Introduction The suprascapular notch (SSN) is an important anatomical landmark along the upper border of the scapula, which allows the suprascapular nerve to pass through. Variations in the morphology of the SSN, particularly those associated with ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL), are known to predispose individuals to suprascapular nerve entrapment. Knowledge of these variations is therefore essential for accurate diagnosis and safe surgical interventions around the shoulder region. Aim To study the morphological variations of the suprascapular notch in dry adult human scapulae. Materials and methods The present descriptive study was conducted on 70 dry adult human scapulae of unknown age and gender acquired from the osteology collection of the Anatomy Department, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. Scapulae with damaged or deformed superior borders were excluded. The SSN of each specimen was carefully examined and classified into Types I-VI based on the modified Rengachary classification. The frequency and percentage distribution of each notch type were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS by applying the Z-test for a single proportion for each type of suprascapular notch, statistical p value of less than 0.05 regarded as significant. Results Among the 70 scapulae studied, Type III suprascapular notch was the most common, observed in 40 (57.10%) specimens. This was followed by Type VI in 11 (15.71%), Type I in 10 (14.28%), Type II in 5 (7.14%), and Type IV in 4 (5.71%) speciments. Type V suprascapular notch was not observed (0, 0%) in the present study. The distribution of suprascapular notch types was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion The current study reveals that Type III suprascapular notch is the predominant morphological pattern. Variations involving narrowing of the notch or transverse scapular ligament ossification may likely lead to suprascapular nerve entrapment. Awareness of these anatomical variations is clinically important for orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, and clinicians involved in the evaluation and management of shoulder pathologies.

Background: The recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH) is one of the prominent medial lenticulostriate arteries. RAH takes its origin in close proximity to the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)–anterior communicating artery (ACoA) junction. RAH supplies the medial part of the orbitofrontal cortex, corpus striatum, olfactory region, anterior limb of the internal capsule, and anterior hypothalamus. Involvement of RAH in pathological conditions such as atheroma may result in serious complications such as hemiparesis, aphasia, facial paralysis, and behavior changes. Surgical interventions performed on the anterior circle of Willis (CW) can be affected/complicated by the morphology of RAH. Hence, it is important to know the anatomical variations of the origin of RAH. Methodology: In the present study, 60 formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres were superficially dissected. The origin of RAH from various segments of ACA such as A1, A2, and A1-ACoA junction was noted. Results: RAH was identified in 16 out of 60 hemispheres. It arose from the A1 segment in 1 specimen (6.25%), A1-ACoA junction in 11 specimens (68.75%), and A2 segment in 4 specimens (25%). RAH was seen unilaterally in 8 specimens and bilaterally in 4 specimens. The bilateral origin of RAH was seen as symmetrical as well as asymmetrical. Conclusion: Knowledge of RAH is important to prevent postoperative neurological deficits during neurosurgical procedures that are performed close to the anterior segment of CW.

The complex architecture of the papillary muscles (PMs) of the ventricles plays a crucial role in cardiac function and pathology. This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in PMs morphology between the right and left ventricles, focusing on their number, location, and shape. A total of 38 grossly normal hearts from donated bodies were dissected, and the number, location, and shape of PMs in both ventricles were observed. In this study, the left ventricle predominantly exhibited a single PM with 71.05% on the sternocostal surface and 57.89% on the diaphragmatic surface. The right ventricle showed a higher prevalence of single PM, at 89.47% on the sternocostal surface and 63.16% on the diaphragmatic surface. Broad-based shape of the PM emerged as the predominant variant, constituting 55.26% and 44.73% on the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the left ventricle, respectively. In contrast, conical-shaped PM predominated in the right ventricle. Unique findings included "H" and "b" shaped muscles, conjoint PMs were observed exclusively in the left ventricle, and small papillary projections with direct tendinous cord attachment in the right ventricle. A distinct webbed shaped configuration of PM was exclusively observed in the right ventricle in only one specimen. No significant difference (P=0.84) was noted in muscle bellies between ventricular surfaces. This study emphasizes the complexity and variability in PM morphology, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of these structures for cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists, and cardiologists to enhance interventional techniques.

