The estimation of organic matter stocks in technogenic soils is a topic of active discussion. The significance of studying the carbon balance in natural landscapes is underscored by large-scale projects; however, there is an increasing acknowledgment of the necessity to incorporate technogenically altered areas into climate research. This need arises not only from their heightened emissions of greenhouse gases but also from their potential for long-term carbon sequestration through the implementation of advanced reclamation technologies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the carbon content, total stocks, and stock structure in coal-enriched soils found in the spoil heaps of coal mining enterprises. The objects of the study were the technogenic soils from the external transport spoil heaps of the Gorlovka coal deposit in Novosibirsk Oblast. The research was conducted in 2023 across ten representative sites of dumps with varying ages, heterogeneous relief conditions, rock types, vegetation, and soil characteristics (see Table 1). Soil samples were collected from layers at depths of 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm. A single sample was obtained from the 0-20 cm layer of initial embryozems at dump sites less than four years old. In the laboratory, the samples were air-dried at room temperature. Subsequently, all samples were sieved through standard sieves for fractions of 1-3, 3-5, 5-10, and > 10 mm. Coal particles and large roots (remaining on sieves > 1 mm) were manually selected from separated sieved samples of each fraction and weighed. The total carbon content, the carbon content in coal particles, and the carbon content of large roots were determined using an automatic Perkin CHN analyzer, the 2400 Series II. The inorganic carbon content was measured using the man-ometric method for the fine fraction and the gravimetric method for the stony fraction. The proportions of organic carbon pools were established using oxidative fractionation. One soil sample, after the manual removal of small roots, was subjected to oxidation using potassium bichromate, following Tyurin's method. The resulting data were attributed to the pool of pedogenic carbon. A second portion of the same sample was oxidized in a muffle furnace at a temperature exceeding 525°C, employing the dry combustion method. The organic matter that remained unoxidized at this temperature contains lithogenic carbon, represented by inclusions of unoxidized anthracite. At this temperature, a portion of carbonaceous particles, along with products of their transformation, small roots, and other organic matter of biogenic origin, is combusted. Consequently, the values obtained for losses during calcination, accounting for losses of hygroscopic moisture, were multiplied by a coefficient of 0.58. After deducting pe-dogenic carbon, these values were accepted as the carbon content of non-specific organic matter. The total carbon content is calculated as the sum of the various pools (see Fig. 1). Carbon stocks by pools were estimated while considering soil density. The studied soils are characterized by high rockiness and density (see Table 2), which significantly influences the content of carbon pools and the structure of their stocks. The total carbon content ranges from 0.6% to 27.1% (see Table 3). Similar to other properties, this carbon content is not evenly distributed across different sites or within the vertical profile of the soils. In sites with organo-accumulative embryozems on aged dumps, the minimum total carbon content is observed under herbaceous communities (up to 10%), while it increases to 27.1% in the 0-5 cm layer beneath forest plant communities. A substantial portion of the total carbon content in embryo-zems on coal-containing substrates is derived from coal particles (see Table 3). The highest concentrations are found in initial embryozems (site 2IEy) and organo-accumulative embryozems (sites 7-8OAEf) that have developed under forest plant communities. During field observations, it was noted that the fine fraction exhibited no significant reaction to the application of 10% HCl. However, accumulations of secondary carbonates, in the form of cutans and clusters of crystals, were observed on the surfaces of stony inclusions, both on the soil surface and within the profile (see Fig. 2). Additionally, it was determined that the contribution of pedogenic carbon to the total carbon content of embryozems is minimal, ranging from 0.01% to 1.0% (see Table 3). The maximum concentration of pedogenic carbon is found in sites with hilly microrelief in organo-accumulative embryozems enriched with coal inclusions. This phenomenon can be attributed to several factors, including the presence of numerous weathered carbonaceous inclusions and the accumulation of organic matter in the depressions between hillocks. The carbon content of non-specific organic matter ranges from 0.12% to 6.34%. The distribution of this organic matter in soils, both spatially and vertically, is highly heterogeneous and lacks distinct regularities. The predominance of non-specific organic matter carbon content over pedogenic carbon has been observed, primarily due to the low content of the physical clay fraction in embryo-zems (see Table 3) and the dominance of coarse organic matter accumulation processes (such as plant residues) over humus accumulation. This combination is not conducive to the establishment of organomineral interactions and the formation of proper humus in soils of technogenic landscapes. In general, the soils in designated areas of stony rock dumping exhibit a progression from initial to soddy embryozem, characterized by an increase in the content of pedogenic carbon and non-specific organic matter. This trend is also evident in the pool of carbon from large roots, although its quantity in the studied soils is relatively small (see Table 3). The research has shown that the total carbon stocks in the examined embryozems range from 87.5 to 473.9 t/ha (see Fig. 3). The largest carbon stocks are found in initial embryozem (1-4IE), while the minimum stocks are present in soddy embryozem (9-10SE) and organo-accumulative embryozems under herbaceous vegetation (5OAEh). The carbon from coal particles in the stony fraction of the soils predominates in the carbon stock structure of most of the studied soils, accounting for up to 96.7% of the stocks in initial embryozems. The accumulation of lithogenic carbon in horizontal sites (3IEo and 9SEh) is associated with the lack of removal of fine coal particles due to slope processes. All of this occurs against the backdrop of uneven coal content in soils, which is influenced by the characteristics of non-standard anthracite in both coal and host seams, as well as the specifics of dump formation. The carbon stocks of organic matter that are less resistant to oxidation - such as pedogenic carbon, carbon from nonspecific organic matter, and large roots - tend to increase as a proportion of total stocks in the evolutionary series of soils, ranging from initial to soddy embryozems (see Fig. 3). The carbon stocks associated with large roots are characterized as minimal. This is attributed to the high stoniness of the soils and the density of stony detachments (see Table 2), which results in a relatively small mass of roots compared to the large mass of stones (see Table 3). In the embryozems of anthropogenic landscapes, alongside the sequestration of organic carbon, carbon fixation also occurs in the form of carbonate deposits on stone surfaces. The stocks of carbonate carbon are characterized by minimal values (see Table 3), ranging from 0.2% to 0.5% of total stocks (up to 2 t/ha). A common feature of all investigated soils in anthracite deposit dumps is that the share of carbon determined by the traditional method of bichromate oxidation (pedogenic carbon) does not exceed 7% of the total carbon stocks. This factor should be considered when assessing the carbon footprint of coal mining. To minimize the negative consequences associated with the transformation of coals in coal mining waste dumps and to enhance the carbon sequestration potential of technogenic soils, the surfaces of dumps should be composed of loose sedimentary rocks. The article contains 3 Figures, 3 Tables, 48 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.

