobalite. The impact melt-bearing rock shows major element geochemistry similar to that of Deccan basalt with a tholeiitic trend, but the Harker variation plots reveal an independent field for the melt rock between the two end members: Deccan basalt and Archean basement represented by Peninsular gneiss. The REE geochemistry also reveals more fractionation for the melt rock. Zircon U-Pb data indicate an upper intercept age around 3.0 to 3.1 Ga. Chondrite normalized zircon REE data display a positive Eu anomaly indicating a reheating during the impact event. This indicates that the melt rock sample was generated by the incorporation of Archean basement gneiss components, which is compatible with the estimated depth of excavation for an impact structure of this size. This specifies a depth to basement in the range between 522 and 570 m.

Genetic diversity and relationships of 37 chickpea genotypes were studied using 10 SSR markers and 10 morphological characters. High diversity and coefficients of variation were recorded for all morphological characters. Considerable diversity was observed with high PCV in comparison to GCV. High heritability (>80%) was observed for most of the characters like 100-seed weight followed by number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, harvest index, biological yield per plant and number of primary branches per plant. The moderate (60-80%) heritability revealed by grain yield per plant and plant height. The analysis of genetic divergence through Mahalanobis D2 statistics revealed considerable genetic diversity among genotypes. PIC values ranged from 0.053 (Primer 7) to 0.876 (primer 4) with an average of 0.497. The resolving power (RP) varies between 0.702 (Primer 4) to 1.942 (Primer 7) with an average value of 1.311. Results showed that the introduction of genetic materials from exotic sources broadened the genetic base of the national chickpea breeding programme. Further implications of the findings of this study can be useful for selective breeding of specific traits and in enhancing the genetic base of breeding programmes.

Background and objectives: Azygos system of veins with its wide range of communications and tributaries, definitely have an effect on the disease process of congenital and pathological origins. This study has thereafter been taken in population of Jharkhand so as to study the Azygos System of veins and their anatomic variations and its influence on congenital and pathological diseases. Methods: The present study was conducted on 50 cadavers. After complete removal of thoracic viscera, the posterior thoracic wall was carefully dissected out preserving the tributaries of azygos vein. The pattern of azygos vein along with its tributaries were noted. The pattern of ascending lumbar, subcostal, accessory hemiazygos, and hemiazygoswere traced and variations noticed. Finally the length & diameter of azygos, hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos were taken with the help of measuring scale. Results: The average length of azygos vein was 21.5 cm in male and 20.9 cm in female though the average diameter was same in both sexes (1.1 cm). The percentage of sacculation was 24% in male and 36% in female cadavers. The incidence of sign of phlebitis was 12% in male & 16% in female cadavers. The length and diameter of the main tributaries of the Azygos vein like Hemiazygos ,Accessory Hemiazygos and posterior Intercostal were variable among male & female cadavers. Tributaries from oesophageal , pericardial & bronchial were variable in number in both male & female cadavers.Oesophageal numbered between 6-12, pericardial between 2-6 and bronchial between 2-4. Incidence of absence of hemiazygos vein was only 4% and exclusively in male. Whereas incidence of absence of accessory hemiazygos vein was 24% in male & 12% in female. The occurrence of crossing of azygos to left was found in 52% in male & 44% in females. Conclusion: The average length of azygos vein was 21.5 cm in male and 20.9 cm in female.Occurrence of phlebitis is more common than other pathological conditions in azygos (12% in male & 16% in female). Tributaries from oesophageal , pericardial & bronchial were variable in number in both male & female cadavers. Incidence of absence of hemiazygos vein was only 4% and exclusively in male.

We report the new occurrence of two-pyroxene granulites from Chicholi, the Betul Group of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ). The common mineral assemblage observed within different thin sections is orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene–hornblende–plagioclase–biotite–quartz. The textural relationship of these mineral phases shows the reaction: hornblende + quartz = orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase. The estimated P – T condition of metamorphism of the two-pyroxene granulites is 901 ± 30°C and 8.68 ± 1.4 kbar.

Dhala Crater, located in the Bundelkhand Craton of Central India, has been contemplated as a complex crater. Here we present the results from a detailed investigation of the morphology of the crater by integrating geo-informatics and subsurface geology. The syn- and post-impact litho-contact, considered as crater boundary, was generated using visual interpretation of imagery whereas the morphology of the crater was generated from borehole data using spatial interpolation. The surface of contact between the Dhala Formation and the melt breccia show a bowl shaped depression that is inferred to have formed through impact. Our observations on the absence of a Central Elevated Area (CEA) and the small diameter (2.96 km) of the crater point towards a simple impact crater. A mesa-like structure located at the centre of the crater, formerly contended as the CEA, is in fact a vestige of denudational processes acting on the Proterozoic sediments in the crater. We propose a 4-stage evolutionary history that envisages the formation of the crater: the first three represent the impact event and sedimentation whereas the fourth stage correlates with denudation and its remnants seen throughout the exposed Vindhyan sediments.