Introduction: The sacrum is considered as a highly variable bone. Several morphological variations have been documented which exhibit differences in the frequency of occurrence and morphological characteristics in various study populations. Variant anatomy of the sacrum may be associated with backache, enuresis, neurological anomalies of the lower limb and functional disorders of lower urinary tract. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify and describe morphological variations of sacrum in Indian population and enable comparison with different populations. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 108 dry adult human sacra and morphological characteristics and variations were noted. Results: Sacral skewness was observed in 7.4% sacra with right sided skewness being predominant. The presence of accessory auricular surface (AAS) was noted in 13% sacra which was at the level of S3 vertebra in most sacra. Spina bifida (SB) was observed in 11.1% sacra and it was most commonly located at S1 vertebral level. Furthermore, the lumbo-sacral transitional vertebra (TV) was documented in 10.2% sacra. Conclusions: Sacrum displays numerous variations in Indian population such as skewness, AAS, SB and TV. Thorough knowledge of morphological characteristics and variations of sacrum is vital and should be contemplated during diagnosis and treatment of sacrum-related diseases. KEY WORDS: Accessory auricular surface, Spina bifida, Transitional vertebra, Sacral skewness, Variations.

Abstract Background Variations in the upper limb arterial pattern are commonplace and necessitate complete familiarity for successful surgical and interventional procedures. Variance in the vascular tree may involve any part of the axis artery of the upper limb, including the axillary artery and brachial artery or its branches, in the form of radial and ulnar arteries, which eventually supply the hand via anastomosing arches. Objectives To study the peculiarities of the arterial pattern of the upper limb and to correlate them with embryological development. Methods The entire arterial branching of forty-two upper limbs of formalin fixed adult human cadavers was examined during routine dissection for educational purposes, conducted over a 3-year period in the Department of Anatomy, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. Results The study found: 1) One case in which a common trunk arose from the third part of the axillary artery, which immediately splayed into four branches (2.4%); 2) High division of the brachial artery into ulnar and radial arteries, in 3 cases (7.1%); 3) Pentafurcation of the brachial artery into ulnar, interosseus, radial, and radial recurrent arteries and a muscular twig to the brachioradialis in 1/42 cases (2.4%); 4) Incomplete Superficial Palmar arch in 3/42 cases (7.1%); and 5) Presence of a median artery in 2/42 case(4.8%) Conclusions This study observed and described the varied arterial patterns of the upper limb and identified the various anomalous patterns, supplementing the surgeon’s armamentarium in various surgical procedures, thereby helping to prevent complications or failures of reconstructive surgeries, bypass angiography, and many similar procedures.

Introduction: The psoas group of muscles belongs to the posterior abdominal wall. The psoas minor is an inconstant, vestigial, fusiform, slender muscle. Researchers have frequently paid attention to the anatomy, morphology, frequency, of this muscle and its clinical, racial, ethnic correlation. Aim: To investigate and study the psoas minor muscle, with regard to its frequency, agenesis, origin, insertion, morphological variations, its embryological basis and clinical significance. Materials and Methods: The present observational study was conducted at Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, between December 2018 to May 2019 in the Department of Anatomy. Nine cadavers were studied during routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall (three females and six males). The prevalence, morphology, morphometry, laterality, sexual dimorphism for psoas minor muscle was assessed. The mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the morphometric parameters were also evaluated. Results: Psoas minor muscle was present in 55.55% (5/9) cadavers. The muscle was bilateral in 22.22% (2/9) cases and unilateral in 33.33% (3/9) cases. In all the cases, the muscle took origin from the T12-L1 vertebra and the intervertebral disc. However, the muscle showed a variation in its distal attachment in one of the cadavers. The muscle was unilateral in both the female cadavers and bilateral in two male cadavers. Conclusion: The prevalence was found to be 55.55%. Knowledge about the incidence of psoas minor muscle is of significant academic interest to anatomists as well as clinicians, for diagnostic purposes (particularly in abdominal pain) and during radiographic imaging.

The medial compartment of thigh is nourished by a branch from anterior division of internal iliac artery called Obturator Artery (OA). However, many studies have documented variation in the origin of the artery from other neighboring vessels. Hence, any deviation from the normal pattern should be acknowledged to prevent any injuries during herniorrhaphy or other pelvic procedures. The study was conducted on a pelvis of female cadaver of age 55 years. Length of the artery and its distance from the bifurcation of common iliac artery using the measuring tape were noted. OA was seen to be originating from the inferior epigastric artery bilaterally along with several unusual but significant branches budding from it. The case report shows variant of OA which is of academics interest to students, anatomists, radiologist, general and orthopedic surgeons. Further dissection of more number of pelvic specimens might help to assess the frequency or prevalence of the variation.