The areas adjacent to open coal mining facilities are affected by different kinds of anthropogenic impact, including dust pollution. To reveal the extent of technogenic impact, the parameters characterising the content and composition of 19 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in chernozem soils adjacent to the haul road of the Gorlovo anthracite deposit (the Novosibirsk Region) were assessed. It is shown that the maximum total concentration of PAHs (>1000 ng/g) is reached at the distance of 100 m from the source, while the levels higher than the background are detected at a distance of 1000 m. The effect of dominating wind direction and the presence of tree belt were determined to affect the total PAH content in soil but leave their group composition unchanged at a distance of 2000 m from the road. At the same time, the individual composition of PAHs in soils changes with an increase in the distance from the pollution source. The concentration of benz(a)pyrene and total PAH content, calculated for benz(a)pyrene toxic equivalents, were determined in the soils of territories adjacent to the road and compared with the current standards in force in the Russian Federation (sanitary rules and regulations). Statistical processing of the results, performed by the principal component analysis, shows that the input of black carbon in the form of anthracite coal dust into soil is most adequately represented by polyarene ratio PHE/(PHE + CHR), where PHE is phenanthrene, and CHR is chrysene. However, the threshold of technogenic load (<0.8), that was previously established for objects in which anthracite is the main source of PAHs, requires confirmation for black soils.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА ГОТОВНІСТЬ ПРОТИДІЇ МАНІПУЛЯТИВНОМУ ВПЛИВУ У СПІЛКУВАННІАнотація.Дослідження психологічної готовності є ключовим аспектом розвитку сучасної психології, оскільки спрямоване на визначення факторів, що впливають на ефективність захисту від маніпулятивного впливу.Дослідження спрямоване на розкриття та аналіз тих психічних аспектів, які дозволяють виявляти маніпулятивний вплив і протистояти йому, створюючи умови для психологічної стійкості та збереження етичних норм у спілкуванні.Мета статтіз'ясування причин та закономірностей прояву психологічної готовності до протидії маніпулятивному впливу у спілкуванні.З'ясовано, що суть маніпуляції полягає не стільки у руйнуванні певних уявлень та ідей опонента, скільки у формуванні в його свідомості нових уявлень, бажань та цілей.Встановлено, що першим кроком у протидії особам, які намагається втягнути в конфлікт або маніпулювати, є встановлення контакту