Petrographic, mineral chemical and whole-rock geochemical characteristics of two newly discovered lamproitic dykes (Dyke 1 and Dyke 2) from the Sidhi Gneissic Complex (SGC), Central India are presented here. Both these dykes have almost similar sequence of mineral-textural patterns indicative of: (1) an early cumulate forming event in a deeper magma chamber where megacrystic/large size phenocrysts of phlogopites have crystallized along with subordinate amount of olivine and clinopyroxene; (2) crystallization at shallow crustal levels promoted fine-grained phlogopite, K-feldspar, calcite and Fe-Ti oxides in the groundmass; (3) dyke emplacement related quench texture (plumose K-feldspar, acicular phlogopites) and finally (4) post emplacement autometasomatism by hydrothermal fluids which percolated as micro-veins and altered the mafic phases. Phlogopite phenocrysts often display resorption textures together with growth zoning indicating that during their crystallization equilibrium at the crystal-melt interface fluctuated multiple times probably due to incremental addition or chaotic dynamic self mixing of the lamproitic magma. Carbonate aggregates as late stage melt segregation are common in both these dykes, however their micro-xenolithic forms suggest that assimilation with a plutonic carbonatite body also played a key role in enhancing the carbonatitic nature of these dykes. Geochemically both dykes are ultrapotassic (K2O/Na2O: 3.0–9.4) with low CaO, Al2O3 and Na2O content and high SiO2 (53.3–55.6 wt.%) and K2O/Al2O3 ratio (0.51–0.89) characterizing them as high-silica lamproites. Inspite of these similarities, many other features indicate that both these dykes have evolved independently from two distinct magmas. In dyke 1, phlogopite composition has evolved towards the minette trend (Al-enrichment) from a differentiated parental magma having low MgO, Ni and Cr content; whereas in dyke 2, phlogopite composition shows an evolutionary affinity towards the lamproite trend (Al-depletion) and crystallized from a more primitive magma having high MgO, Ni and Cr content. Whole-rock trace-elements signatures like enriched LREE, LILE, negative Nb-Ta and positive Pb anomalies; high Rb/Sr, Th/La, Ba/Nb, and low Ba/Rb, Sm/La, Nb/U ratios in both dykes indicate that their parental magmas were sourced from a subduction modified garnet facies mantle containing phlogopite. From various evidences it is proposed that the petrogenesis of studied lamproitic dykes stand out to be an example for the lamproite magma which attained a carbonatitic character and undergone diverse chemical evolution in response to parental melt composition, storage at deep crustal level and autometasomatism.

The Sanjiang Orogen in the Southeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is an ideal region to investigate the geodynamic processes related to the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. New zircon SHRIMP U–Pb age data, whole-rock major and trace elements, and zircon Hf–O isotopic data of granodiorites and the associated dioritic enclaves from Baimaxueshan pluton in the eastern margin of the Qamdo–Simao Terrane provide key evidence for the subduction products of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Zircon U–Pb ages indicate that the dioritic enclaves and their host granodiorites were synchronously emplaced at ~255 Ma. The host granodiorites are normal calc-alkaline I-type granitoids, and characterized by uniform zircon εHf(t) values (−6.7 to +1.5), a wide-ranging δ18O values (6.1 to 9.3‰), and negative whole-rock εNd(t) values (−7.3 to −5.8). We suggest that these rocks were derived from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust with varying contributions from mantle-derived components. The dioritic enclave samples yield εHf(t) values (−4.7 to +2.1) and δ18O (5.8 to 8.3‰), which are similar to those of the host granitoids. They most likely originated from magma mixing between mantle-derived and crust-derived melts at or close to the Moho. The similar emplacement age but distinct whole-rock εNd(t) values between the Lancangjiang arc-related andesites and granodiorites and Baimaxueshan pluton preclude the possibility that they were generated by the same magmatic source. However, the consistent emplacement ages and whole-rock εNd(t) values of the Jinshajiang subduction-related granites and Baimaxueshan granitoids suggested that they were both generated by the westward subduction of the Jinshajiang PaleoTethyan oceanic lithosphere.