Background: The Iliolumbar artery normally arises from the posterior division of Internal iliac artery. The main artery and its two branches supply the iliacus and lumbar region and other vital structures in that area. However, various studies conducted depict the differences in the pattern of its origin and course. Thus, the goal of this study was to discover the various origins of the iliolumbar artery, as well as its relationships with other surgically significant anatomical structures; the importance of which can prevent any intraoperative hemorrhages during surgery.Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Anatomy Lady Hardinge Medical College between 2019-2021. Pelvis of 12 formalin fixed adult cadavers (8 females, 4 males) were dissected to observe the iliolumbar artery. Its origin, caliber and course were measured using a digital vernier caliper. The relationship of iliolumbar artery was established with obturator nerve, lumbosacral trunk and sympathetic chain.Results: Iliolumbar artery was originating from trunk of internal iliac artery in 70.83% cases in which the mean distance of origin and mean caliber was more on right side. In the remaining 29.17% cases where the Iliolumbar artery was arising from posterior division of internal iliac artery, the mean distance of origin and mean caliber was higher on left side. The truncal origin of iliolumbar artery was predominant in females.Conclusions: The variant origin of the iliolumbar artery and its clinic-anatomical relationships have been highlighted to reduce iatrogenic artery trauma during surgery.

Variations in axillary artery branching pattern can lead to iatrogenic injuries during invasive procedures. Knowledge of the same is critical to prevent such events. Multiple bilateral variations were observed in the branching pattern of axillary artery. These variations were noted in a female cadaver, during routine undergraduate dissection in September 2019 in Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. On the left side, an anomalous branch running with the medial pectoral nerve was found. A common stem arising from the 2nd part of left axillary artery divided to give the lateral thoracic artery, the subscapular artery and an alar artery. Another alar branch arose from the left subscapular artery before it bifurcated into thoraco-dorsal and circumflex scapular arteries. The right axillary artery gave an aberrant branch proximal to the lateral thoracic artery. A common trunk arising from the 2nd part of right axillary branched out to give the posterior circumflex humeral artery, the subscapular artery and an alar artery. The brachial artery divided 13.5 cm proximal to the intercondylar line of humerus on the left and 14.4 cm on the right side. On both sides, the ulnar artery arose proximally and the radial and common inter-osseous arteries continued as a common trunk and divided distally. This case study reports multiple bilateral axillary artery anomalies and complements to the existing knowledge of vascular anomalies. Comprehensive knowledge of these variations is essential from anatomical, radiological and surgical point of view. During surgeries involving axillary and pectoral group of lymph nodes, such variations should be kept in mind.

Corresponding Author: Dr. Savita Kumari, Ex -Senior Resident, Lady Harding Medical college, New Delhi 110070 Mobile no – 9741308200. E-Mail: savdev08@gmail.com Background: Plantaris is small fusiform muscle, with its long, slender tendon. Actually it’s a vestigial muscle in human beings hence its rupture does not result in any significant loss of function. Muscle tear associated with bleeding and swelling leads to a posterior compartment syndrome. It can mimic other serious conditions like DVT, ruptured baker’s cyst and calf neoplasms. The present study aims to find out the various patterns of proximal and distal attachment of plantaris muscle, which will help the clinician deciding in diagnosis and the plastic & orthopaedic surgeons for different types of reconstructive surgeries. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight limbs from 24 embalmed cadavers of known sex(male) & age (40-75 years) were dissected in the department of anatomy of Lady Harding medical college, New Delhi during 2016-2017. Plantaris muscle identified with its proximal and distal attachment. Length of muscle belly & tendon were recorded. Result: In the present study out of 48 limbs specimens, Plantaris muscle was absent in 12.5%. Its proximal attachment to lateral supracondylar ridges observed in 29% & with lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle & fibrous capsule in 58.3%. Its distal attachment deep to tendocalcaneus was noted in 25% and superficial to tendocalcaneus in 62.4%. Length of muscle belly was 79 cm in 37% and tendon length was 3436cm in 37.5%. Conclusion: The Morphological aspects of the attachment of plantaris play a significant role in the Pathologies associated with Calf & knee region. Their exact attachment is importance for reconstructive surgeries to the repair of ankle joint injury and flexor tendon replacement in hand.