The summarized data on the content of organic carbon (Corg) in the subtypes of gray forest soils occurring on the territory of Russia was presented. It was shown that the humus horizons of virgin light-gray, typical-gray, and dark-gray forest soils contain, on average, 2.16 ± 0.67, 2.42 ± 0.61, and 3.58 ± 0.95% Сorg, respectively, while the plowing layers of arable soils contain 1.36 ± 0.40, 1.71 ± 0.40, and 2.84 ± 0.86%, respectively. Structural (particulate organic matter 0.05–2 mm in size, CPOM, and mineral-associated organic matter <0.05 mm in size, CMAOM) and process (potentially mineralizable organic matter, C0, and microbial biomass, Cmic) pools were isolated in the organic matter of samples from different horizons of gray forest soils (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems (Loamic)) under small-leaved forest and barley crop. The CPOM/CMAOM ratio in the upper soil horizons under forest and arable land was 0.60 and 0.26, respectively, and this ratio decreased with depth to 0.05 under both land uses. The sizes of the CMAOM, CPOM, C0, and Cmic pools correlated with each other and depended on the depth of the soil horizon, while the effect of land use on the pool ratios was found only for the surface horizons. The contribution of CPOM and CMAOM to the potentially mineralizable pool of organic matter in gray forest soil was 20–41 and 71–87%, respectively. According to the obtained data, the size of the C0 pool was almost equal to the annual amount of the heterotrophic CO2 emission from the soil. It was emphasized that determining of the sizes and ratios of structural and process soil organic matter pools should be important in the programs of carbon monitoring and recarbonization of agroecosystems.

The article reports the geochemical characterization of soils, vegetation, and groundwater of the recultivated spoils of three coal deposits. Recultivation was carried out 30-40 years ago, and then the spoils were left for selfovergrowth without any additional measures. A common pattern for all sites is the presence of carbonaceous particles, their oxidation leads to an increase in temperature in the spoil rocks. The sum of biologically active temperatures exceeds the values for natural soils of undisturbed areas. Technogenic landscapes are characterized by a smaller share of moisture-loving forest and pratal species, compared to the reference areas. Hydrogeochemical anomalies practically do not go beyond the flooded borrow excavations of spoils. Reclamation by applying a fertile soil layer provides minimization of the negative effects associated with an increase in the temperature of spoil soils and accelerates the remediation of regional plant communities.

The results of assessing the soil-ecological efficiency of reclamation activity on different ages coal dumps in the forest-steppe of Kuzbass are presented. The main physical and chemical soil properties were studied: density, clay fraction and organic carbon in the areas of forestry and agricultural reclamation measures and natural overgrowing. It was revealed that the maximum efficiency achieves by technologies of the fertile layer of natural soils application on the surface of dumps (more over 80% of efficiency).

The Soil Reclamation Laboratory was organized in 1968, the year of the foundation of the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry (ISSA) of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Over its 55-year history, the laboratory has been one of the few IPA departments that has not changed its name and main research directions. Times have been changing, attitudes towards science and reclamation have been also changing, as well as the heads of the laboratory, but its traditions have been preserved. Based on the analysis of the laboratory’s publications, three stages of soil research in technogenic landscapes can be distinguished. At the first stage, information is accumulated about the properties of man-made substrates, their fertility potential and conditions of technogenic soil formation. The second stage is marked by the generalization and genetic interpretation of the accumulated material, which result in the classification of soils of such man-made landscapes. It is noteworthy that the classification developed in the laboratory correlates well with other classification systems (Classification and diagnostics of soils of Russian (2004), Field guide for Russian soil (2008), Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2014), IUSS Working Group WRB (2022)). The third stage is characterized by the expansion of the geography of field research, interpolation and correction of ideas about the soil properties and regimes in the man-made landscapes. Currently, the team of researchers of the soil reclamation laboratory continues to study man-made landscapes located in various regions of the Russian Federation, actively using the experience and achievements of the founders of the laboratory. The main attention is paid to the assessment of the soil-ecological status and prospects for further use of disturbed territories on the basis of soil-genetic and soil-geographical studies. Thus, the soil reclamation laboratory continues to work on fundamental problems related to primary soil formation and restoration of soil functions in disturbed areas, as well as to carry out scientific and practical work related to solving reclamation problems at specific man-made sites.