Heat flow and heat production data sets constrain the crustal thermal structure in the 2.5–3.5 Ga Bundelkhand craton, the oldest cratonic core in northern Indian shield, for the first time and allow comparisons with the southern Indian shield. Temperature measurements carried out in 10 boreholes at five sites in the craton, combined with systematic thermal conductivity measurements on major rock types, yield low heat flow in the range of 32–41 mW m−2, which is distinct from the generally high heat flow reported from other parts of the northern Indian shield. Radioelemental measurements on 243 samples of drill cores and outcrops reveal both large variability and high average heat production for the Neo‐Archaean to Palaeo‐Proterozoic granites (4.0 ± 2.1 (SD) μW m−3) relative to the Meso‐Archaean tonalite‐trondhjemite‐granodiorite (TTG) gneisses (2.0 ± 1.0 (SD) μW m−3). On the basis of new heat flow and heat production data sets combined with available geological and geophysical information, a set of steady state, heat flow‐crustal heat production models representative of varying crustal scenarios in the craton are envisaged. Mantle heat flow and Moho temperatures are found to be in the range of 12–22 mW m−2 and 290–420°C, respectively, not much different from those reported for the similar age Dharwar craton in southern India. This study reveals similar mantle thermal regimes across the northern and southern parts of the Indian shield, in spite of varying surface heat flow regimes, implying that much of the intraprovince and interprovince variations in the Indian shield are explained by variations in upper crustal heat production.

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The Dhala structure in Central India has been a topic of global interest ever since the report of an ancient meteorite impact event there. Here we present an integrated study of the petrology, geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb zircon geochronology and rare earth element geochemistry from the structure along with and an analysis of the grain morphology and textural features. Our results provide new insight into the nature and timing of the impact event. The zircon grains from the impactites show textures typical of shock deformation which we correlate with the impact event. We also identified the presence of reidite based on Raman spectroscopy and characteristics such as a persistent planar fracture, bright backscattered electron images, and a lack of zoning, which are all diagnostic features of this mineral formed during an impact event. Our zircon U-Pb data from the various rock types in the basement show magma emplacement at ca. 2.5–2.47Ga, and the Pb loss features suggest that the impact might have occurred between ca. 2.44Ga and ca. 2.24Ga. Another minor group of late Paleoproterozoic zircons with concordant ages of 1826 and 1767Ma in the brecciated quartz reefs along the margins of the impact crater from unfractured grains represent an younger thermal event after the impact. The rare-earth element patterns of the Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic zircon population reflect the effects of hydrothermal alteration on a peralkaline host rock. The abnormally high concentration of K2O in the impactite (up to 15.91wt%), is also consistent with metasomatic alteration associated with the impact event.

The Bundelkhand massif, located in the northern part of the Indian shield, is a poly-deformed and poly-metamorphic terrain. This paper reports a new shear system developed throughout the massif in the form of N–S trending quartz veins that are sometimes quartzo-feldspathic and rarely granitic in composition. The veins are vertical and commonly occur in conjugate sets. This tectono-magmatic event appears to represent the youngest shear system of the massif as it cross-cuts all the earlier shear systems (E–W, NE–SE and NW–SE). Emplacement of this N–S vein system may have taken place due to extensional processes that developed some cracks along which siliceous magma was vertically emplaced. The complete absence of signature of the N–S event from the surrounding sedimentary cover of Vindhyan Supergroup, Bijawar and Gwalior Groups suggests that this shear system is pre-tectonic to the nearly E–W trending passive basins developed at the margins of the Bundelkhand craton. Further, several workers have considered the Bundelkhand massif as a part of the Aravalli craton. However, due to the absence of N–S, as well as the other (i.e., E–W, NW–SE and NW–SE), tectonic fabrics of the Bundelkhand massif in other cratons of the Peninsular India, and vice versa , makes the Bundelkhand block a separate and unique craton of its own and is not part of the Aravalli craton.

The present investigation was carried out at Crop Research Centre, Chirori of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) with eleven different treatments viz; T1(Recommended NPK), T2 (Recommended NP), T3 (Recommended NK), T4 (Recommended PK), T5 (Recommended NPK+ wheat residue @ 5 ton ha ), T6 (Recommended NPK + FYM @ 10 ton ha ), T7 (SSNM 100 : 60 : 60: 25 : 30 : 5 i.e. N P K Zn S B), T8 (SSNM-P), T9 (SSNM-K), T10 (SSNM-K+ wheat residue @ 5 ton ha ) and T11 (SSNM + wheat residue @ 5 ton ha ) in three replications and in Randomized Block Design. The rice variety Pusa basmati 1509 was grown and nutrient uptake and soil properties as influenced by different treatments were assessed. Results obtained from the study revealed that with the use of balanced inorganic fertilizer alone or in combination with organic fertilizer, physical properties of soil due to improvement in OC gkg 1 through more biomass addition in the soil. Significant reduction in BD was noticed where more biomass was added into the soil. Treatments having integration of sources/ nutrients (T6, T7 and T11) distinctly showed the improvement in OC %, availability of N, P, K, S, Zn, B, Fe and led to better soil environment over T4. Uptake of N, P, K, S, Zn, B and Fe by rice under different treatments was also found to be significantly higher than T4. The grain yield of rice was significantly higher in combined use of organic & inorganic fertilizer treated plot than only inorganic one. However, no significant variation was observed in the grain yield where N, P, K + wheat residue, N, P, K + FYM and SSNM package + wheat residue treated plots.