Introduction: Sacral hiatus (SH) is a significant landmark during caudal epidural block (CEB) which is employed for analgesia and anaesthesia during a wide range of clinical conditions.This requires a thorough knowledge of morphometric characteristics of SH and surrounding landmarks, but variability in morphometric dimensions exists among different populations.Aim: The aim of this study was to identify different anatomical landmarks to detect the location of SH and provide a reference database for morphometric dimensions of SH in Indian population. Materials and Methods:The study was done on 108 dry adult human sacra.Linear measurements of the sacra were taken with the help of digital vernier caliper and angular parameters were determined with a goniometer. Results:The most common shape of the sacral hiatus was inverted 'V' shaped (59.3%) with the level of the apex at S4 in 66.7% and base at S5 in 86.1% cases.Morphometric dimensions of SH were found to be smaller in present study as compared to reports by other researchers.Left crest-apex angle was observed to be significantly greater than the right crest-apex angle.(p 0.001). Conclusion:Multiple bony landmarks and their morphometric dimensions should be considered to locate the SH during CEB.Values for various morphometric parameters of SH are less in Indians in comparison to other populations, which should be contemplated during caudal epidural injections and trans-sacral thecaloscopy.

Introduction: their size, shape and they may be absent or duplicated/triplicated. The deformation of foramina may result in derangement of neurovascular structures passing through these foramina. This necessitates the need of extensive analysis of variation of the foramina. Aim: To present morphometric details of FT of cervical vertebrae as well as incidence of accessory FT in intact cervical spine of Indian population and to make a comparison with previous studies done. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 319 FT of 161 dry cervical vertebrae of 23 complete vertebral spines of Indian population (3 FT were absent in 2 C7 vertebrae). For morphometric measurements, transverse and anteroposterior diameters were measured on both sides of all cervical vertebrae using digital vernier calliper. Accessory transverse foramina were also noted and photographed. Mean, range and standard deviation of morphometric measurements of these foramina were analyzed. The comparison was made between their various parameters on right and left side using student's t-test and p-value. Results: Transverse and anteroposterior diameters were higher on left side than right. Mean value of foramen transversarium of C1 was highest on both sides where as of C7, it was lowest. Forty two cervical vertebrae (26.09%) among 161, showed accessory FT. Here, 25 vertebrae (15.53%) showed unilateral and 17 vertebrae (10.56%) bilateral showed accessory foramen. Accessory foramina were most commonly seen in C6 vertebrae. Two C7 vertebrae showed absence of FT, one bilaterally and one unilaterally. Accessory foramina were always smaller than main foramina transversarium. All accessory foramina were located posterior to main foramina transversarium except in one C4 vertebrae where accessory foramen was present anterior to main foramina transversarium. Conclusion: The present morphometric study done on intact cervical vertebral column demonstrates that different cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) shows considerable variation in terms of their size, shape and number of FT. This detailed report on morphology of cervical vertebrae would be useful for neurosurgeons and will help in better surgical outcome. It would also help radiologist for better understanding.