Ссылка для цитирования: Концентрации и источники полициклических ароматических углеводородов в воде и донных отложениях рек северных нефтегазодобывающих территорий Западной Сибири / Н.А. Волкова, И.С. Иванова, Д.А. Соколов, Ю.В. Колубаева, Д.И. Чуйкина // Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов. – 2023. – Т. 334. – № 4. – С.135-148. Актуальность. На территории Западной Сибири сосредоточены огромные запасы как пресных вод, так и углеводородов, добыча и разработка которых увеличивается с каждым годом. Нефть является одним из главных факторов экологического риска для природных экосистем Севера. Среди компонентов нефти выделяются полициклические ароматические углеводороды, обладающие канцерогенными и мутагенными свойствами и оказывающими негативное влияние на природные экосистемы. Однако источников поступления в окружающую среду данных органических полютантов достаточно много, в том числе они могут быть как природного, так и антропогенного происхождения. Актуальность исследования содержания и состава данных компонентов обусловлена не только их токсичностью, но и их устойчивостью к химической и биологической трансформации, высокой миграционной активностью и способностью к накоплению в природных средах. Целью данного исследования являлось изучение индивидуального состава и особенностей распределения полициклических ароматических углеводородов в воде и донных отложениях рек, установление возможных источников поступления полициклических ароматических углеводородов в водные объекты Арктической зоны Западной Сибири. Объекты: речные воды и донные отложения, отобранные из 8 водотоков на территории Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. Объекты были выбраны таким образом, чтобы охватить реки различного порядка в пределах водосборных бассейнов основных рек ЯНАО. Методы. Содержание и индивидуальный состав полициклических ароматических углеводородов в воде и донных отложениях рек определялось в лаборатории физико-химических исследований керна и пластовых флюидов Института нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А. Трофимука СO РАН (Томск) с использованием метода высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Статистическая обработка полученных данных проводилась при помощи пакетов программ Microsoft Office Excel и РАST V2.17. Результаты. Изучены особенности распределения полициклических ароматических углеводородов в воде и донных отложениях рек северных территорий Западной Сибири. Общее содержание полициклических ароматических углеводородов в речных водах ЯНАО изменяется от 292,8 до 1098,0 нг/л. Минимальное содержание полициклических ароматических углеводородов, представленных в основном низкомолекулярными соединениями (главным образом фенантреном), связанными с наземной высшей растительностью, установлено в р. Маханяд-Пусъяха, являющейся притоком р. Надым. Наибольшая концентрация изучаемых соединений, представленных в основном высокомолекулярными полициклическими ароматическими углеводородами, идентифицирована в воде р. Апоку-яха, опробованной вблизи разрабатываемых месторождений и относящейся к водосборному бассейну р. Пур. Источники идентифицированных соединений в данной пробе могут быть связаны как с петрогенными, так и пирогенными процессами. Общее содержание полициклических ароматических углеводородов в донных отложениях изменяется от 1900 до 20000 мкг/кг, что обусловлено наличием не только природного, но и антропогенного загрязнения. Максимальная концентрация данных соединений выявлена в донных отложениях р. Апоку-яха. При использовании статистического анализа были установлены индексы, диагностирующие источники ПАУ: для вод пригодными для идентификации источников полициклических ароматических углеводородов являются Flt/Pyr и (Pyr+BaP)/(Chr+Phen), для донных отложений рек ЯНАО – соотношения BaA/(BaA+Chr), Phen/(Phen+Chr) и (Pyr+BaP)/(Chr+Phen). На основе полученных данных установлено, что в реки полициклические ароматические углеводороды поступают, как правило, из природных источников. Вероятные источники поступления полициклических ароматических углеводородов в донные отложения можно разделить на несколько групп: сжигание нефти, процессы горения, а также смешанные источники. Полициклические ароматические углеводороды, идентифицированные в воде и донных отложениях р. Апоку-яха, имеют антропогенный генезис. Проведенная экологическая оценка состояния рек, основанная на расчетах коэффициента опасности полициклических ароматических углеводородов и коэффициента донной аккумуляции, свидетельствует о высоком уровне хронического загрязнения исследуемых объектов. Установлено, что наиболее интенсивное загрязнение характерно для рек, относящихся к водосборному бассейну р. Пур, где идет наиболее активная добыча углеводородного сырья.

Agrogenic eutrophication implies the artificial enrichment of soil with organic carbon and nutrients as a result of applying mineral and organic fertilizers to increase soil fertility and plant productivity. Eutrophication of gray forest soil, Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems (Loamic), has been created by annual application of increasing doses of mineral (N 90–360 kg/ha N, 75–300 kg/ha P2O5, and 100–400 kg/ha K2O) and organic (fresh cattle farmyard manure, 25–100 t/ha) fertilizers under plants of a five-field crop rotation for 9 years in a microplot experiment. The NPK amounts applied with manure are approximately equal to the corresponding doses of mineral fertilizers. In the systems of mineral and organic fertilization, the rates of soil enrichment with Corg are 0.29–0.38 and 0.76–1.56 g/kg per year, respectively; with Ntot, 0.04–0.06 and 0.06–0.09 g/kg per year; with available P2O5, 4–57 and 11–55 mg/kg per year; and with available K2O, 5–44 and 6–31 mg/kg per year, respectively. The doses of fertilizers in both systems are the most significant factor in the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen and available forms of phosphorus and potassium in soil, while the Ntot content depends on the fertilization duration. The Corg content in the soil with organic and mineral fertilizers depends on the dose of manure and the duration of NPK application, respectively. Soil eutrophication with mineral fertilizers is accompanied by a decrease in soil pH and eutrophication with organic fertilizers, on the contrary, leads to an increase in pH. It is emphasized that overfertilization and a long-term use of fertilizers are the main factors in the development of soil eutrophication and the concomitant change in soil pH.

The relevance. Huge reserves of both fresh water and hydrocarbons are concentrated on the territory of Western Siberia, the extraction and development of which is increasing every year. Oil is one of the main environmental risk factors for the natural ecosystems of the North. Among the components of oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons stand out, which have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties and have a negative impact on natural ecosystems. However, there are quite a lot of sources of these organic pollutants entering the environ-ment, including they can be of both natural and anthropogenic origin. The relevance of the study of the content and composition of these components is caused not only by their toxicity, but also by their resistance to chemical and biological transformation, high migration activi-ty and ability to accumulate in natural environments.The aim of this work was to study the individual composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and bottom sed-iments of rivers, and to identify possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons entering water bodies of the Arctic zone of Western Siberia.Objects: river waters and bottom sediments taken from eight watercourses in the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The objects were chosen in such a way as to cover rivers of various orders within the catchment basins of the main rivers of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District.Methods. The content and individual composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and bottom sediments of rivers were de-termined in the laboratory of physical and chemical studies of core and reservoir fluids of the Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS (Tomsk) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Microsoft Office Excel and PAST V2.17 software packages.Results. The features of the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and bottom sediments of the rivers of the northern territories of Western Siberia have been studied. The total content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the river waters of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District varies from 292,8 to 1098,0 ng/l. The minimum content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, represented mainly by low molecular weight compounds (mainly phenanthrene), associated with terrestrial higher vegetation, was established in the Mahanyad-Pusyakha River, which is a tributary of the Nadym River. The highest concentration of the studied compounds, represented mainly by high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was identified in the water of the Apoku-yakha River, tested near the developed deposits and related to the catchment area of the Pur River. The sources of identified compounds in this sample can be associ-ated with both petrogenic and pyrogenic processes. The total content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom sediments varies from 1900 to 20000 mu g/kg, which is due to the presence of not only natural, but also anthropogenic pollution. The maximum concentration of these compounds was found in the bottom sediments of the Apoku-yakha River. Using statistical analysis, indices diagnosing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sources were established: for water - ratios Flt/Pyr and (Pyr+BaP)/(Chr+Phen), for bottom sediments - ratios BaA/(BaA+Chr), Phen/(Phen+Chr ) and (Pyr+BaP)/(Chr+Phen).On the basis of the data obtained, it was found that polycyclic aromatic hy-drocarbons enter the rivers, as a rule, from natural sources. The probable sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons entering bottom sediments can be divided into several groups: oil burning, combustion processes, as well as mixed sources. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocar-bons identified in water and bottom sediments of the Apoku-yaha River have an anthropogenic genesis. The environmental assessment of the state of the rivers, based on the calculation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon hazard coefficient and the bottom accumulation co-efficient, indicates a high level of chronic pollution of the studied objects. It was established that the most intense pollution is characteristic of the rivers belonging to the catchment area of the Pur River, where the most active hydrocarbon production takes place.