Onset of COVID pandemic had all the omens of doom but the thought, of it becoming a never-ending catastrophe even after six months, was at best a random dream. The dream has become a perpetual nightmare, having disrupted all existential systems. The upheaval has handicapped all domains of health care services, but it has hit surgeons like a noogie of Himalaya being knuckled on our heads by a cunning opponent. Surgeons used to their alpha personality of getting systems work their way have suddenly found themselves abandoned in choppy seas like a rudderless ship.[123] We have suddenly been thrown back to being a toddler looking over their shoulders for a paternal reassurance, beautifully penned by the Beatles writer, John Lennon in his song, 'Beautiful Boy' for his son, telling him, “Close your eyes, Have no fear, The monster's gone, He's on the run And your daddy's here”. We are left seeking indulgence of guidance to banish the monster of COVID. Apart from the global anxieties of whether & when the vaccine will come, or will the economies rejuvenate to sustain basic existence, the surgeons must think of concerns linked to their duties beyond their needs. The persona of an academic surgeon is multifaceted being a clinician, an educator, and a researcher, at all the times. They are innovative, always pushing the horizons and crossing frontiers to do things in new and better ways.[4] They play the role of both a mentor and a mentee. They juggle their role as a teacher of clinical care with related basic sciences, a guide for research & a skilled navigator of operative care. Their delight is palpable & rubs on you when you engage them academically, gaining not only their wisdom, but awakening of your own intellectual spark. It is this delight being taken away that is troubling the grey matter of an academic surgeon in these times of curtailed volumes & physical distancing.[2] The loss of academic interactions is troubling the surgical residents & teachers equally as echoed universally.[5678] In the song 'Beautiful Boy' Lennon uses the quote “Life is What Happens To You While You're Busy Making Other Plans” by cartoonist Allen Saunders.[9] Similarly all our plans as academic surgeons are gone with the wind & whatever remains is blowing in the wind of uncertainty of the beginning of the end of this pandemic. The training of residents in all clinical specialties especially surgery is premised upon bed-side clinics and observation while rubbing shoulders with your teacher in operating rooms. Time and again the wisdom of Osler has stood us well in his famous guidance “To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all.” He used to say, that the bedside is where the patient is and “Medicine is learned by the bedside and not in the classroom. Let not your conceptions of disease come from the words heard in the lecture room or read from the book. See and then reason and compare and control. But see first. The whole art of medicine is in observation… but to educate the eye to see, the ear to hear and the finger to feel takes time, and to make a beginning, to start a man on the right path, is all that you can do”. Halsted, the surgical colleague of Osler and one of the 'Big Four' founders of John Hopkins developed the first formal surgical residency training program, that has become universal. He aimed at not only training residents in a appraisal based yearly progression of residents for skills but also to groom role models and teachers for the next generation of surgeons. With the impact & demands on healthcare by the ongoing pandemic, the bedside clinical teaching as well as opportunity to train in surgical skills has blown in the wind. The surgeons, the inherent innovators and imagination driven engineers, are adapt at finding solutions even while running out of aces.[10] We have to find solutions to the lost opportunity to teach as per the guidance of Osler and Halsted shuffling cards in our hand as Kenny Rogers sang in 'The Gambler', “If you're gonna play the game, boy You gotta learn to play it right”. Like the adoption of technology of minimally invasive surgery was promptly incorporated in our practice, the technology of digital media has been coopted as a handy academic tool, surgeons being savvy in emerging technologies always.[111213] Technology to enable educational outreach was originally developed to widen the accessibility by students from scattered geographies to sought after academic programs and teachers. University of Illinois developed the first generalized computer-assisted instruction system PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations) in 1970s. With rapid evolution of digital technologies holding events widely with physical distancing became economically feasible. Social disruption by COVID-19 pandemic has led to explosion of virtual platforms enabling online academics. Webinar, a portmanteau of Web and Seminar has become popular lingo and a simple means of delivering information to professional fraternity. Musicians established the stability of online platforms as reliable mediums starting with the performance of 'Severe Tire Damage' in 1993 and current Pandemic time online concert 'Music for Hope' from Milan's Duomo by Andrea Bocelli on Easter Sunday accelerated popular adoption of Webinars. Association of Colon and Rectal Surgeons of India (ACRSI) took the lead in designing structured academics using the medium of Webinars. The webinars of ACRSI have become much sought after, awaited, and attended academic modules [Table 1].Table 1: Webinars by ACRSITraining of surgical residents is done bedside and in operating rooms by structured apprenticeship under their seniors. In these times we can use our freedom from busy schedules productively using webinars to impart our expertise and knowledge to our residents. Though not an ideal medium of surgical academics and not true to the Osler Halsted vision, they are here to stay at least till the pendency of the pandemic. While Osler succumbed to bronchopneumonia of Spanish Flu pandemic and Halsted to bronchopneumonia following cholecystectomy, the causalities to surgical academics from Chinese Virus pandemic need to be minimized by ensuring quality content of webinars. While the webinars have become essential in current times, people are developing reservations. To ensure that 'webinar Fatigue' doesn't set in and “Death by PowerPoint” doesn't kill the academics, we must do our best to keep the utility alive. The fatigue and “Death by PowerPoint” allude to audience sitting back, half-listening, half-reading the text and looking at clock. We can avoid it by slides with cool images and minimal text, which is just a backdrop, underscoring your ideas instead of competing with them. This way audience will have more attention to the presenter and be involved with speaker body language, tone of voice, energy level and the power of the message beyond written text. The presentation shouldn't be a communication to impress but to impress a point and message.[14] While PLATO was the first online program to enable distant learning, teacher Plato has already told us the means of effective communication. For effective teaching Plato said- “And what, Socrates, is the food of the soul? Surely, I said, knowledge is the food of the soul. Opinion is the medium between knowledge and ignorance. Wise men speak because they have something to say; Fools because they have to say something. Thinking – the talking of the soul with itself. Writing is the geometry of the soul.” Our responsibility towards our next generation would do well on this wisdom lest any failure on our part compromise their future. Acknowledgment Our sincere gratitude for our tirelessly hardworking, and enthusiastically innovative Secretary of ACRSI, Dr. Kushal Mittal who made the transition from physical to digital medium of academics by organizing meticulously planned Webinars.