Currently, due to the issues related to carbon emissions and sequestration, particular interest is being drawn towards technogenic landscapes represented by coal mine spoil heaps. First, this is due to the significant presence of potential sources of climate-active gases in the form of carbonaceous particles within the spoil heaps. Second, the accumulation of organic carbon in the form of humus substances occurs as a result of soil formation on the surface of technogenic landscapes. Given that the area of disturbed coal mining territories in certain regions amounts to hundreds of thousands of hectares and continues to increase, research on coal mine spoil heaps is necessary for the development of measures to achieve carbon neutrality. The research was conducted on old dumps ( over 30 years old) coal mining enterprises in the Kuznetsk (Kemerovo Oblast), Gorlovka (Novosibirsk Oblast), and Kansk-Achinsk (Krasnoyarsk Krai) coal basins, Minusinsk (Republic of Khakassia) and UluKhem (Republic of Tuva) deposits, within lithogenetic and geographic sequences (see the Table). The dumps comprise fragmented dense sedimentary rocks and clayey rocks. The objects of the study were non-carbonate soils of coal mine spoil heaps - initial, organo-accumulative, soddy, and humus-accumulative embryosols (Spolic and Hyperskeletic Technosols). Field morphological descriptions of embryosol profiles were conducted using conventional soil science methods. The carbon and nitrogen content were determined by dry combustion using a CHN analyzer and by wet combustion method with oxidation of 0.4N K2Cr2O7 in 50% sulfuric acid solution, heated to 150 degrees C in a drying cabinet. The calculation of the ratio of carbon determination results provides an indication of the degree of pedogenic maturity of organic matter. Research results have shown that the content of organic carbon determined by wet and dry combustion methods in embryosols significantly differs in evolutionary, geographical, and lithogenetic sequences of objects (see the Figures). The degree of pedogenic maturity expressed through the ratio of carbon determined by different methods has been applied to assess the qualitative state of organic matter systems and their transformation. It has been demonstrated that the maximum values of pedogenic maturity were found in the studied embryosols of Brown Coal deposits, ranging from 63.8% to 100%. The minimum values were observed in embryosols on the spoil heaps of Anthracite deposits. It has been established that the degree of pedogenic maturity increases in the evolutionary sequence of embryosols, with humus-accumulative embryosols showing values within the range characteristic of zonal black soils (see the Figures). Research results have shown the stability of organic matter to oxidation and its ability to persist unchanged in the substrate of coal spoil heaps for a long time. Along with the processes of organic matter accumulation during soil formation, this allows us to conclude that the Siberian coal spoil heaps do not release carbon, but, on the contrary, sequester it. The article contains 4 Figures, 1 Table, 42 References.

The studies were performed with samples from different horizons of soddy podzolic soil (Albic Retisol) and typical chernozem (Haplic Chernozems) collected under natural lands and arable fields. The carbon contents in structural (particulate organic matter of 2-0.05 mm in size (CPOM) and mineral-associated organic matter of 0.05 mm in size (CMAOM)) and process (potentially mineralizable organic matter (C0) and microbial biomass (Cmic)) pools were determined. In the humus horizon of virgin and arable sod-podzolic soils, the CPOM, CMAOM, C0, and Cmic pools contained 38 and 24, 56 and 72, 5.9 and 5.6, 1.2 and 1.3% of Corg, respectively. The sizes of these pools in virgin and arable chernozem were 42 and 30, 53 and 68, 3.6 and 2.8, 0.5 and 0.5% of Corg, respectively. The emission potential of CPOM pool despite the small mass of the POM fraction was comparable to CMAOM pool having the large MAOM fraction. A method for quantitative separation of soil organic matter (SOM) into active, intermediate (slow), and passive pools has been proposed. The size of the SOM active pool were determined based on the Сmic and C0 contents, and the size of the passive pool were measured by the chemically non-oxidizable organic matter in POM and MAOM fractions. The intermediate pool size was calculated by the difference between the total organic carbon and the sum of the active and passive pools. The active, intermediate and passive pools of the studied soils contained 1–7, 51–81 and 13–48% of Сorg, respectively without any significant between different land uses.

The ongoing climate changes have the greatest impact on the natural ecosystems in high-latitude areas because climate warming and ever increasing anthropogenic load associated with the development of Arctic regions contribute to degradation of frozen peatlands and an increase in the seasonal thaw depth. The research into oligotrophic peat soils (Cryic Histosols) of the northern territories in Western Siberia is relevant because their degradation enriches natural waters with organomineral substances containing a large set of chemical elements, including heavy metals, thereby enhancing the changes in the hydrogeochemical properties of natural waters of the North. The paper describes the main properties of peat sampled from different horizons of soil profiles in the key areas covering the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrug from north to south and from west to east. The chemical composition of soils has been analyzed at the Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences) using standard methods. The concentrations of gross and mobile forms of metals (Fe, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) have been determined using optical atomic emission spectrometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. A characteristic feature in the distribution of concentrations of the target chemical elements in oligotrophic peat soils in the northern part of Western Siberia is two maxima in soil profiles. The first maximum is confined to the upper horizons showing signs of degradation, while the second one is observed in the upper part of permafrost. Statistical analysis using principal component method shows that the low ash content, pH, and C/N ratio are associated with a high mobility of K, Cu, Zn, and Mg. The mobility of Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, and Cr increases in the upper part of permafrost organogenic rock with an increase in the ash content, pH, and N tot .

The content and composition of 19 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the rocks and soils of dumps, mushrooms growing on them (Verpa bohemica and Suillus luteus), as well as infiltrated and thawed snow waters on the territory of the Gorlovo anthracite deposit were evaluated. It is shown that the main source of PAH in the components of technogenic and adjacent natural landscapes of the deposit are fine coal particles and products of their transformation of non -pyrogenic nature. The flux of PAH into the components of the environment occurs due to: 1) dust fallout near the road along which the extracted coal is transported; 2) transformation of anthracite inclusions in the upper horizons of coal -bearing soils of dumps; 3) migration of transformation products with infiltrated waters. A distinctive feature of the composition of PAH in the samples of the studied objects is the predominance of light PAH (LPAH) in rocks and coals and heavy PAH (HPAH) in infiltrated and thawed snow waters. The composition of the polyarenes of rocks is dominated by PHE (phenanthrene) > FLT (fluoranthene) > NAP (naphthalene), waters - FLT > PYR (pyrene) > CHR (chrysene). The composition of PAH of soils depends on the presence of coal inclusions. For carbonaceous soils, the predominant polyarenes are FLT > PYR > PHE = CHR. With depth in soils, the composition of PAHs changes and becomes close to the composition of soil -forming rocks. Mushrooms have a selective ability to absorb PAH. Regardless of the presence of coal in the soils on which the mushrooms grow, the predominant compounds are FLT for V. bohemica and PHE for S. luteus. Based on the results of the analysis of the principal components, as well as the correlation of the priority PAH indices with their total content and the content of carcinogenic polyarenes, it has been found that the most representative ratios for assessing the impact of technogenic sources associated with anthracite extraction and transportation are PHE/(PHE + CHR) and Sigma LPAH/Sigma HPAH.

Soil organic matter (SOM) is proposed to subdivide into structural and process pools. Structural pools include particulate organic matter (CPOM) and mineral-associated organic matter (CMAOM), and process pools include microbial biomass (Cmic) and potentially mineralizable organic matter (C0). The studies were carried out in a long-term microfield experiment on gray forest soil (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems (Loamic)). Mineral (N 90–360, P2O5 75–300 and K2O 100–400 kg/ha) and organic (fresh cattle manure from 25 to 100 t/ha) fertilizers in increasing doses were applied annually for 9 years. The increasing in soil organic carbon (Corg) stocks from NPK and manure was 5–10 and 38–83%, respectively. The application of extreme doses of manure (700 to 900 tons/ha in 9 years) led to saturation of the soil with organic carbon. SOM pools sizes decreased in the sequence CMAOM CPOM C0 Cmic, amounting to 7.91–12 g/kg (50–84% of Corg), 0.76–12 g/kg (8–50%), 0.32–1.71 g/kg (2.8-13.7%) and 0.09-0.56 g/kg (0.8-3.7%), respectively. CPOM pool size depended mainly on the dose of mineral and organic fertilizers, and CMAOM depended on the duration of fertilizer application. Both Cmic and C0 pools increased with the manure dose and decreased with the NPK dose. The long-term manuring did not produce a cumulative accumulation of C0 in the soil. It is emphasized that the separation of structural and process pools can be used for monitoring of SOM quality and functions.

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702922190016

The results of long term research on the influence of rocks stored in dumps during coal mining on the rate of soil processes during the regeneration of technogenic landscapes are presented. An approach to assess the lithogenic potential of soil formation as an integral indicator of the ability of technogenic substrates to ensure the formation of a climate-appropriate soil profile was developed and applied. It is shown that the main properties forming the potential are the density, rockiness and texture of rocks. The rockiness decreases in the upper part of the profile and the manifestation of signs of an eluvial process and the formation of a finely dispersed fraction during biochemical weathering was noted. The dependence of the processes of profile differentiation on the properties of the substrate and on hydrothermal conditions has been revealed. It is shown that the optimal conditions for the developing of the substrate by soil processes are formed on the dumps of coal and brown coal deposits in a humid climate. Further development of soil-forming processes limits by the increase in climate aridity and the degree of rock metamorphism.