BACKGROUND Adequate angiogenesis is required for successful continuation of pregnancy and Vascular Angiogenic Growth Factor (VEGF) is one of the most important pro-angiogenic factors regulating early placental vascular changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a descriptive comparative study. The correlation of angiogenic factor - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) with recurrent abortion was evaluated in North Indian pregnant women for 60 patients with a history of Recurrent Abortion (RA) (Study group) and 60 normal pregnant women of early pregnancy (Control group) through this descriptive comparative study. The blood samples of the patients were collected to assess the serum level of VEGF by Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) technique Human VEGF-A BIOLISA kit. The concentration of circulating VEGF-A was evaluated by using Mann-Whitney U tests. The quantitate assay used in the present study analysed VEGF-165 isoform, which is a diffusible isoform of VEGF. RESULTS This variation was staggering being many times lower in RA as compared to normal early pregnant women. CONCLUSION The study concluded that alteration (Decreased) in the levels of VEGF may be related with RA.

Introduction: The predisposition of the human sacrum to a wide range of traumatic, degenerative and metastatic ailments demands frequent surgical interventions. For effective surgical management of these conditions, a comprehensive anatomical knowledge of the sacrum is mandatory but variability in morphometric dimensions exists amongst different population and precludes the standardisation of measurements. Aim: To present a morphometric reference database for sacral instrumentation in Indian population and enable comparisons with other populations. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 108 adult human sacra. Linear measurements of the sacra were taken with the help of digital Vernier's calliper and angular parameters were determined with a goniometer. Results: The morphometric analysis of the sacra of Indian population demonstrated that height and width of the first Anterior Sacral Foramina (ASF) were 12.97 mm and 12.23 mm respectively while height and width of the first Posterior Sacral Foramina (PSF) were 10.36 mm and 7.66 mm respectively. The height and width of the second ASF were 12.85 mm and 13.13 mm respectively but the height and width of the second PSF were 7.05 mm and 7.30 mm respectively. Further, the anterior and posterior pedicle height were observed to be 20.74 mm and 20.18 mm respectively. Anteromedial and anterolateral screw trajectory distance were noted to be 45.67 mm and 44.60 mm respectively. The S1 pedicle depth was 23.48 mm but the S1 wing depth was 44.09 mm. Furthermore, there existed a highly significant difference (p<0.001) between the angular parameters of the right and left sides. Conclusion: The height and width of the sacral foramina along with transverse distances between them were less in Indian sacra. Anterior pedicle height was observed to be greater in Indian sacra. However, posterior pedicle height was found to be lower than the values reported by other population. Additionally, the screw trajectory distances also displayed lower values in Indian population. Hence, present study signifies the application of screws of shorter length during sacral instrumentation as the morphometric dimensions are of lesser value in Indian population.

Introduction: The Left Hepatic Vein (LHV) and the Middle Hepatic Vein (MHV) presents with wide variations, the knowledge of which is very important during various surgeries of the left lobe as well as right lobe of liver. Aim: To study about the variations in the branching pattern of LHV and the MHV draining the left lobe of liver. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 adult human livers were dissected manually. The LHV and the MHV were typed into five types. Further, few of these types were again divided into subtypes. Results: The incidence of presence of common trunk of LHV and MHV was 76.6% (n=46). In 20% (n=12) livers these veins were present as separate trunks. In 3.33% (n=2), no trunk of the LHV was seen and the left medial vein and the left lateral vein were found to drain independently into the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC). Conclusion: Appropriate knowledge of the anatomy of liver is very important, for different surgical procedures for treatment of malignancies or other ailments of liver.