Temperature and moisture are the main external factors controlling organic matter decomposition and mineralization in soil. The effect of temperature (8 and 22°C) and moisture (15, 30, and 45 mass %) of gray forest soil (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems (Loamic)) on decomposition of tree residues (leaves, small twigs, thin roots) and agricultural plants (clover aboveground mass and roots, barley straw and roots) has been studied in two long-term experiments. Coarsely crushed (10–2 mm) plant residues were added to the soil in dry form in an amount of 1% of the soil mass. The decomposition of soil organic matter and plant residues were assessed by the quantification of C–CO2 emitted from the soil. The efficiency and rate of decomposition of soil organic matter and plant residues depended on the type of decomposed material rather than on the temperature and moisture levels. The predominant decomposition of easily decomposable components hid the temperature response of stable compounds and low-quality plant residues. The slowly decomposable plant residues were more sensitive to soil wetting. Temperature coefficients Q10 of mineralization of soil organic matter and plant residues were on average 1.66 ± 0.41 and 1.39 ± 0.06, respectively. Moisture coefficients W10 in the gravimetric moisture intervals of 15–30 and 30–45% were 1.22 ± 0.09 and 1.21 ± 0.05 for soil and 1.29 ± 0.20 and 1.25 ± 0.13 for plant residues respectively.

The article is aimed to assessing the potential for humus accumulation in soils of dry steppes of the Central Tuva and Turan–Uyuk basins of Tuva. The research into organo–mineral interactions as the main mechanism for the stabilization of organic matter and its accumulation in the soil form the methodological basis of this study. The results of assessing the humus accumulation potential of soils in dependence on the physical clay (<0.01 mm) are discussed. It is argued that humus accumulation under specific bioclimatic conditions of the region is limited by the scarce resources of the physical clay fraction. As a result, despite the large volumes of incoming plant residues, the soils are characterized by the low content and pool of humus. It is shown that in chestnut soils (Cambisols) the texture-dependent potential for humus accumulation is not fully realized (less than 100%). In chernozems (Chernozems), this potential is realized to a maximum degree under the existing bioclimatic conditions. The proposed methodological approach makes it possible to take into account the modern processes of soil deflation, estimate the losses of physical clay and humus, and determine the necessary measures for soil fertility recovery, which is very important for the arid region.

The relevance. The river and lake waters of the Arctic regions of Western Siberia are enriched with dissolved organic matter, primarily humic acids, which are characterized by a good ability to form stable organomineral complexes. When studying the formation of the chemical composition of such waters, it is necessary to take into account the complex compounds that shift the equilibrium in geochemical processes (in dissolution, leaching, sedimentation and co-precipitation, etc.) towards the aqueous phase, thereby directly affecting the composition of waters. In the case of humic acids, a sufficient data on thermodynamic constants have been accumulated which made it possible to conduct numerical modeling. The main aim is to consider the features of the distribution of humic substances (fulvic and humic acids) in the surface waters of the region and to calculate the migration forms based on the available new data on the chemical composition. Other issues are to study in what quantity and what elements are bound by humic substances; and whether there are differences between the waters belonging to different river basins. We also determine the role of organic matter, mainly humic substances, in the formation of the chemical composition of waters. Objects: surface water bodies of the tundra and forest-tundra natural zones of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. The authors tried to cover the main stages of the surface water evolution in the direction of depression - large lakes - rivers, as well as consider the water bodies of different drainage basins of four main rivers - Taz, Pur, Ob, Nadym. As a result, 23 watercourses (large and small rivers) and 24 reservoirs (20 lakes of different sizes and 4 depressions) were studied. Methods. Chemical composition of water was determined by standard methods at the Basic Research Laboratory of Hydro geochemistry of the Tomsk Polytechnic University, the analysis of fulvic acids and humic acids was carried out by titration to account for bichromate consumed for the oxidation of carbon of fulvohumic acids. The migration forms of humic substances and chemical elements were calculated using the HydroGeo software. Results. The features of distribution of humic substances in the direction of depression-lake-river in the main drainage basins of rivers in the north of Western Siberia were studied. The dissolved migration forms of humic acids relative to their concentrations were determined by thermodynamic calculations, and the forms of migrations of the main ions and trace elements were determined taking into account the content of humic acids, i. e. it is shown which part of them binds into organomineral complexes. It was determined that compounds with fulvohumic acids are the most common in all the described waters, but their maximum proportion is typical for depressions. Some of the trace elements are more prone to form organomineral forms than others: Cu, Ni Mn, Li, Zn, Fe. Fulvic acids are more susceptible to complex formation. The patterns obtained must be taken into account when considering the conditions for the formation of these waters.